The document summarizes a study on a 3MW grid-connected solar PV power plant in Karnataka, India. It includes: 1) Details of the site and components of the PV plant such as 13,368 solar panels, 12 inverters, and a SCADA monitoring system. 2) Simulation studies of the plant's performance over time using software like METEONORM, PVSYST, and HELIOSCOPE to analyze factors like solar irradiation and component efficiencies. 3) Experimental analysis of the plant's operation between 2009-2014 including key performance indicators like the performance ratio, array conversion efficiency, inverter efficiency, and monthly energy generation. 4) Results showing monthly

1. Prof. R. S. Hosmath
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engg.
B.V.B College of Engg. and Tech.,
Hubballi
Dr. H. Naganagouda
Director,
National Training Centre for Solar Technology,
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited,
Bangalore
Presented by
SHAHBAZ MAKANDAR A
(2BV13MES11)
M.Tech.
Energy Systems Engineering
Project Title
Studies on Grid connected 3MW Solar PV Power Plant
Karnataka Power Corporation Ltd.
Under the Guidance of
K.L.E. Society’s
B. V. Bhoomaraddi College of Engg. & Technology
Vidyanagar, Hubli 580031
(NBAACCREDITED & AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION WITH ISO 9001-2008 CERTIFICATION)

2. Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Objectives
Literature Review
Site details of the SPV plant
Simulation studies of SPV power plant
Results and Discussions
Conclusions
Scope for Future work
References Energy Systems Engineering 2

3. Introduction
Details of PV Systems
 Major components of PV systems
 Fabrication of PV cells and Working Principle
 PV Power Generation
 Grid-connected without storage
Energy Systems Engineering 3

4. Fig 1. Major PV system Components (KPCL record)
Energy Systems Engineering 4

5. Fig 2. Solar Cells Working Principle (KPCL record)
Energy Systems Engineering 5

6. Fig 3. Grid-connected PV System (KPCL record)
Energy Systems Engineering 6

7. Statement Problem
• Energy
• SPV system
• Government Policy
Energy Systems Engineering 7

8. Objectives
 To simulate the climatological parameters like solar insolation, wind
speed and atmospheric temperature on “METEONORM” open-source
platform.
 To simulate the detailed operation of a solar PV based plant on
“PVSYST” platform to analyze component level performance along
with overall plant operation
 To simulate site parameters for installation of SPV system using
“HELIOSCOPE” tool.
 Experimental observation of the system behavior of the 3MW SPV
power plant through “SCADA” based system to investigate its
performance characteristics.
 To compare the Simulation and Experimental data to draw feasibility
factors for future upgradation of existing SPV power plant
Energy Systems Engineering 8

9. Literature Review
 Performance Evaluation of SPV Plant
 Solar Insolation availability
 SPV system Simulation Software
 SPV Technology
Energy Systems Engineering 9

10. Site details of the SPV Plant
Basic information of Solar PV Plant
Site details
Experimental procedure for Performance Study
Energy Systems Engineering 10

11. Fig 4. Block Diagram of the PV Plant [18]Energy Systems Engineering 11

12. Height above sea level 882m
Ambient Air
Temperature
Maximum: 40oC
Minimum: 18oC
Relative Humidity
Maximum: 99.1% (during
monsoon)
Minimum: 18.3%
Rainfall Annual average: 1549 mm
Period: 4 months
Table 1: Technical data of Solar PV [18]
Energy Systems Engineering 12

13. Place of Installation
Near Yalesandra Village, Kolar, Karnataka,
India
Latitude & Longitude of the place 120 53’ & 780 09’
Allotted Land Area 15 acres (10.3 acres effectively used)
Nominal Capacity of the PV Plant 3 MW
Date of Commission 27th December 2009
Owner
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited
(KPCL)
Installed by (Contractor) Titan Energy Systems Ltd. , Secunderabad
Modules Titan S6-60 series
SCADA for diagnosing and
monitoring
Yes
PCU (Inverters) 250 kW (12 Nos)
HT Transformer and switchgear for
evacuation
1.25 MVA for each MW
Table 2: General description of Yalesandra PV Plant [18]
Energy Systems Engineering 13

14. Two type of S6 - 60 series
modules are used
225 Wp & 240 Wp
Total number of modules 13,368 [10,152 - 225 Wp;3216 – 240 Wp]
Solar Cell material Mono-Crystalline Silicon
1 Array 24 Modules
No. of Arrays per Inverter(250
kW)
45-46 (Total 557 Arrays with 12 Inverters)
Arrays per MW
1st MW installation– 181
2nd & 3rd MW installations – 188
Total installed Solar Cells area 5.4 acre
Inclination of Modules 15o with horizontal
Table 3: Technical data of Solar PV [18]
Energy Systems Engineering 14

15. Type S6-60 series
Maximum Power, Pmp (W) 225 240
Maximum Power Voltage
(Vmp)
28.63 V 28.63 V
Maximum Power Current
(Imp)
7.93 A 8.12A
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 37.50 V 37.62V
Short Circuit Current (Isc) 8.52 A 8.55A
Module dimensions (mm) 1657 x 987 x 42
No., type and arrangement
of cells
60, Mono-Crystalline, 6 x 10
Matrix
Cell Size (mm) 156 x 156
NOCT, °C 45
Weight (Kg) 19
Glass Type and Thickness
3.2mm Thick, Low iron,
Tempered
Table 4: Module Specifications [18]
Fig 5. High efficiency PV module [24]
Energy Systems Engineering

16. Type
6 x 4 Module Array
(24 modules per Structure)
Material Mild Steel
Overall dimensions (mm) 6780x 6030
Coating Galvanized
Wind rating 160 km per hour
Tilt angle 15°
Foundation PCC
Fixing type Nut Bolts
Table 5: Array mounting structure at the plant [18]
Energy Systems Engineering 16

17. Fig 6: Typical SCADA System [19]
Energy Systems Engineering 17

18. Fig 7: Block Diagram of SPV Plant (KPCL record)
Energy Systems Engineering 18

19. Experimental Performance study
Key performance indicators
 Performance Ratio
 Radiation at the Site
 Array Conversion Efficiency
 Inverter Efficiency
 Energy Generated
Energy Systems Engineering 19

20. 𝑷𝑹 =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑝. 𝑚
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑, 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑝. 𝑚
𝑨𝑪𝑬 =
𝐷𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝐻𝑟
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑚2 ×
𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
12
𝑖𝑛 𝑚2
𝑷𝑪𝑼 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 =
(𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊ℎ)
(𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊ℎ)
× 100
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑮𝒓𝒊𝒅 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒅 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑬𝒙𝒑 & 𝑨𝒄𝒕 𝑮𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
=
𝐷𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝑊ℎ
𝑚2
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝑊ℎ
𝑚2
× 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡
FormulaeUsed
Energy Systems Engineering 20

21. 𝐺𝐿
=
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛
𝑊ℎ
𝑚2
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝑊
𝑚2
× 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊
MPE= 𝑖=0
𝑛
(𝐻𝑖,𝑚−𝐻𝑖,𝑐)/(𝐻𝑖,𝑚) ×100
𝑁
RMSE= 𝑖=0
𝑛
(𝐻𝑖,𝑐−𝐻𝑖,𝑚)2
𝑁
𝟏
𝟐
MBE= 𝑖=0
𝑛
(𝐻𝑖,𝑐−𝐻𝑖,𝑚)
𝑁
FormulaeUsed
Energy Systems Engineering 21

22. Simulation Studies of SPV power plant
METEONORM
PVSYST
HELIOSCOPE
Energy Systems Engineering 22

23. Fig 8: METEONORM simulation result of SPV plant [23]
Energy Systems Engineering
23

24. Fig 9: PVSYST simulation result of SPV plant [22]
Energy Systems Engineering 24

25. Fig. 10 : Helioscope simulation result of SPV plant [21]
Energy Systems Engineering
25

26. Results and Discussions
Fig 11. Month-wise Performance Ratio
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
PerformanceRatio(PR)
Duration, month
Energy Systems Engineering 26

27. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29
July June August September
Duration, Day
Efficiency%
Fig 12. Array Conversion Efficiency for Rainy Season
Energy Systems Engineering 27

28. Fig 13. Array Conversion Efficiency for Winter Season
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29
October November December January
Efficiency%
Duration, Day
Energy Systems Engineering 28

29. Fig 14. Array Conversion Efficiency for Summer Season
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29
February March April MAY
Duration, Day
Efficiency%
Energy Systems Engineering 29

30. 0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
Duration, Month
TotalIrradianceWh/𝒎^𝟐
Fig 14. Month wise Total IrradiationEnergy Systems Engineering 30

31. 94
95
96
97
98
99
100
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29
April March February May
Duration, Day
Efficiency%
Fig 15. Daily basis PCU Efficiency for Summer SeasonEnergy Systems Engineering 31

32. 94
95
96
97
98
99
100
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29
June July August September
Duration, Day
Efficiency%
Fig 16.Daily basis PCU Efficiency for Rainy SeasonEnergy Systems Engineering 32

33. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
06:00 08:10 10:30 12:50 15:10 17:30
July August September Avg Module Temperature
Duration, Time
EnergygenerationinkWh
ModuleTemperature(°C)
Fig 17. Monthly average Power, Module Temperature Vs Time in Rainy SeasonEnergy Systems Engineering 33

34. 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000 Expected Energy in kWh Generation in kWh Transported in kWh
Duration, Months
EnergyinkWh
Fig 18. Expected, Generated and transmitted energyEnergy Systems Engineering 34

35. 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Duration, Months
EnergyinkWh
Fig 19. Month-wise grid Transmitted Energy (Energy Meter Reading)Energy Systems Engineering 35

36. 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29
Mono-crystalline Gen in kWh Poly-crystalline Gen in kWh
Solar radiation W/(sq.m)
SolarRadiationW/(sq.m)
EnergyGenerationinkWh
Duration, Days
Fig 20. Comparison of Mono and Poly-Crystalline panel of total energy GenerationEnergy Systems Engineering 36

37. 100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Calculated Value Measured Value
Duration, Month
HourlySumIrradiance(W/m²perhr)
Fig 21. Comparison of Calculated and Measured values of Hourly Sum Irradiance (2014-15)Energy Systems Engineering 37

38. 200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Calculated Value Measured Value
Duration, Months
GenerationinKWh
Fig 22. Comparison of Calculated and Measured values of Generation (2014-15)Energy Systems Engineering 38

39. 0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Calculated Value Measured Value
Duration, Months.
WindSpeedinm/s
Fig 23. Comparison of Calculated and Measured values of Wind Speed (2014-15)Energy Systems Engineering 39

40. 10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Duration, Months
AirTemperature(°C)
Fig 24. Comparison of Calculated and Measured values of Air Temperature (2014-15)Energy Systems Engineering 40

41. Conclusions
The following conclusions are reported based on simulation and experimental studies,
• The experimental observation of the 3MW SPV plant during Mar 2014 to Feb 2015
indicated performance ratio to have varied between 58% to 87%.
• The Array conversion efficiency of the PV panel was observed to be varying between 9%
to 15% depending upon climatic conditions at the site.
• The PCU efficiency was observed to be close to 96% but lower than the rated value of
98% as per the manufacturer specifications.
• The rated capacity of SPV solar power plant was 3MWp, but the observed peak power
at the location is limited between 2.6-2.7 MW during the observation period.
• The simulation tools used in the reported work that included METEONORM,
HELIOSCOPE and PVSYST provided an efficient Graphical User Interface making it user
friendly.
• The power generation depended on solar irradiance, module temperature and also
some extent on wind flow. Increase in irradiance increased module temperature and
generation.
• Using statistical methods consisting of Mean Bias error, Root mean square error and
Mean percentage error shows result after comparison all values shows positive results
means they overestimated in result.
Energy Systems Engineering 41

42. Scope for Future Work
• Studies on Earth-tester to measure leakage current and
isolation resistance of generator
• Studies on thermal imaging to detect abnormal heating in
solar modules, DC junction Boxes and Inverters.
• Studies on power quality analyzer or digital wattmeter can
be taken up to measure accurate power at Inverter side.
Energy Systems Engineering 42

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19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCADA
20. http://karnatakapower.com/portfolio/yelesandra-solar-pv-plant-kolar-dist
21. https://helioscope.folsomlabs.com
22. http://files.pvsyst.com/help
23. http://meteonorm.com/images/uploads/downloads/flyer_meteonorm_7.pdf
24. http://www.titan-energy.com/datasheets/TITAN-S6-60-2BB.pdf
Energy Systems Engineering 44

45. Thank You
Energy Systems Engineering 45