This document describes a project report on a DC motor controller using an 89C51 microcontroller. It was submitted by three students to fulfill requirements for their engineering degree. The project involved designing a circuit to control a DC motor interfaced with a driver circuit using an 89C51 microcontroller. It also included constructing a prototype solar cell movement system and an emergency light inverter circuit to operate lights from a battery charged by the solar panel.

1. A PROJECT REPORT ON
DC MOTOR CONTROLLER USING 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER
Submitted by
Serial Number Name Roll Number
1
2
3
Abhishek Sharma
Pawan Gupta
Danish Khan
1120503
1120520
1120528
In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree
THIRD YEAR OF ENGINEERING
In
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Under the guidance of
Prof. Amol Sankpal
Anjuman-I-Islam’s
M. H. SABOO SIDDIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
8, Saboo Siddik Polytechnic Road,
Byculla, Mumbai- 400 008.
Tel. : 2301 2922 / 2305 1356
www.mhsscoe.org

2. UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2013-2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take immense pleasure, thanking Prof. Amol sankpal and Prof.
Abdul Sayeed for having permitted us and helping us and personally
correcting us and providing their valuable support for successful completion
of the project.
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to other faculty
members who had directly or indirectly helped us out through different
phase of the project.
Finally, yet importantly, we would like to express our heartfelt
thanks to our beloved parents for their blessings and our classmates for
their help and wishes for the successful completion of this project.
THANKING YOU
(Project Group Members)

3. Certificate
This is to certify that Abhishek Sharma, Pawan Gupta, Danish Khan
are bonafide students of M.H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering,
Mumbai. They have successfully carried out the project titled “DC
MOTOR CONTROLLER USING 89C51 MICROCONTROLLER ” in
fulfillment of the requirement of T.E. Degree in Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering of Mumbai University during the
academic year 2014-2015. The work has not been presented
elsewhere for the award of any other degree or diploma prior to this.
_________________________
___________________
(Prof. Amol Sankpal) External Examiner
Internal Guide
_________________________
___________________
(Prof. Abdul Sayeed) Principal
H.O.D.

4. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Layout of the Report
2. Hardware & Software Description
3. Algorithm and Process Flow Model
4. Simulation & Experimental Results
5. Conclusion
6. Bibliography
i

5. SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
I. ABSTRACT
Solar energy is becoming increasingly attractive as we
grapple with global climate changes. However, while solar
energy is free, non-polluting, and inexhaustible, solar panels are fixed. As such,
they cannot take advantage of maximum sunlight as weather conditions and
seasons change. A solar panel receives the most sunlight when it is perpendicular
to the sun’s rays, but the sunlight direction changes regularly with changing
seasons and weather. Currently, most solar panels are fixed, i.e., the solar array has
a fixed orientation to the sky and does not turn to follow the sun. To increase the
unit area illumination of sunlight on solar panels, we designed a solar tracking
electricity generation system. The design mechanism holds the solar panel and
allows the panel to perform an approximate3-dimensional (3-D) hemispheroidal
rotation to track the sun’s movement during the day and improve the overall
electricity generation.
This system can achieve the maximum illumination and energy concentration and
cut the cost of electricity by requiring fewer solar panels, therefore, it has great
significance for research and development. The main use of this report is to utilize
the maximum power from the sun. Now a day we are in heavy need to use the solar
power as in the coming days everything we use might depend on this kind of
systems.

6. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Solar energy refers to the utilization of the radiant energy from the sun.
Solar power is used interchangeably with solar energy, but refers more
specifically to the conversion of sunlight into electricity by photovoltaic,
concentrating solar thermal devices, or by an experimental technology such
as a solar chimney or solar pond.
Solar panels are Photovoltaic cells which gives voltage directly if you place
them in sun light. Here if you change the position of panels the power
output will vary. Means, direct sunrays on solar panel can give good output
otherwise there might be decrease in the value of their outputs. So we have
to track the path where the maximum power will attain.
Solar panel devices are of two types that collect energy from the sun. One
is solar photovoltaic modules which use solar cells to convert light from the
sun into electricity and the other is solar thermal collector which converts
the sun’s energy to heat water or another fluid such as oil or antifreeze.
In this project we are using the photovoltaic type. The main aim of the
project is to design one system for automated solar tracking system. For
this we are using 8051 family microcontroller and two LDR for finding the
light intensity and stepper motor for rotation of the solar panel. We are

7. implementing one application program using embedded C and loading the
program into microcontroller through ISP (in system programmer) and it will
read data from the sensors through COMPARATOR and according to the
data DC motor is rotating. DC motor is not directly connected to
microcontroller it is connected through motor driver IC.
The main use of this project is to utilize the maximum power from the sun.
Now a day we this kind of systems are in heavy need to use the solar
power as in the coming days everything we use might depend on.
1.1 MOTIVATION :
1.2 OBJECTIVES :
The aim of our projects is to utilize the maximum solar energy through solar
panel. For this a digital based automatic sun tracking system is proposed.
This project helps the solar power generating equipment to get the
maximum sunlight automatically thereby increasing the efficiency of the
system. The solar panel tracks the sun from east to west automatically for
maximum intensity of light.
 To fabricate a DC motor control interfaced with driver circuit.
 To construct a model prototype solar cell movement system with a
mechanical assemble to move the panel from 180⁰ E to W.

8.  To construct an emergency light inverter circuit i.e. to operate tube
light
with the help of charged battery from the solar panel.
1.2 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT
CHAPTER 2 : Circuit description and working will be described in this
chapter.
2.1 : Components list.
2.2 : Technical specification.
CHAPTER 3 : Hardware and Software description is presented.
CHAPTER 4 : Algorithm and Process Flow Model is presented.
CHAPTER 5 : Discussion on Simulation and Experimental result.
CHAPTER 6 :Discussion on Applications , Advantages and
Disadvantages.
CHAPTER 7 : Conclusion & Discussion on future course of research work.

9. CHAPTER 2
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND WORKING
Here we are using three sensors in three directions to sense the direction
of maximum intensity of light. The difference between the outputs of the
sensors is given to the microcontroller unit. Here we are using the

10. microcontroller for tracking and generating power from sunlight. It will
process the input voltage from the comparison circuit and control the
direction in which the motor has to be rotated so that it will receive
maximum intensity of light from the sun.
The full circuit of the Solar Tracking SYS is shown in circuit diagramed. The
brain of the system is the Atmel AT89C2051 micro controller (U1). The
micro controller examines incoming signals on Port P1 and controls the
outputs over port P3. The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the
DC Motor, so Motor driver IC is required for Motor Controlling & operation.
AT89C2051 MCU is one of the 8051-based micro controllers from
ATMEL. The IC is preprogrammed. Using a micro controller greatly
reduces the component count while providing more features than could be
found using dedicated logic ICs. Cost is also lower. It is pre-programmed
with software to provide all the functions.
MCU Clock
An 11.0592MHz (X1) crystal provides a stable clock frequency.
MCU Reset
The reset of the circuitry is standard for micro controllers. Capacitor C1 and
resistor R1 provide power on reset.
Light Detection
See the circuit of the solar tracking system. The solar tracker comprises
comparator IC LM339 (U3), for light detection and a few discrete
components. Light-dependent resistors LDR1 through LDR3 are used as
sensors to detect the panel’s position relative to the sun.
These provide the signal to micro controller to move the solar panel in the
sun’s direction. LDR1 and LDR3 are fixed at the edges of the solar panel
along the X axis, and LDR2 is fixed at the center of solar panel and LDR1
and LDR3. .LDR1, 2, and 3 connected to comparators A1,
A2 and A4, respectively. Presets PR1, PR2 and PR3 are set to get low
comparator output at pins 1, 2 and 14 of comparators A1, A4 and A2,
respectively. Comparator active low output signal fed to MCU Port Pin
P1.0, P1.1 and P1.2. Port Pin P1.0, P1.1, and P1.2 Used as a digital Input
Port and is pulled up via 10K resistors (R4, 5 and
6). LED L1 to L3 indicates LDR Detection is operated. LED has a current
limiting resistor in series.

11. LED INTERFACE
Four LEDs (L4 to L6) indicate the status of the solar panel direction. LED
L4 to L6 Connected to, MCU Port pin P1.3 to P1.5 (PIN no 15 to 17) via,
220E current limiting resistor.
MOTOR DRIVER
A DC Motor is connected to port P3.4 and P3.5 of the micro controller
through a H-bridge motor driver IC (U2).
The DC Motor requires 12 volts at a current of around 250 ma, which
cannot provided by the micro controller. So the driver IC is added.
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers
act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and
provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive
the motors.
L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of
operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward
and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be
controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will
stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise
and anticlockwise directions, respectively.
Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for
motors to start operating.
When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a
result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs.
Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their
outputs are off and in the high-impedance state.
Power supply
The power supply circuit. It’s based on 3 terminal voltage regulators, which
provide the required regulated +5V and unregulated +12V.
Power is deliver initially from standard 12V AC/DC adapter or 12V battery.
This is fed to diode D1. The output of which is then filtered using 1000uf
electrolytic capacitor and fed to U4 (voltage regulator). U4 +5V output
powers the micro controller and other logic circuitry. LED L7 and its
associate 1K current limiting resistors provide power indication. The
unregulated voltage of approximately 12V is required for Motor driving
circuit (U2) and DC Motor.

12. 2.1 COMPONENT LIST
R1 ~ 7 - 10K [BROWN, BLACK, ORANGE] (7 Nos)
R8 ~ 13 - 220E [RED, RED, BROWN] (6 Nos)
R14 - 1K [BROWN, BLACK, RED]
R15 ~ 17 - 5 MM LDR (Light Sensor) (3 Nos)
PR1 ~ 3 - 10K PRESET (3 Nos)
C1, 7 - 100KPF DISC (0.1UF / 104) (2 NOS)
C2 - 10UF / 25V Electrolytic
C3, 4 - 33PF Ceramic Disc (2 NOS)
C5 - 1000UF / 16V Electrolytic
C6 - 47UF / 25V Electrolytic
X1 - 11.0592 MHZ Crystal
D1 - 1N4007 Diode
L1 ~ 6 - 3 mm OR 5 mm RED LED (6 NOS)
L7 - 3 mm OR 5 mm GREEN LED
U1 - AT89C2051 - MICROCONTROLLER
U2 - L293D MOTOR DRIVER
U3 - LM339 - COMPARATOR
U4 - LM7805 - +5V Voltage Regulator
CN1 - 2 PIN SCREW TERMINALS BLOCK
1 nos - 20 PIN IC SOCKET FOR U1
1 nos - 16 PIN IC SOCKET FOR U2
1 nos - 14 PIN IC SOCKET FOR U3
1 nos - 30 RPM DC GEARED MOTOR.
2.2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
 Working Voltage – 12V DC
 completely automatic system
 LDR based Sun Light detection Tracking
 Onboard individual preset to Set LDR Sensitivity
 LDR Detection LED indication
 Solar Panel direction LED indication
 DC motor output to move the solar panel
 On board H –Bridge/Driver IC to Controlled DC Motor
 Onboard regulator for regulated supply to the kit

13.  Diode protection for reverse polarity connection of DC supply to
the PCB
 Operating Current - 1000ma Aprox
 On board Power LED (Green) indicator
 Microcontroller based design for greater flexibility.
CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
3.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
I. MICRO CONTROLLER AT89C2051
The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read-
only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-
density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-
standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful
microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution
to many embedded control applications.
• Compatible with MCS®-51Products
• 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory

14. • 2.7V to 6V Operating Range
• Two-level Program Memory Lock
• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 15 Programmable I/O Lines
• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
• Six Interrupt Sources
• Programmable Serial UART Channel
• Direct LED Drive Outputs
• On-chip Analog Comparator.
II. L293D H-BRIDGE
The L293D has 2 H-Bridges (actually 4 Half H-Bridges), can provide about
1 amp to each and occasional peak loads to 2 amps.
The L293D contains 4 half H-bridges labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the pin
diagram, which can be used in pairs as two full H-Bridges. In this IC there
are two different power supplies (Vcc1 and Vcc2). Vcc1 is for logic input
circuit while Vcc2 is supply for the output circuit. This means that you
should apply about 5V to Vcc1 and whatever voltage required by the motor
(upto 36V max for this IC) to Vcc2. Each Half H-Bridge has an individual
Ground. So you must ground the terminal corresponding to the Half H-
Bridge you want to use or else you can also just ground all the 4 terminals.
Each Half H-Bridge has an Input (A) and output (Y). Also there are enable
pins to turn on the Half H-Bridges.
(if 1,2EN (Pin1) is given +5V, then the 1 and 2 Half H-Bridges are turned
on. If Pin1 is Ground, then the 1 and 2 Half H-Bridges are disabled. Similar
for 3,4EN). Once a Half H-bridge is enabled, it truth table is as follows:

15. So you just give a High level when you want to turn the Half H-Bridge on
and Low level when you want to turn it off. When the Half H-Bridge is on,
the voltage at the output is equal to Vcc2. If you want to make a Full
HBridge, you connect the motor (or the load) between the outputs of two
Half H-Bridges and the inputs will be the two inputs of the Half H-Bridges.
Suppose we have connected Half H-Bridges 1 and 2 to form a Full
HBridge.
Now the truth table is as follows:
Input A Output Y
L L
H H
INPUT 1A INPUT 2A OUTPUT 1Y OUTPUT 2Y Description
L L L L Braking (both
terminals of
motor are
Gnd)
L H L H Forward Running
H L H L Backward
Running
H H H H Braking (both
terminals of
motor at
Vcc2)

16. III. LM339 Comparator IC
LM339 is a comparator IC with four inbuilt comparators. A comparator is a
simple circuit that moves signals between the analog and digital worlds. It
compares two input voltage levels and gives digital output to indicate
the larger one. The two input pins are termed as inverting (V-) and non-
inverting (V+). The output pin goes high when voltage at V+ is greater than
that at V-, and vice versa. In common applications, one of the pins is
provided with a reference voltage and the other one receives analog input
from a sensor or any external device. If inverting pin (V-) is set as
reference, then V+ must exceed this reference to result in high output. For
inverted logic, the reference is set at V+ pin. this comparator is designed
for use in level detection, low-level sensing and memory applications in
consumer automotive and industrial electronic applications.

17. IV. CDS Elements (LDR)
Some components can change resistance value by changes in the amount
of light hitting them. One type is the Cadmium Sulfide Photocell. (Cd) The
more light that hits it, the smaller its resistance value becomes.
There are many types of these devices. They vary according to light
sensitivity, size, resistance value etc.
Pictured at the left is a typical CDS photocell. Its diameter is 8 mm, 4 mm
high, with a cylinder form. When bright light is hitting it, the value is about
200 ohms, and when in the dark, the resistance value is about 2M ohms.
V. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

18. A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical
resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an
electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly
used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable
clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for
radio transmitters/receivers.
VI. LM7805 (3 TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATER)
This is used to make the stable voltage of +5V for circuits. The LM7805 is
three terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220 - package
and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range
of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut
down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially
indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over
1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators.
3.2 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
1. Eagle software is used for PCB design.
2. Embedded C Programming.
3. Keil C Compiler.

19. CHAPTER 4
ALGORITHM AND PROCESS FLOW MODEL
4.1 ALGORITHM
STEP [1] : Block diagram and layout of the proposed system is designed
and finalized.
STEP [2] : All the components and software platform to be used are
selected which are also mentioned above.
STEP [3] : All the hardware components are soldered on their respective
printed circuit boards with the help of soldering iron, solder and flux
according to the hardware schematic shown in the Figure.
STEP [4] : Code/program of the proposed system is developed using
assembly language with the help of software platform (Keil u vision3).
STEP [5] : The hex code of the program being created by the software
platform is burnt into the flash code memory of our microcontroller IC.
STEP [6] : Testing is done at various levels to finalize the appropriate
program for the most proper working of the system

20. 4.2 FLOWCHART

21. CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
5.1 SOFTWARE SIMULATION
1. PROGRAM :
# include<reg2051.h>
void initialization();
void delay_ms (unsigned int);
unsigned int k;
void main()
//P1_0=east sensor
//P1_1=west sensor
//P1_2=sunrise
//P1_3=east led
//P1_4=west led
//P1_5=sunrise led
//P3_4=cw

22. //P3_5=ccw
{
initialization();
delay_ms(400);
while(1)
{
if(P1_0==1&&P1_1==1&&P1_2==1)
{
P3_4=0;//cw
P3_5=0;//ccw
P1_3=1;//east led
P1_4=1;//west led
P1_5=1;//sunrise led
}
else if(P1_0==1&&P1_1==1&&P1_2==0)
{
P3_4=0;///cw

23. P3_5=0;//ccw
P1_3=1;//east led
P1_4=1;//west led
P1_5=0;//sunrise led
}
else if(P1_0==1&&P1_1==0&&P1_2==0)
{
P3_4=1;///cw
P3_5=0;//ccw
P1_3=1;//east led
P1_4=0;//west led
P1_5=0;//sunrise led
delay_ms(20);
P3_4=0;///cw
P3_5=0;//ccw
delay_ms(20);
}

24. else if(P1_0==0&&P1_1==1&&P1_2==0)
{
P3_4=0;///cw
P3_5=1;//ccw
P1_3=0;//east led
P1_4=1;//west led
P1_5=0;//sunrise led
delay_ms(20);
P3_4=0;///cw
P3_5=0;//ccw
delay_ms(20);
}
else if(P1_0==0&&P1_1==0&&P1_2==1)//(sun rise)
{
P3_4=1;///cw
P3_5=0;//ccw
P1_3=0;//east led
P1_4=0;//west led

25. P1_5=1;//sunrise led
}
}
}
void initialization()
{
P3 = 0x00;
P1 = 0;
}
//generates delay in milli seconds
void delay_ms(unsigned int i)
{
unsigned int j;
while(i-->0)
{
for(j=0;j<500;j++)

26. {
;
}
}
}
2. Kiel-C Compiler:
Many companies provide the 8051 assembler, some of them
provide shareware version of their product on the Web,Kiel is one of
them. We can download them from their Websites. However, the size of
code for these shareware versions is limited and we have to consider
which assembler is suitable for our application.

27. 3. U Vision3:
This is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps
you write, compile, and debug embedded programs.
It encapsulates the following components:
i. A project manager
ii. A make facility
iii. Tool configuration
iv. Editor
v. A powerful debugger
To get start here are some several example programs
A) Building an application in U vision2:
To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in uVision2,
you must:
1. Select Project–Open Project
(For example, C166EXAMPLESHELLOHELLO.UV2)
2.Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. UVision2 compiles,
assembles, and links the files in your project.

28. B) Creating Your Own Application In Uvision2:
To create a new project in uVision2, you must:
1. Select Project - New Project.
i. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.
ii. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10
device from the device.
iii. Database
iv. Create source files to add to the project.
v. Select Project - Targets, Groups, and Files. Add/Files, select Source
Group1, and add the source files to the project.
vi. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select
the target device from the Device Database all-special options are set
automatically. You only need to configure the memory map of your target
hardware. Default memory model settings are optimal for most.
vii. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or build target.
C) Debugging An Application In Uvision2:
To debug an application created using uVision2, you must:
1. Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session. Use the Step toolbar
buttons to single-step through your program. You may enter G, main
in the Output Window to execute to the main C function.

29. 4. COMPONENT LAYOUT
5. PCB LAYOUT
I. ARTWORK:
Prepare a layout of the circuit on any commonly used PCB
designing software like DIPTRACE or EAGLE. Take a print of the layout on
the OHP sheet using a laser printer. Designed layout on OHP sheet.

30. II. IMPRINTING LAYOUT :
Place the OHP sheet (Wax Paper) which has the printed layout on
the PCB sheet. Make sure that the printed side should be placed on the
copper side of the PCB. Put a white paper on the OHP sheet and start
ironing. The heat applied by the electric iron causes the ink of the traces
on the OHP sheet to stick on the copper plate exactly in the same way it is
printed on the OHP sheet. If the layout doesn’t come properly on the PCB
or some of the tracks are broken in between, use the permanent marker
and complete the traces properly.
IV. ETCHING :
Now, the layout is printed on the PCB. The area covered by the ink
is known as the mask area and the unwanted copper, not covered by the
ink is known as unmasked area. Now, make a solution of Ferric Chloride.
Dip the PCB in the Etching solution (Ferric Chloride solution, FeCl3) for
approximately 30 minutes. The FeCl3 reacts with the unmasked copper
and removes the unwanted copper from the PCB. This process is called
Etching.
V. DRILLING:
Now carefully drill the PCB using a drilling machine on the pads.
VI. SOLDERING:
Place the components properly on the component side at the
correct drilled place and carefully solder them on the Etched side (Copper
side). This completes the PCB Fabrication.
5.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT :
By completion of software simulation we get hex code which is to be
loaded into the microcontroller which control the process as per the user
program.After this we can make pcb using the steps which are discussed
above.At the end of the above process we will get our pcb.once the pcb is
being ready we will do solder the components as per the circuit diagram.

31. After this we can make a project setup & check the output.
1. Output of the power kit was tested and multimeter reading is 5v.
2. Power supply to the control kit was tested.
3. Seconds and minute operation of tracking system was verified.
CHAPTER 6
APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
6.1 APLLICATION :
 The Solar Tracking system can be utilized for tracking the sun and
thus pointing the solar panel at the point of maximum solar
intensity.
 We can use this in some home appliance like solar water heater or
something like that.
6.2 ADVANTAGES :
 Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and
emissions are
 manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling
technologies are
 under development.
 Facilities can operate with little maintenance after initial setup.
 Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid
connection or fuel transport
 is difficult, costly or impossible.
 When grid-connected, solar electric generation can displace the
highest cost electricity
 during times of peak demand can reduce grid loading.
 Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing
 transmission/distribution losses.

32.  Once the initial capital cost of building a solar power plant has been
spent, operating costs
 are extremely low compared to existing power technologies.
 The power obtained by solar tracking is almost constant over a
period of time when compared with the output obtained by a panel
without tracking.
6.3 DISADVANTAGES :
 Solar electricity is almost more expensive than electricity generated
by other sources.
 Solar electricity is not available at night and is less available in
cloudy weather conditions.
 Therefore, a storage or complimentary power system is required.
 Limited power density.
 Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to ACwhen used in
currently existing
 distribution grids.
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 CONCLUSION :
In recent years, the generation of electricity using solar technology has
seen a tremendous growth, in particular because of the economic
considerations and smooth operation of the solar panels. Even though the
initial costs are high, but operation costs and maintenance costs are low.
Solar tracking system today offer an innovative method to track the solar
insolation and provide economic compatibility of the generation of electric
power where grid connections are difficult to setup and costly.

33. Here the tracking system is based on microcontroller with effective
systematic operation and the solar panel is rotated by the dc gear motor
effectively.
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE :
The following recommendations are provided as ideas for
future expansion of this project:.
 Increase the sensitivity and accuracy of tracking by using a different
light sensor.
 A photodiode with an amplification circuit would provide improved
resolution and better tracking accuracy/precision.
 Different algorithm can be followed for more efficient tracking. This
device can be given more intelligence, such as after tracking once, it
will able to predict the line of movement of the sun across the sky.
 User-handling can be more sophisticated, i.e. user can select the
waiting time.
VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.ijettjournal.org
 www.google.com
 www.slideshare.net
 http://en.wikipedia.org
 Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, The 8051
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