Sun tracker report satyam

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SINGLE AXIS SUN TRACKER USING 8051 & LDR
A PROJECT THESIS
Submitted by
Borad Manish 126120324019
Shivhare Satyam 126120324024
Sharma Pintu 126120324028
Modi Robin 126120324029
Patel Hiren 126120324031
In fulfillment for the award
Of
DIPLOMA ENGINEERING
In
POWER ELECTRONICS
DR. S. & S.S. GANDHY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (SURAT)
Gujarat Technological University
Ahmadabad
Year 2014 – 2015
Under the guidance of
Mrs. Jayshree M. Patel

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Dr. S. & S.S. GHANDHY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “SINGLE AXIS SUN TRACKER
USING 8051 & LDR ” has been carried out by. Sharma Pintu M. Shivhare Satyam R. Modi
Robin B. , Patel Hiren. , Borad Manish., student of diploma in power Electronics
Engineering under my supervision. They completed his work within a period prescribed under
the ordinances governing the course leading to the Diploma in power Electronics Engineering
in Dr. S & S.S GHANDHY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
SURAT.
Date:_____________________
Place: __________
Mrs. JAYSHREE M. PATEL SHRI KALPAJ J. DHIMAR
(Lecturer in Power Electronics) (Head Of Department)

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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project entitled “SINGLE AXIS SUN TRACKER USING 8051”
submitted in partial fulfillment for Diploma of Engineering in POWER ELECTRONICS to
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad, is a bonafide record of the project work
carried out at Dr. S & S.S. Gandhi college of Engineering & Technology, Surat, and that no
part of the IDP has been presented earlier for any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or
other similar title of any other university or institution.
NAME OF THE STUDENTS ENROLLMENT NO.
1. Borad Manish 126120324019
2. Shivhare Satyam 126120324024
3. Sharma Pintu 126120324028
4. Modi Robin 126120324029
5. Patel Hiren 126120324031

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CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of Tables
List of datasheet
Index
Component
Reference

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Let us take an opportunity to convey our gratitude for generous assistant and co-
operation of those who helped us directly and indirectly.
We are seriously thankful to our guide Ms. J. M. Patel whose help, encouragement
helped us for making it possible for us to have a presentable thesis. Without him this project
would not be what it is.
We are also grateful to the Mr. S. A. Patel, who had obliquely but vitally helped us in
making available all the resources that are essential for a very good working environment.
Last thank to our parents for their love, affection and blessings.

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ABSTRACT
Solar energy is rapidly gaining popularity as an important means of expanding
renewable energy resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the
technologies associated with this area.
It deals with a microcontroller based solar panel tracking system. Solar tracking enables
more energy to be generated because the solar panel is always able to maintain a perpendicular
profile to the sun’s rays. As the sun moves across the sky during the day, it is advantageous to
have the solar panels track the location of the sun, such that the panels are always perpendicular
to the solar energy radiated by the sun.
Mechanical structure of the system will consist of stepper motors in order to trace the
sun using 2 LDR. In the setup of the hard ware of this project, two LDR are placed on a flat
platform, a barrier demarcates them from each other. A third LDR is placed underneath of the
platform to reset the panel position to eastward. Stepper motors will be operated using
controller and ULN2003.
As far as controller unit is concerned we will use AT89S51 and ULN2003 drivers will
be interfaced with it.

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LIST OF TABLE
Table
No.
Description of table Page
No.
Table.1
Table.2
Table.3
INDEX
LIST OF COMPONENT
COST
9
12
96

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List of Datasheet
Sr. No. Specification Page No.
1 LM324 32-44
2
3
4
ULN2003 45-53
AT89S51 54-79
LM 7805 80-86

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INDEX
SR.NO. SUBJECT PAGE
NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 11
2 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT 12
3
COMPONENT USED
13
4
MATERIAL AND METHODS
14
5 POWER UNIT 15
5.1 TRANSFORMER
5.2
POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
5.3
DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY
6 COMPRATOR UNIT 16
7 LIGHT SENSOR (L.D.R.) 17
7.1 CREATING VARYING VOLTAGE
USING AN LDR
8 COMPRATOR CIRCUIT 18
9 ACCOMPLISH THE LDR TRACKING 18
10 STEPPER MOTOR 19
11 CONTROL UNIT 20

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12 DRIVER UNIT 22
13 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 23
14 SOFTWARE AND SYSTEM CONTROL UNIT 24
15 PROGRAM FLOW CHART 25
16 APPENDIX (PROGRAMME) 26-27
17 FUTURE SCOPE 28
18 CONCLUSION 28
19 REFERANCE 28
20
HARDWARE OF PROJECT 29
20.1 POWER SUPPLY 29
20.2 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT 30
21 FULL DESIGN 31
22 DATASHEET 32-86

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1. INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy solutions are becoming increasingly popular. Photovoltaic
(solar) systems are but one example. Maximizing power output from a solar system is
desirable to increase efficiency. In order to maximize power output from the solar
panels, one needs to keep the panels aligned with the sun. As such, a means of tracking
the sun is required. This is a far more cost effective solution than purchasing additional
solar panels. It has been estimated that the yield from solar panels can be increased by
21 percent by utilizing a single axis tracking system instead of a stationary array.

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2. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
To design an operating automatic single axis solar tracker to increase the amount of
power generated by the solar panel as the sun traverses across the sky by using
microcontroller. The aims and objective of this paper is to design and implement a
microcontroller based solar automatic tracking system with a working software which
will always keep the solar panels aligned with the sun in order to maximize efficiency

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3. COMPONENT USED
COMPONENT LIST LIS
No. Type Component Quantity
1. IC1 LM324 1
2. IC2 Microcontroller
AT89S51
1
3. IC3 ULN 2003 1
4. Voltage
Regulator
7805 1
5. LDR Light Dependent
Resistor
3
6. Oscillator Crystal Oscillator
11.059MHz
1
7. Resistors 10k Simple 1
1k Preset 5
8. Capacitors 63V,10 µF 1
50V,410 µF 1
9. Stepper
motor
5-24V
7.5º angle
1
10. Transformer 230-12V
3A
1
11. Wires
12. Solar panel 6W , 5V
0.89A , -40 ºC to 80 ºC
1
13. Diodes 1N4007 4
14. Push button Reset button 1

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4. MATERIAL AND METHODS
This system is used to position solar panels to positions of the sun so as to achieve higher
efficiency of power generation. The components of the electronic system consist of a Microcontroller
logic circuitry, a Comparator, a stepper motor, a ULN2003 Driver IC, Light dependent resistors
(photo sensors), a Transformer. These components are grouped into the following units and
illustrated in the block diagram below in figure 1:
Fig. 1 Block Diagram

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5. POWER UNIT
This consists of a 230-12V 3A Step down Transformer with a rectified output of 12V. This
rectified output is smoothened by a 4700μF capacitor, the 7805 voltage regulator converts the
12V rectified filtered voltage to a voltage level of +5V which is used by the AT89S51
microcontroller and the comparator (LM324). Circuit is presented in figure 2.
Fig.2: Power unit circuit
5.1 TRANSFORMER
5.2 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
5.3 DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY
The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down transformer from 230v to
12v and 4 diodes forming a Bridge Rectifier that delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by
an electrolytic capacitor of about 470microf to 100microf.
The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to get 5v constant at its pin no 3
irrespective of input dc varying from 9v to 14v.
The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a small electrolytic capacitor of 10 micro f for any
noise so generated by the circuit.
One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with a resistor of 330ohms to the ground i.e.
Negative voltage to indicate 5v power supply availability.

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6. COMPARATOR UNIT
This is achieved by using the operational amplifier LM324. This consists of four
independent, high gain, internally compensated operational amplifiers which were designed
specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation
from split power supplies is also possible and low power supply current drain is independent of
the magnitude of the power supply voltage.
6.1 OPERATION OF A COMPARATOR
Fig.3 Circuit symbol of a comparator.
If the voltage Vm1 is greater than Vm2 the VOUT would be high. If Vm1 is less than
Vm2 then VOUT would be low. However, since sunlight is what we want to monitor then an
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is used to sense the intensity of the sun.

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7. LIGHT SENSOR (L.D.R.)
Light sensors are among the common sensor type. The simplest optical sensor is the
photo resistor which may be a cadmium sulphide (CdS) type or a Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
type. The next step in complexity is the photodiode followed by the phototransistor. The sun
tracker uses cadmium sulphide (CdS) photocell for sensing. This is the least expensive and
least complex type of light sensor.
The LDR is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity. It can
also be referenced to as a photo conductor. A photo resistor is made of high resistance
semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by
the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump to the conduction band. The
resulting free electron and its hole partner conducts electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The
reverse is the case when darkness falls on the LDR, for this will increase its resistance. This
characteristic of the LDR is used to vary the input voltage into the comparator as the sun moves
over it.
7.1 CREATING VARYING VOLTAGE USING AN LDR:
Fig. 4: how LDRS are connected in the circuit
The LDR is connected in series with a resistor (Fig. 4); a voltage divider is thus formed,
which will split the voltage VCC into two. As darkness sets in, the resistance of the LDR
increases. Following the common formulae V=IR. If R increases when I is constant, then V is
increased. Therefore V2 increases while V1 reduces obeying the Kirchhoff voltage law which
state
V1 =
𝑅1
𝑅2+ 𝑅1
 VCC (1)
V2 =
𝑅2
𝑅2+ 𝑅1
 VCC (2)

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8. COMPARATOR CIRCUIT
Fig. 5: The comparator circuit.
Initially the voltage at the non inverting input is set lower than that of the inverting
input. As darkness increases, the voltage at the inverting input begins to drop until it gets below
that of the non-inverting input. At this point, the output of the comparator is changed from low
to high. We achieve this with the circuit in Fig.5.
9. HOW THIS IS USED TO ACCOMPLISH THE TRACKING OF LDR
Three of the comparators are used in the format as specified above. They are used for
finding the rays of the sun; the third is placed behind the platform as shown below
]
Fig. 6: Diagram of the LDRs on the platform
Both LDR, as shown in figure 6, are placed on a flat platform, a barrier demarcates
them from each other. The arrows signify the direction of rotation of the solar finder. If the sun
is at normal (i.e. when both LDR sees light), the output of the Comparator is expected to be
low, as a result the control unit would not perform any operation. If the barrier cast its shadow
on LDR1 as the sun moves to the right, the system would rotate to the right and will continue to
do so until both LDR sees light again. When the sun sets both LDR will see darkness and the
system will not rotate at all, it will remain in that position till the next day.
When the sun rises, the last LDR placed underneath the platform senses the sun’s light
which activates the rotation of the system back to the left (Eastward), this movement will
continue until both LDR on top of the platform senses light again.

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10. STEPPER MOTOR
1. 2.
Here come 2 images
(Fig7.1 Picture of our stepper motor
Fig7.2 Six wire internal diagram of stepper motor)
A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless synchronous electric motor that can
divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. Stepper motors operate differently from DC
brush motors Stepper motors, on the other hand, effectively have multiple "toothed"
electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. To make the motor shaft
turn, first one electromagnet is given power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically
attracted to the electromagnet's teeth. So when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first
is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one, and from there the process is
repeated.
Cables & connectors
Stepper motors are available with either 2-coil Bipolar, or 4-coil unipolar
windings. Bipolar motors have 4 leads, while unipolar motors have 6 leads. Additionally, some
motors are designed with 8 leads, so they may be connected in a variety of ways.

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11. CONTROL UNIT
We are planning to use at89s51 microcontroller as it is convenient for our project.
Fig.8 Pin Diagram of AT89S51 Microcontroller
The control unit consists of a microcontroller which functions with a crystal oscillator,
reset capacitor and the enable pin (Pin 31) connected to VCC as shown in figure 7.2

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11.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE CONTROLLER AND DRIVER UNIT
Fig.9 Circuit diagram of the controller and driver unit
The microcontroller selected for the project had to be able to convert the analog
photocell voltage into digital values and also provide output channels for motor rotation. The
AT89S51 was selected because it meets these requirements. An 11.0952MHz was used in
conjunction with the AT89S51 to provide the necessary clock input. This speed is sufficient
with the system.

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12. DRIVER (ULN2003) UNIT
DRIVER IC IMAGE & INTERNAL DIAGRAM IMAGE
The ULN2003A is a high voltage, high current Darlington arrays each containing seven
open collector Darlington pair switch common emitters. Each channel is rated at 500Ma and
can withstand peak currents of 600mA.Suppression diodes are included for inductive load
driving. It is designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping
motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications.
Outputs can be paralleled for higher current.

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13. COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig.10 Complete circuit diagram

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14. SOFTWARE AND SYSTEM CONTROL UNIT
DESCRIPTION:-
Assembly language was utilized for the project.
The program is designed to check the logic level of the three input pins (i.e. p1.0, p1.1
and p1.2), and determine which output pin (p2.0, p2.1, p2.2, p2.3), will be activated to energize
the relays to drive the motor either east or west. If the logic level at pin p1.0 is high (when the
sun is moving westward), and the other input pins low, the programmed logic will start to send
the specific code to rotate the stepper motor in one direction, this will activate the system to
move westward. If the logic level at pin p1.1 is high and the other input pins low, the stepper
motor rotates stepwise in another direction, this moves the system eastward.
The third input pin is used to return the system to its initial position (eastward) prior to
the movement of the system; this happens if the p1.2 is high and other input pins low.
Furthermore, the software is designed that no action is taken if all the input pins are at logic 0
or input pins p1.0 and p1.1 are at logic 1. The program flow chart is shown in figure 8, while
the program code is provided in the appendix.

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15. PROGRAM FLOW CHAT
Fig.11 Program flow chart

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16. Appendix (PROGRAMME)
ORG 0H
STEPPER EQU P2
INPUT EQU P1
MAIN:
MOV A, INPUT
MOV R7, A
CJNE A, #04H, MOVE1
MOV R6, #19H
AGAIN:
MOV STEPPER, #09H
ACALL DELAY
MOV STEPPER, #03H
ACALL DELAY
MOV STEPPER, #06H
ACALL DELAY
MOV STEPPER, #0CH
ACALL DELAY
DJNZ R6, AGAIN
SJMP MAIN
MOVE1:
MOV A, R7
CJNE A, #03, MOVE2
MOV STEPPER, #06H
SJMP MAIN
MOVE2:
MOV A, R7
CJNE A, #00, MOVE3
MOV STEPPER, #06H
SJMP MAIN
MOVE3:
MOV A, R7
CJNE A, #02, MOVE4
MOV STEPPER, #0CH
ACALL DELAY
MOV STEPPER, #06H
ACALL DELAY
MOV STEPPER, #03H

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ACALL DELAY
MOV STEPPER, #09H
ACALL DELAY
SJMP MAIN
MOVE4:
MOV A, R7
CJNE A, #01, MOVE5
MOV STEPPER, #09H
ACALL DELAY
MOV STEPPER, #03H
ACALL DELAY
MOV STEPPER, #06H
ACALL DELAY
MOV STEPPER, #0CH
ACALL DELAY
SJMP MAIN
MOVE5:
ACALL DELAY
SJMP MAIN
DELAY:
MOV R1, #100
UP1: MOV R2, #255
UP: DJNZ R2, UP
DJNZ R1, UP1
RET
END

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17. FUTURE WORK
This design represents a functioning miniature scale model which could be
implemented to a much larger scale. The following recommendations are provided as ideas for
future expansion of this project:
Increase the sensitivity and accuracy of tracking by using a different light sensor. A
phototransistor with an amplification circuit would provide improved resolution and better
tracking accuracy/precision.
Utilize a dual-axis design versus a single-axis to increase tracking accuracy.
18. CONCLUSION
This project has presented a means of controlling a sun tracking solar panel with an
embedded microprocessor system, a working software solution for maximizing solar cell output
by positioning a solar array at the point of maximum light intensity. This project presents a
method of searching for and tracking the sun and resetting itself for a new day.
19. REFERENCE
 BOOKS
1. THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
BY Muhammad Ali Mazidi
2. STEPPER MOTORS
BY V.V.Athani
 WEBSITES
1. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker
2. www.ijetae.com
3. www.youtube.com/watch?v=BobFcoYZ3_U

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20. HARDWARE OF PROJECT
20.1 POWER SUPPLY

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20.2 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT

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22. DATASHEETS
LM324

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VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

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PROJECT COST
No. Type Component Quantity Cost
1. IC1 LM324 1 25
2. IC2 Microcontroller
AT89S51
1 80
3. IC3 ULN 2003 1 20
4. Voltage
Regulator
7805 1 30
5. LDR Light
Dependent
Resistor
3 300
6. Oscillator Crystal
Oscillator
11.059MHz
1 10
7. Resistors 10k Simple 1 2
1k Preset 5 20
8. Capacitors 63V,10 µF 1 7
50V,410 µF 1 23
9. Stepper
motor
5-24V
7.5º angle
1 500
10. Transformer 230-12V
3A
1 180
11. PCB Printed circuit board 2 150
12. Solar panel 6W , 5V 0.89A , -
40 ºC to 80 ºC
1 350
13. Diodes 1N4007 4 8
14. Push button Reset button 1 2
15. Heat sink Simple 1 5
16. Mechanical
structure
Welded type - 150
TOTAL 1862

Sun tracker report satyam

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