Main concept of our Presentation is to synchronization of solar inverter with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power supply to home appliances in power cut off situation and to provide power directly from solar power system where electricity is not present.
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for p...Vikram Rawani
The project was aimed to prevent failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent in 3-phase power supply .
The purpose of our project was to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system. The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault.
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for p...Vikram Rawani
The project was aimed to prevent failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent in 3-phase power supply .
The purpose of our project was to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system. The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault.
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
An inverter is an electric apparatus that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It is not the same thing as an alternator, which converts mechanical energy(e.g. movement) into alternating current.
Direct current is created by devices such as batteries and solar panels. When connected, an inverter allows these devices to provide electric power for small household devices. The inverter does this through a complex process of electrical adjustment. From this process, AC electric power is produced. This form of electricity can be used to power an electric light, a microwave oven, or some other electric machine.
The solar energy is converted to electrical energy by photo-voltaic cells. This energy is stored in batteries during day time for utilizing the same during night time. A charge controller, or charge regulator is basically a voltage and/or current regulator to keep batteries from overcharging. It regulates the voltage and current coming from the solar panels going to the battery.
Design and Analysis of DC-DC Bidirectional Converter for Vehicle to Grid Appl...PranayJagtap5
Aim of the Project:
The project aims to design and analysis of bidirectional dc-dc converter for vehicle-to-grid application in Electric Vehicles. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of an energy-storage system (e.g. from battery management system in EV) to a high-voltage AC bus for a particular load demand, during peak load conditions. When the high-voltage AC bus has excess energy, during low load conditions, this energy-storage module can be charged by the AC bus via inverter & bidirectional dc-dc converter.
Problem Statement:
A DC-DC converter is essential for exchanging energy between a storage device and the rest of the system and vise-versa. Such a converter should be able to handle bidirectional power flow capability in all the operating modes with flexible control. Thus, design and analysis of bidirectional DC-DC converters is an important aspect.
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converter allows power flow in both forward and reverses direction. The bidirectional converter is also called two quadrant converter or four-quadrant converters (if both voltage and current can change direction). It is used as a key device for interfacing the storage device between source and load in renewable energy systems for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to changing weather conditions.
There are two modes in a bidirectional converter that is the buck converter and the boost converter. In the buck mode, auxiliary storage is located on the high voltage side whereas, in boost mode, it is situated on the low voltage side.
Introduction to Electric Vehicle & Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G):
Electric Vehicle is an automobile that operates on two or more electric motors powered by a battery pack or combined system of the battery pack and IC engine. There are four types of EVs, as each of them has advantages and disadvantages, they all save fuel and emit fewer GHG than other conventional IC engines. They can also recharge their batteries by the process of regenerative braking, where the electric motor in the EV assists in slowing down the EV and simultaneously recovers portion energy and feeds it to the batteries.
Four types of EVs are as follows:
(1) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
(2) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
(3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
(4) Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV)
V2G technology can be defined as a system capable enough to control bi-directional flow of electric energy between a vehicle and the electrical grid. The integration of electric vehicles into the power grid is called the vehicle-to-grid system. As conventional converters are unidirectional, they only work in G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) mode. In V2G technology the grid is feed by the energy stored in the vehicle battery through the bidirectional converter, where power from the vehicle battery is stepped-up by the BDC.
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
In analyzing the problems in South Sulawesi transmission system, simulations of PSCAD / EMTDC [5-6] and PWS (Power World Simulator) [7] software were used to simulate changes in electrical current and voltage during a disturbance.
-Single phase to Ground,
-Line to Fault Line,
-Double Line to Ground
-Three phase Short Circuit
The project we have undertaken is “Solar Inverter”. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
An inverter is an electric apparatus that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). It is not the same thing as an alternator, which converts mechanical energy(e.g. movement) into alternating current.
Direct current is created by devices such as batteries and solar panels. When connected, an inverter allows these devices to provide electric power for small household devices. The inverter does this through a complex process of electrical adjustment. From this process, AC electric power is produced. This form of electricity can be used to power an electric light, a microwave oven, or some other electric machine.
The solar energy is converted to electrical energy by photo-voltaic cells. This energy is stored in batteries during day time for utilizing the same during night time. A charge controller, or charge regulator is basically a voltage and/or current regulator to keep batteries from overcharging. It regulates the voltage and current coming from the solar panels going to the battery.
Design and Analysis of DC-DC Bidirectional Converter for Vehicle to Grid Appl...PranayJagtap5
Aim of the Project:
The project aims to design and analysis of bidirectional dc-dc converter for vehicle-to-grid application in Electric Vehicles. The proposed converter can boost the voltage of an energy-storage system (e.g. from battery management system in EV) to a high-voltage AC bus for a particular load demand, during peak load conditions. When the high-voltage AC bus has excess energy, during low load conditions, this energy-storage module can be charged by the AC bus via inverter & bidirectional dc-dc converter.
Problem Statement:
A DC-DC converter is essential for exchanging energy between a storage device and the rest of the system and vise-versa. Such a converter should be able to handle bidirectional power flow capability in all the operating modes with flexible control. Thus, design and analysis of bidirectional DC-DC converters is an important aspect.
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter:
Bidirectional DC-to-DC converter allows power flow in both forward and reverses direction. The bidirectional converter is also called two quadrant converter or four-quadrant converters (if both voltage and current can change direction). It is used as a key device for interfacing the storage device between source and load in renewable energy systems for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system fluctuates due to changing weather conditions.
There are two modes in a bidirectional converter that is the buck converter and the boost converter. In the buck mode, auxiliary storage is located on the high voltage side whereas, in boost mode, it is situated on the low voltage side.
Introduction to Electric Vehicle & Vehicle-to-Grid(V2G):
Electric Vehicle is an automobile that operates on two or more electric motors powered by a battery pack or combined system of the battery pack and IC engine. There are four types of EVs, as each of them has advantages and disadvantages, they all save fuel and emit fewer GHG than other conventional IC engines. They can also recharge their batteries by the process of regenerative braking, where the electric motor in the EV assists in slowing down the EV and simultaneously recovers portion energy and feeds it to the batteries.
Four types of EVs are as follows:
(1) Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)
(2) Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
(3) Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
(4) Range Extended Electric Vehicle (REEV)
V2G technology can be defined as a system capable enough to control bi-directional flow of electric energy between a vehicle and the electrical grid. The integration of electric vehicles into the power grid is called the vehicle-to-grid system. As conventional converters are unidirectional, they only work in G2V (Grid-to-Vehicle) mode. In V2G technology the grid is feed by the energy stored in the vehicle battery through the bidirectional converter, where power from the vehicle battery is stepped-up by the BDC.
Power Quality is a combination of Voltage profile, Frequency profile, Harmonics contain and reliability of power supply.
The Power Quality is defined as the degree to which the power supply approaches the ideal case of stable, uninterrupted, zero distortion and disturbance free supply.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
In analyzing the problems in South Sulawesi transmission system, simulations of PSCAD / EMTDC [5-6] and PWS (Power World Simulator) [7] software were used to simulate changes in electrical current and voltage during a disturbance.
-Single phase to Ground,
-Line to Fault Line,
-Double Line to Ground
-Three phase Short Circuit
The project we have undertaken is “Solar Inverter”. A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-line electrical network.
A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.
How Solar Inverter Works-Presentation at Zane State College, OhioSusanna Huang
Susanna Huang, Founder and Owner of Green Energy Village LLC presented at Zane State College, OH during Energy Forum Series "Why Solar Energy Could be Important to Zanesville?" - June 1, 2012
Grid Tie Systems often prove to be a bit difficult to understand for the people enthusiastic to learn about Solar. We have tried to present it in an easy to understand form with differently colored arrows showing the current flow.
For further info mail tu us at info@statconenergiaa.com
Or visit us at www.statconenergiaa.com
ABB Training Colombia Inverters - Focus on residential and commercial solutio...Jesús Leyton P
Esta presentación pertenece a Marco Trova:
Director de Ventas y Servicio Técnico División de Energías Renovables.
Ingeniero Electrónico del Politécnico de Milán,Italia. Desde el 2003 Marco Trova se integró a la División de Energías Renovables y trabajó en el diseño e introducción al mercado de la línea de Inversores Solares AURORA®. En el 2007 fue nombrado como Director de Ventas y Servicio Técnico.
Marco Trova es miembro del IEC TC82 (Comité Técnico IEC 82: "Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems”) en la rama italiana CEI, en el cual participa activamente en los grupos de trabajo encargados de la elaboración de nuevas normas, incluidos los nuevos códigos de red de baja y media tensión para sistemas conectados a la red.
The aim of this project is to control the electrical appliances through a personal computer (PC). With this system, one can control the electrical appliances ON/OFF by just being seated at one place using a PC.
(Best viewed full screen) Grid Synchronised plus storage based inverter technology takes the best of both Grid Tie and Off Grid Inverters to provide the consumer with the most advanced complete system. This presentation by Statcon Energiaa shows the basic working block diagram of such a Hybrid Inverter system
Abstract: We need energy for every day today work of our life. There are many conventional methods of energy generation but these are depleting very fastly hence non-conventional energy system is very essential at this time to our nation. So an alternate method of non conventional energy generation is proposed in this project. In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional method by simply walking or running on foot step.Here Dynamometer is used for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. The voltage generated by this sensor is stored in battery which will be later on transmitted wirelessly to charge the mobiles.
Solar Power Energy is a necessity for current time. We need to be aware with technology at all level. There is always a need to go for a substitute of electricity. Developing countries have to facilitate solar lights on road and provide a proper Research and Development sector for progress.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Solar inverter with autosynchronization using microcontroller
1. SOLAR INVERTER WITH AUTO SYNCHRONIZATION
USING MICROCONTROLLER
Submitted by:
Suchit padaria (120640109125)
Dhaval brahmbhatt (120640109126)
Margi prajapati (130643109019)
INTERNAL GUIDE:
PROF. DIPEN BRAHMBHATT
1
K. J. Institute Of Engineering
And Technology
2. INTRODUCTION:
At present, many countries are overly dependent on
conventional sources to meet their requirement of power.
Conventional sources of energy includes coal, petroleum,
natural gas etc.
Energy generated by using wind, tides, solar, geothermal heat,
and biomass including farm and animal waste as well as human
excreta is known as non-conventional energy.
From this non convectional energy sources solar energy is
easily available
The Earth receives an incredible supply of solar energy. The sun
is probably the most important source of renewable energy
available today. The conversion of solar radiation into electrical
energy by photo-voltaic (PV) effect is a very promising
technology, being clean, silent and reliable, with very small
maintenance costs and small ecological impact. 2
3. OBJECTIVES:
The main objectives of our project is include three points:
1. Sun tracking system
2. Generation of sine wave for home appliances
using inverter circuit
3. Synchronization with AC mains to provide
uninterrupted power supply
Solar tracking enables more energy to be generated
because the solar panel is always able to maintain a
perpendicular profile to the sun’s rays.
3
4. Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight. Output of
solar panels is DC and home appliances are works on AC
power so to generates AC supply inverter circuit is essential.
Main concept of our project is to synchronization of solar
inverter with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power
supply to home appliances in power cut off situation and to
provide power directly from solar power system where
electricity is not present.
4
OBJECTIVES CONTINUE …
7. Single axis solar tracker :
Single axis tracker, which follows the sun from east to west
during day. 7
SUN TRACKING SYSTEM CONTINUE …
8. SUN TRACKING SYSTEM CONTINUE …
double axis solar tracker :
Double axis tracker tracks the sun from east to west
during the day, and north to south during the seasons of
the year.
8
9. Solar panels :
Solar Panels or Photovoltaic (PV) cells are the device
that captures the sun's power and
convert them into electrical energy.
Light dependent resistor(LDR): sensor :
If light falling on the device is of the high
enough frequency, photons absorbed by
the semiconductor give bound electrons
enough energy to jump into the conduction band.
The resulting free electron conducts electricity.
9
COMPONENTS:
10. Stepper motor :
A stepper motor is brushless DC
electric motor that divides a full
rotation into a number of equal
steps. stepper motor is an
electromagnetic device that
converts digital pulses into
mechanical shaft rotation.
Types of stepper motor : Bipolar motor
1. Bipolar stepper motor
2. Unipolar stepper motor
Unipolar motor
10
11. ULN 2003:
The ULN2003 is a monolithic high
voltage and high current Darlington
transistor arrays. It consists of seven
NPN darlington pairs that features
high-voltage outputs with common-
cathode clamp diode for switching
inductive loads.
11
12. Microcontroller (AT89S52):-
Features :
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable
(ISP) Flash Memory
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Fast Programming Time
12
13. INTERFACING OF ULN 2003:
The ULN2003 is a current driver IC. It is used to drive the
current of the stepper motor as it requires more than 60mA of
current. It is an array of Darlington pairs. It consists of seven
pairs of darlington arrays with common emitter. The IC consists
of 16 pins in which 7 are input pins, 7 are output pins and
remaining are VCC and Ground. 13
14. Step
Ter. 1 Ter. 2 Ter. 3 Ter. 4
1 1 0 1 0
2 1 0 0 1
3 0 1 0 1
4 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
14
The first four input pins are
connected to the microcontroller.
In the same way, four output
pins are connected to the
stepper motor.
The table below show the
different steps required to make
the motor turn.
Interfacing of uln 2003 continue …
16. 16
A device that converts DC power into AC power at desired output
voltage and frequency is called an Inverter.
In this inverter circuit main components are
1. LM 555 timer IC
2. Power transsistor (2N3055A)
17. LM 555 TIMER IC :
The 555 timer IC is an integrated
circuit used in a variety of timer,
pluse generation, oscillator and
also as a flip-flop element.
Depending on the manufacture,
the standard 555 package
includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes
and 15 resistors on a silicon chip
installed in a 8pin DIP package.
In monostable mode, 555 IC functions as a “one shot” pulse
genrator.
In bistable mode, 555 IC functions as a flip-flop.
In astable mode, 555 IC can operate as an oscillator.
Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pluse genration,
logic clocks etc.
17
18. 18
Astable mode of Timer 555 IC :
In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a
continuous stream of rectangular pulses having
specified frequency.
The capacitor is charged through R1, R2 and
R3 since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low
intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor.
In the astable mode, the frequency of
the pulse stream depends on the
values of R1, R2, R3 and C.
high time t1= ln(2)•(R1+R2+R3)•C
low time t2 = ln(2)•(R2+R3)•C
555 timer IC continue…
ƒ=
1
ln 2 • 𝐶•[𝑅1+2 𝑅2+𝑅3 ]
19. POWER TRANSISTORS (2N3055A):
Transistor is a semiconductor device used to
amplify or switching signals and electrial
power. It consists of three terminals for
connection to an external circuit.
Transistor
Absolute maximum ratings:
VCBO= 100V
VEBO=7V
VCEO=60V
IC=15A
POUT=115W Symbol (NPN)
Parallel connection of 2N3055 is very easy as shown
above. Parellel connection is essential for 110w power
output.
19
21. Main concept of our project is to synchronization of solar inverter
with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power supply to home
appliances in power cut off situation and to provide power directly
from solar power system .
Components in synchronization circuit:
1. 7805 IC
2. MOC3041
3. ATmega328
microcontroller
7805 IC :
7805 IC is used as power supply circuit for microcontroller.
7805 IC gives constant +5V DC for microcontroller.
21
22. MOC 3041:
They are designed for use with a triac in the interface of logic
systems to equipment powered from 115 Vac lines, such as solid-
state relays, industrial controls, motors, solenoids and consumer
appliances, etc.
Functions of moc 3041:
Sychronization with mainline
by zero crossing detection.
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23. ATmega328 microcontroller:
Features :
28-pin AVR Microcontroller
Flash Program Memory: 32 kbytes
EEPROM Data Memory: 1kbytes
SRAM Data Memory: 2kbytes
I/O Pins: 23
Timers: Two 8bit/ One 16 bit
A/D converter: 10 bit Six channel
PWM: Six Channels
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24. ADVANTAGES
Clean and renewable energy
source
Produced free of charge
No pollution
No moving parts so no noise
at all
Very little maintenance
In the long term, high return
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APPLICATION AREAS
Rural hamlets
Hospitals
Bungalows
Educational institutions
Government offices
Commercial establishments
Petrol pumps Construction
companies Workshops
R&D laboratories
Water pumps
25. CONCLUSION:
After collecting few information about microcontroller based
solar tracking system using stepper motor if we compare
tracking by the use of LDR with fix solar panel system we found
that the efficiency of microcontroller based solar tracking system
is improved by 30-45%.
LM 555 timer IC based inverter which does not require centre
tapped transformer.
And from sychronization circuit, ATmega328 converts Analog to
Digital form from which we get instant synchronization with load.
This system is more efficient and cost effective in long term.
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26. REFERENCES :
Rizk J. and Chaiko Y.”Solar tracking system: More
efficient use of solar panels”,world Academy of
science,Engineering nd Technology 412008.
Filfil Ahmed Nasir,Mohussen Deia Halboot, Dr. Zidan
khamis A.“microcontroller based sun path tracking
system”, eng. & Tech. Journal, vol. 29
http://www.electronicshub.org/stepper-motor-control-
using-8051-microcontroller/
http://www.microtivity.com/p/ICAT89S52-1/pack-of-1-
at89s52-8-bit-microcontroller-w-8kbytes-isp-flash
http://www.botskool.com/tutorials/electronics/8051/input-
output-instructions-8051-assembly-language
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