Detailed presentation on the Photovoltaics, Electric Vehicles, Electrical Grid and G2V & V2G technology.

1. Photovoltaic in Buildings
for EV Charging and Grid
Support
-By
Aakansha Jha(16bee001)
Mayank Acharya(16bee005)
-Guided by,
Dr. Gulshan Sharma

2. Why Solar Energy?

3. History of Solar Power
The history of photovoltaic
energy (aka. solar cells) started
way back in 1876. William
Grylls Adams along with a
student of his, Richard Day,
discovered that when
selenium was exposed to light,
it produced electricity. In
1953, Calvin Fuller, Gerald
Pearson, and Daryl Chapin,
discovered the
silicon solar cell.

4. Source :- wikipedia

5. Photovoltaics
• Introduction
– a solar cell works by allowing photons, or particles of light,
to knock electrons free from atoms, generating a flow of
electricity.
– Solar panels actually comprise many, smaller units called
photovoltaic cells.
– Each cell is basically a sandwich made up of two slices of
semi-conducting material.

6. Concept of photovoltaic Panels
• Photovoltaics are best known as a method for generating electric power
by using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons
by the photovoltaic effect

7. Extension of PV in Buildings

9. Why PVs in Buildings?
• Economical Benefits :-
1. Reduce or eliminate energy bills.
2. Aesthetically pleasing.
3. Start saving from day one.
4. Help the environment and help us all.
5.Can be installed on any outer part of the
building.
6.Can be a future prospect of earning money from
power supply centres.

10. Photovoltaics in Buildings
• BIPV(Building Integrated Photovoltaics)
BIPV is proving to be an effective building energy technology
in residential,commercial,industrial and institutional
buildings.
- Types of BIPV:
1. Mono Crystalline
2. Poly Crystalline
3. Thin film

11. Types of BIPV

12. Working of PV in buildings
Source – National Renewable Energy laboratory(www.nrel.gov)

13. Working of PV in buildings
• A complete BIPV system includes:
(a). the PV modules (which might be thin-film or crystalline,
transparent, semi-transparent, or opaque);
(b). a charge controller, to regulate the power into and out of the
battery storage bank (in stand-alone systems);
(c). a power storage system, generally comprised of the utility grid in
utility-interactive systems or, a number of batteries in stand-alone
systems;
(d). power conversion equipment including an inverter to convert the
PV modules' DC output to AC compatible with the utility grid;
(e). backup power supplies such as diesel generators (optional-
typically employed in stand-alone systems); and
(f). appropriate support and mounting hardware, wiring, and safety
disconnects.

14. Factors Affecting Solar PVs
efficiency
• Temperature
• Shading
• Inverter Efficiency
• Battery Efficiency

15. Example for PV installation
requirements
• A solar PV system design can be done in four
steps:
1. Load estimation
2. Estimation of number of PV panels
3. Estimation of battery bank and inverter
capacity
4. Cost estimation of the system.

16. Example for PV installation
requirements
Assumptions Taken For Design
• Inverter converts DC into AC power with efficiency of about 90%. Battery
voltage used for operation = 12 volts
• The combined efficiency of inverter and battery will be calculated as :
combined efficiency = inverter efficiency × battery efficiency = 0.9 × 0.9 =
0.81 = 81%
• Sunlight available in a day = 8 hours/day (equivalent of peak radiation.
• Operation of lights and fan = 12 hours/day of PV panels.
• PV panel power rating = 40 Wp (Wp, meaning, watt (peak), gives only peak
power output of a PV panel)
• A factor called „ operating factor‟ is used to estimate the actual output
from a PV module. [The operating factor between 0.60 and 0.90 (implying
the output power is 60 to 80% lower than rated output power) in normal
operating conditions, depending on temperature, dust on module, etc.]
• Our sample building has three floors consisting of 2 houses per each floor,
and Each house has 2 CFLs(18 watts), 2 fans(60 watts).

17. Example for PV installation in
buildings
1. Load estimation
● Total connected load to PV panel system
= No. of units × rating of equipment
= 12 × 18 + 12 × 60 = 936 watts
● Total watt-hours rating of the system
= Total connected load (watts) × Operating hours
= 936 × 12 = 1872 watt-hours

18. Example for PV installation in
buildings
2. Estimation of number of PV panels
● Actual power output of a PV panel
= Peak power rating × operating factor
= 40 × 0.75 = 30 watt
● The power used at the end use is less (due to lower
combined efficiency of the system
= Actual power output of a panel × combined efficiency
= 30 × 0.81 = 24.3 watts (VA) = 24.3 watts
● Energy produced by one 40 Wp panel in a day
= Actual power output × 8 hours/day (peak equivalent)
= 24.3 × 8 = 194.4 watts-hour

19. Example of PV installation in
buildings
● Number of solar panels required to satisfy given estimated
daily load
= (Total watt-hour rating (daily load)/(Daily energy produced
by a panel)
=1872/194.4 = 9.63 = 10 (round figure)
● Inverter size is to be calculated as :
Total connected load to PV panel system = 936 watts
Inverter are available with rating of 100, 200, 500, 1000
VA, etc.
Therefore, the choice of the inverter should be 1000 VA.

20. Example of PV installation in
buildings
3. Cost estimation
(a) Cost of arrays
= No. of PV modules × Cost/Module
= 10 × 8000 (for a 40 Wp panel @ Rs.200/Wp)
= Rs.80000
(a) Cost of batteries
= No. of Batteries × Cost/Module
=5 × 7500
= Rs.37500
(a) Cost of Inverter
= No. of inverters × Cost/Inverter
= 1 × 5000
= Rs.5000
Total cost of system = A + B + C = 80000 + 37500 + 5000 = Rs.1,22,500 [Additional
cost of wiring may be taken as 5% of total system cost.]

21. Electric Vehicles

22. Electric Vehicles
Working Components of an Electric Vehicle
• Battery
• Electric motor
• Motor controller
• Regenerative braking
• Drive system

23. Source: Google Images

24. Electric Vehicles
Types:-
1. EV(Electric Vehicles)
1. HEV(Hybrid Electric Vehicles)
1. PHEV(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles)

25. 1.Electric Vehicles
● They are propelled by a battery powered motor.
● The battery is charged by plugging the vehicle into the
electric grid.
● EVs do not have an internal combustion engine and
therefore do not use petroleum.
Image Source - Google Images

26. 2. Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• They are powered by conventional fuels as well as electric
power stored in a battery.
• The battery is charged through regenerative braking and the
internal combustion engine.
• HEVs are not plugged in to charge.
Image Source - Google Images

27. 3. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
● They are powered by conventional or alternative fuels as
well as electric power stored in a battery.
● The battery can be charged by plugging it into an outside
power source, by the internal combustion engine, or by
regenerative braking.
Image Source - Google Images

28. Charging Stations at public
parkings
Image Source - Google Images

29. Charging of PHEV using Solar
Modules
Image Source - Google Images

30. Block Diagram of PHEV charging by
Solar PV modules

31. Source – Youtube

32. Source:Google Images

33. V2G Technology

34. V2G Technology
• Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes a system in which plug-in
electric vehicles, such as electric cars (BEV), plug-in
hybrids (PHEV) or hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV),
communicate with the power grid to sell demand
response services by either returning electricity to the grid or
by throttling their charging rate.

35. History of V2G Technology

36. V2G Technology
• 3 Versions :
- A hybrid or Fuel cell vehicle
- A battery-powered or plug-in hybrid vehicle
- A solar vehicle

37. 3 versions of V2G Technology
(1)Hybrid Vehicle (Fuel cell Vehicle)
Source – Google Images

38. 3 versions of V2G Technology
(2) Battery-powered or Plug-in Hybrid vehicle
Source – Google Images

39. 3 versions of V2G Technology
(3) Solar Vehicle
Source – Google Images

40. V2G Technology