PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
The proposed block diagram of the project is shown in figure 1. The microcontroller reads the inputs form the light sensorthat is measured the direction of the light(sun) and performs the required operation that will rotate motor to track the motion of the sun . The inputs of the system is light sensor. The output is motor
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
ULN2003:is used as a stepper motor driver because we can't connect motor direct to MCU because the motor work by another power source that is between 9-15 v . As this figure this driver
Resistors.
Power supply.
10 k resistor to divide the 5v voltage between sensor and resistor .
Capacitors and crystal oscillator.
crystal oscillator: to generate pulses frequency
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
Solar tracking system using 8051 microcontrollerVISHAL NAGAR
To increase the unit area illumination of sunlight on solar panels, we designed a solar tracking electricity generation system. The design mechanism holds the solar panel and allows the panel to perform an approximate3-dimensional (3-D) hemispheroidal rotation to track the sun’s movement during the day and improve the overall electricity generation. This system can achieve the maximum illumination and energy concentration and cut the cost of electricity by requiring fewer solar panels, therefore, it has great significance for research and development. The main use of this report is to utilize the maximum power from the sun. Now a day we are in heavy need to use the solar power as in the coming days everything we use might depend on this kind of systems
Seminar on AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMRAKSHSAH
this is the seminar presentation of automatic solar tracking system ,here i have present how it work and advantages and other things related to this.this presentation is our third year{pre finial year } presentation
so guys i hope you like this presentation
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
The proposed block diagram of the project is shown in figure 1. The microcontroller reads the inputs form the light sensorthat is measured the direction of the light(sun) and performs the required operation that will rotate motor to track the motion of the sun . The inputs of the system is light sensor. The output is motor
PIC16F877A microcontroller:to control all the parts in the circuit.(I will use it because have analog to digital converter and I found it in all electronic store )
Light dependent resistor: to measure intensity of light.
LDR is a passive component whose resistance is
inversely proportional to the amount of light intensity directed towards it.
Stepper motor(unipolar): rotate solar panels and the light sensors to sense the max solar power
Stepper motor is an electromagnetic device that converts digital pulses intoMechanical shaft rotation. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in discreteStep increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in the properSequence.
ULN2003:is used as a stepper motor driver because we can't connect motor direct to MCU because the motor work by another power source that is between 9-15 v . As this figure this driver
Resistors.
Power supply.
10 k resistor to divide the 5v voltage between sensor and resistor .
Capacitors and crystal oscillator.
crystal oscillator: to generate pulses frequency
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
Solar tracking system using 8051 microcontrollerVISHAL NAGAR
To increase the unit area illumination of sunlight on solar panels, we designed a solar tracking electricity generation system. The design mechanism holds the solar panel and allows the panel to perform an approximate3-dimensional (3-D) hemispheroidal rotation to track the sun’s movement during the day and improve the overall electricity generation. This system can achieve the maximum illumination and energy concentration and cut the cost of electricity by requiring fewer solar panels, therefore, it has great significance for research and development. The main use of this report is to utilize the maximum power from the sun. Now a day we are in heavy need to use the solar power as in the coming days everything we use might depend on this kind of systems
Seminar on AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMRAKSHSAH
this is the seminar presentation of automatic solar tracking system ,here i have present how it work and advantages and other things related to this.this presentation is our third year{pre finial year } presentation
so guys i hope you like this presentation
Automatic solar tracker is a system which helps to boost the energy production of solar panel. The whole system even does not need any external power source,
Energy is essential factor for the development of any nation.
The resources of the fossil fuels are limited.
Solar made from panel directly converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Solar panel is mainly semiconductor.
Its a comparison of performance of MPPT controllers in case of solar PV array under same working conditions. The MPPT controllers used are Artificial Neural Network and P&O based.
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM FOR MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUTSamar Gul
Solar tracking system for maximum power output..This presentation about latest way to get maximum power from solar energy system. It is costly procedure for hardware actually it's depends how much you can spend o make more efficient.
It has two type,
1: Single Axis
2: Dual Axis
Dual axis more costly than single axis but both are excellent uses..we should to do work on it and apply it for in our real life for home uses..
Renewable energy solutions are becoming popular.
Maximizing output from solar system increases efficiency.
Presently solar panels are of fixed type which lower the efficiency.
Maintaining vertical direction between light and panel maximizes efficiency.
Solar tracking system has 35% higher generating power than fixed.
Solar tracking system based on PLC can adjust automatically orientation of panel
I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage having the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out as well.
Automatic solar tracker is a system which helps to boost the energy production of solar panel. The whole system even does not need any external power source,
Energy is essential factor for the development of any nation.
The resources of the fossil fuels are limited.
Solar made from panel directly converts solar radiation into electrical energy. Solar panel is mainly semiconductor.
Its a comparison of performance of MPPT controllers in case of solar PV array under same working conditions. The MPPT controllers used are Artificial Neural Network and P&O based.
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM FOR MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUTSamar Gul
Solar tracking system for maximum power output..This presentation about latest way to get maximum power from solar energy system. It is costly procedure for hardware actually it's depends how much you can spend o make more efficient.
It has two type,
1: Single Axis
2: Dual Axis
Dual axis more costly than single axis but both are excellent uses..we should to do work on it and apply it for in our real life for home uses..
Renewable energy solutions are becoming popular.
Maximizing output from solar system increases efficiency.
Presently solar panels are of fixed type which lower the efficiency.
Maintaining vertical direction between light and panel maximizes efficiency.
Solar tracking system has 35% higher generating power than fixed.
Solar tracking system based on PLC can adjust automatically orientation of panel
I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage having the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out as well.
In this PPT we are add all ditels and latest data.And in this PPT we are make char to when the sun light is reflact in soalr penal and we produced high power.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR POWERED WATER PUMPING SYSTEM WITH AUTO TRACKI...ARUL S
Solar energy is converted to mechanical energy by absorbing the solar radiation from the sunlight. In this
paper we have introduced a solar photo voltaic cell for collecting the sun rays through the solar array and
transforming this sun rays in to electricity to generate the electricity. The main aim of this project is to supply
electricity through the sun rays and its for the purpose of irrigation in the rural areas where the electricity scare is
expected. In our solar kit we have introduce an Automatic solar tracker which stimulates and increases the
efficiency of the solar panel by keeping the solar panel which moves according to the direction of movement of sun
rays. A solar PV cell is a electrical device that converts the energy of light directly to electricity by the photovoltaic
effect. A photoelectric cell is defined as an device whose electrical characteristics like current, voltage, resistance,
varies when exposed to light. Solar cells are the basement for any photovoltaic modules panels. Solar cells are used
as a photo detector for detecting light near the visible range, or measuring light intensity.Water pumping worldwide is generally dependent on conventional electricity or diesel generated
electricity. Solar water pumping minimizes the dependence on diesel, gas or coal based electricity. The use of diesel
or propane based water pumping systems require not only expensive fuels, but also create noise and air pollution.
The overall upfront cost, operation and maintenance cost, and replacement of a diesel pump are 2–4 times higher
than solar photovoltaic (PV) pump. Solar pumping systems are environment friendly and require low maintenance
with no fuel cost . Keeping in view the shortage of grid electricity in rural and remote areas in most parts of world,
PV pumping is one of the most promising applications of solar energy. The technology is similar to any other
conventional water pumping system except that the power source is solar energy. PV water pumping is gaining
importance in recent years due to non-availability of electricity and increase in diesel prices. The flow rate of
pumped water is dependent on incident solar radiation and size of PV array. A properly designed PV system results
in significant long-term cost savings as compared to conventional pumping systems. In addition, tanks can be used
for water storage in place of requirement of batteries for electricity storage Agricultural production in developing
countries is largely dependent on rains and is adversely affected by the non availability of water in summers.
However, maximum solar radiation is available in summers as such more water can be pumped to meet increased
water requirements. Urban water supply systems are also dependent on electricity to pump water in towns. There is
a wide scope to utilize PV pumping systems for water supplies in rural, urban, community, industry and educational
institutions.Solar panel, Microcontroller board (pic16f877a), Soil moisture. TNX
Solar inverter with autosynchronization using microcontrollerDhaval Brahmbhatt
Main concept of our Presentation is to synchronization of solar inverter with AC mains to provide uninterrupted power supply to home appliances in power cut off situation and to provide power directly from solar power system where electricity is not present.
Similar to Presentration dual axis solar tracking system. (20)
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
1. DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF DUAL AXIS ROBOTING
SOLAR PANEL TRACKER
SUBMITTED BY
MD. ABDUL KADER
Reg. No. WUB/09/13/55/2444
MIZANUR ROHMAN
Reg. No. WUB/09/13/53/2133
SUPERVISED BY
Mir Afzal Hossain
Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of EEE
World University Of Bangladesh
2. BACKGROUND
1839 The Photovoltaic Effect: Edmond Becquerel, in 1839, discovered
that when two electrodes were placed in an electrolyte (electricity-
conducting solution),a voltage developed when light fell upon the
electrolyte.
1883 – The First Working Solar Cell: American inventor Charles Frits
developed the first solar cell, applying selenium to a thin layer of gold.
This method was only able to achieve 1% efficiency, making it
impractical for general use.
1904 – Einstein’s Paper on Light & Electrons: In the snappily titled “On a Heuristic Viewpoint
Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light,” Einstein set out for the first time the
relationship between light and electrons. Although controversial at the
time, it was gradually accepted by the scientific community and led to his
winning of the Nobel Prize in 1921.
1954 –A Major Breakthrough: Three researchers at Bell Labs— Daryl
Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson — discover silicon solar cells.
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This is a maximum power point tracking base solar charge controller which
will controlled by microcontroller. Microcontroller wills co-ordinate the total
system. The control algorithm executes the P&O (Perturbation and
Observation) maximum power point tracking function allowing, according to
solar irradiance, the transfer of maximum energy generated by photovoltaic
panel to the battery. This P&O algorithm increase the efficiency power
transference in comparison to systems that have not a MPPT (Maximum
Power Point Tracker) (direct connection), reducing the size and the cost of the
PV (Photo Voltaic) panel. In this project, we have focused how to increase the
efficiency of a solar charge controller with a reduced cost the overall system.
4. OBJECTIVE
The main aim of our project is to utilize the maximum
solar energy through solar panel. The solar panel tracks
the sun from east to west automatically for maximum
intensity of light.
8. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The above figure is a circuit diagram of 2x roboting Solar
Panel Tracker which consist of a voltmeter array, a
microprocessor, solar panel, axis sensor, LED display,
survey motor and battery. When sun lights heat the solar
panel, then it started the current flow into the solar panel,
which used to charge the batteries. Since, here we are using
2x solar panel, we can heat it all day long by the sun rays
and charge the batteries as well. When the charge is fulfilled
then the microprocessor signals to the charge controller, and
then the battery charge become off. To move the solar panel
along with the sun we have used an axis sensor, and for this
we have used four LDR. To rotate in X and Y axis we have
used LDR1, LDR2, LDR3; and LDR4 calculate the power
of light and gives the micro power; the micro power survey
motor gives the PWM signal and that rotate the panel board
in the right direction. LCD display shows battery charging,
low voltage, full charge etc as micro power unit.
9. SOLAR PANEL
Solar panel is mainly designed as a panel which absorbed the sun’s rays
and convert light into electricity. Most of the time the most powerful
source of light available is the Sun, called Sol by astronomers. It is called
photovoltaic which means, basically, "light-electricity.“
A solar panel is a collection of solar cells. Lots of small solar cells spread
over a large area can work together to provide enough power to be useful.
Solar power generating systems take advantage of this property to convert
sunlight directly into electrical energy . When sunlight hits the
semiconductor, an electron springs up and is attracted to the n-type
semiconductor. This causes more negative electrons in the n-type
semiconductor and more positive electrons in the p-type, thus generating a
flow of electricity in a process known as the photovoltaic effect.•The
majority of solar modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-
film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon.
10. LCD DISPLAY
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module. A
16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in
various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven
segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special
& even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so
on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2
such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.
This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. A register
which commanded storage the command instructions to the given LCD
like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position,
controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on
the LCD.
11. LDR
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is called as light detecting sensor to
build solar track which has included phototransistors, photodiodes
and LDR. It is a made up of semiconductor materials which has high
resistance. LDR is the most common in electronics and it is spread
used in many types of electronics. LDR can use for street lamp,
outside lights, a number of indoor home appliances, and so on. It is
utilize the light sensor circuit for automatic switch OFF the loads
based on daylight’s intensity by helping of a light sensor. In daylight
the rays of sun falls on the photovoltaic panel and photo resistor and
when the light falls on the resistor, then the resistance changes. There
are two types of photoresist or based on material used and they are
Intrinsic Photo Resistors and Extrinsic Photo Resistors. Intrinsic
Photo Resistors are made up of pure semiconductor devices like
silicon or germanium.
12. SERVO MOTOR
Servo motor is a self-contained electric devices and simple electrical motor,
which is controlled with the help of servomechanism. It is a motor which has
a output shaft and can be moved to a specific angular position by sending it a
coded signal. The servo motor will maintain the position of the shaft .When
we changed the coded signal, the angular position of the shaft will changed.
Servo motors are used for various applications. They are normally small in
size and have good energy efficiency . Servo motor also used in robotic
projects for every moving of their joint. The servo circuitry is built inside the
motor unit and comes with a position able shaft that is fitted with a gear.
The motor is controlled with an electric signal that determines the amount of
shaft movement. In a market there are found two types of servo motor, one
are made up of metal gear and another are made up of plastic gear. The
metallic one is much heavier than other gear one. The size of metallic gear
servo motor is also bigger than plastic gear servo motor.
13. MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a single chip micro-computer on a single
integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals. Basically microcontrollers
are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as
automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices,
remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and
other embedded systems. A microcontroller is available in different
word lengths like microprocessors (4bit,8bit,16bit,32bit,64bit and 128
bit microcontrollers are available today). Here we use PIC16F877A
microcontrollers (Peripheral Interface Controller Microcontroller).
Fig: PIC16F877A Microcontroller
14. VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of changes to its
input voltage or load conditions. The voltage regulator must be stable
with its condition. Here we use IC7805 voltage Regulator. IC7805 is a
5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V and draws
5V regulated power supply. The voltage source in a circuit may have
fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage
regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value.
IC7805 is a 5V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 5V
and draws 5V regulated power supply. It comes with provision to add
heat sink. The maximum value for input to the voltage regulator is 35V.
It can provide a fixed steady voltage flow of 5V for higher voltage input
till the threshold limit of 35V. If the voltage is near to 7.5V then it does
not produce any heat and hence no need for heat sink. If the voltage
input is more, then excess electricity is liberated as heat from
15. LIST OF COMPONENTS WITH PRICE
Name Quantity Total price(TK)
PIC 16F876
MICROCONTROLLER
01 90/=
MOTOR 01 200 /=
CRYSTAL 16MHz 01 5 /=
LCD DISPLAY 01 160/=
CAPACITORS 01 20/=
RESISTOR SOME 10/=
DIODE 01 5/=
INDUCTOR 220uH 01 5/=
CONNECTOR 01 16/=
AC TO DC POWER SUPPLY 01 180/=
SOME WIRES 01 30/=
SAMPLE PCB 01 1000/=
SOLAR PANEL 01 250/=
SOLDERING LEAD AND
ETC
01 50/=
BATTERY 3 120/=
TOTAL =2141/=
MARKET PRICE: = 5000/=
16. ADVANTAGES
There are many advantages to using 2x tracker such as
improved turnaround, reduced costs, error.
No man controller are required.
it’s easy to use and ensures reliability the system.
The sun is a constantly moving target.
The All Earth Solar Tracker produces up to 45% more energy
than a fixed roof system and up to 30% more energy than a
fixed ground-mount system.
17. DISCUSSION
In this work, a MPPT charge controller is presented. A
microcontroller is used to control the maximum power point
tracking algorithm, which is used in PV systems to maximize the
photovoltaic array o/p power.
An optimized and effective technique has been proposed
considering the discussed drawbacks. The proposed system was
simulated and constructed, and the functionality of the suggested
control concept was proven. The proposed system was simulated
and constructed, and the functionality of the suggested control
concept was proven. From the results acquired during the
simulations and hardware experiments, it was confirmed that, with
a well-designed system including a proper converter and selecting
an efficient and proven algorithm, the implementation of MPPT is
simple and can be easily constructed to achieve an acceptable
efficiency level of the PV modules. The results also indicate that
the proposed control system is capable of tracking the PV array
maximum power and thus improves the efficiency of the PV
system and reduces low power loss and system cost.
18. CONCLUSION
The rapid increase in energy demand cannot be resolved easily until there
is an alternative way to meet the demand. The micro grid can undertake
to solve this sort of situation in future. Solar, wind and biomass energy is
the main source of energy used for optimizing the overall system and
hence to make it efficient. So the user will become less compulsive on the
convenient fossil fuel energy. The stored energy also plays a significant
role to avoid the imbalance of the power system. To ensure the
photovoltaic generator operating its maximum power point, MPPT
controllers are often used. These controllers are intended for MPP
tracking and to thus minimize the error between the operating power and
the reference maximum power which is variable according to the load
and of the weather conditions. The MPPT based charge controllers are
best suitable for wind and solar systems as they track the maximum
power in case of power fluctuations at the input side due to
environmental condition variation. Hence it is recommended to use the
MPPT based charge controllers. Use of microcontroller based systems
provides huge computational capability and reduction in the hardware.
The MPPT charge controller operates with high efficiency (90% or even
higher) as compared to existing charge controllers.