Effect of Cigarette Smoking on cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems Discuss the epidemiology of smoking in KSA List the ill-health effects of smoking on CVS and respiratory system and describe their patho-physiology.

1. Effect of Cigarette Smoking on
cardiovascular and Respiratory
Systems
Dr.Anas saad alsaab
‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬

2. Objectives :
 Discuss the epidemiology of smoking in KSA
 List the ill-health effects of smoking on CVS and
respiratory system and describe their patho-physiology.

3. Discuss the epidemiology of smoking in KSA
Smoking represents the most readily preventable risk
factor for morbidity and mortality.
• Smoking related disease will kill one in 10 adults
globally.
• There are more than 6 million smoker in KSA that
represent about 30% from population in 2004.

4. But this number was increase in 2010 about 9
million smoker.
There are 30 thousand of Arabian Gulf dead.
Most of them from KSA about(21.782) in 2008.
Saudi people spend 16.5 Billion every year.

5. • The prevalence of current smoking in Saudi Arabia ranges
from 2.4-52.3% (median = 17.5%).
• Among school students, the prevalence of current smoking
ranges from 12-29.8% (median = 16.5%),
• among university students from 2.4-37% (median = 13.5%),
• and among adults from 11.6-52.3% (median = 22.6%).
• In elderly people, the prevalence of current smoking is 25%.
• while in females it ranges from 1-16% (median = 9%).
smoking is prevalent in the Saudi population at different age
groups. The prevalence of current smoking is much higher
in males than in females at different ages.

6. Prevalence of smoking among health care
professionals
• Different studies showed that smoking prevalence is
quite high among health care workers even though
they know the harmful effects of active and passive
smoking.
• Local study was carried out among health staffs in a
primary care unit at a general hospital in Riyadh
region, which showed that there were 19% smokers,
14% ex-smokers.

7. List the ill-health effects of smoking on CVS and respiratory system
and describe their patho-physiology.
• Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease:
• coronary artery disease
• cardiac arrhythmias.
• Atherosclerosis
• Cigarette smoking increases blood cholesterol levels, causing a buildup of arterial
plaque that narrows the blood vessels over time.
• Blood Clots
• Low Blood Oxygen
• stroke

8. coronary artery disease
• most common type of heart disease and cause of heart attacks .
• The disease is caused by plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of
the heart, which narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart.
• causes ischemia myocardial cells.lack of oxygen and this is called a myocardial
infarction, it leads to heart muscle damage
•
• artery's lining becomes hardened, stiffened, and swollen including : calcium
deposits, fatty deposits, and abnormal inflammatory cells - to form a plaque.
• Deposits of calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatites) in the muscular layer of the blood
vessels appear to play not only a significant role in stiffening arteries but also for the
induction of an early phase of coronary arteriosclerosis

10. effects of smoking on respiratory system
• Damage to the respiratory system from cigarette smoking is slow,
progressive, and deadly
• The mucus produced by the respiratory tubules traps dirt and disease-
causing organisms, which cilia sweep toward the mouth, where it can be
eliminated.
• chronic bronchitis
• lung cancer
• Emphysema
• pulmonary hypertension
• blood clots and pulmonary embolism
• oral cancer.
• The cilia in trachea and bronchi are anaesthetised so they no longer move mucus and pathogens away
from your lung so you are more likely to get infections of the breathing system. Long term you may also
develop a 'smoker's cough'

11. 2- Chronic Bronchitis:
- is defined as a persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at
least 2 consecutive years
- is common among cigarette smokers
- Pathogenesis:
- caused by cigarette smoking
- also associated with air pollution, infection, genetic factors
- These irritants induce: -hypertrophy of mucous glands
- increase in goblet cells
- mucus hypersecretion develops
- bronchial or bronchiolar mucus plug, inflammation (chronic bronchitis)

12. Pathogenesis: two mechanisms involved:
1- protease- antiprotease mechanism:
- emphysema arises as a consequence of imbalances between pulmonary proteases
and antiproteases
- the imbalance results in tissue destruction and loss of alveolar walls
- proteases secreted by neutrophils (elastase)
- antiproteases: - present in serum, tissue fluids, and macrophages (α1-Antitrypsin)
- tobacco smoke (and other factors: air pollution, genetics (α1-Antitrypsin deficiency)
causes: 1- recruitment of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages)
2- release of elastase
3- free radical release that inactivating antitrypsin
- imbalance between proteases and antiproteases
- leading to tissue damage with enlargement of airspaces

13. - those with congenital antitrypsin deficiency are at risk to develop
emphysema at younger age if they smoke
2- Oxidant – antioxidant mechanism:
- in lungs present antioxidants (dismutase)
- they prevent oxidative tissue damage
- tobacco induces free radicals release that deplete
antioxidant in lung and causes tissue damage

16. summary
•

18. Anas saad alsaab