02 respiratory vascular
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Chronic passive pulmonary congestion (CVC lung) Pulmonary edema Pulmonary thrombo-embolism and infarction Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary hemorrhage*
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01 respiratory RDS
1. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by diffuse alveolar capillary damage and severe pulmonary edema, resulting in hypoxemia that is refractory to oxygen therapy.
2. ARDS is caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs from sources such as sepsis, gastric aspiration, trauma, or smoke inhalation. This causes damage to the alveolar capillary endothelium and epithelium.
3. The damage leads to increased capillary permeability, leakage of fluid into the alveoli, and formation of hyaline membranes. This results in impaired gas exchange and respiratory failure.
03 Respiratory infection1
Pneumonia
Three Types of Classification of pneumonias
Clinical
Morphological (distribution of inflammatory foci)
Etiological
06 respiratory obstructive1
Obstructive diseases : Chr.by
Obstruction to airflow out of the lungs
Due to partial or complete obstruction in airway.
Increase in lung compliance and
Decrease in lung elasticity.
Restrictive diseases : Chr by
reduced expansion of lung parenchyma with problems in getting air in the lungs.
Lung compliance is decreased
Elasticity is increased: once air is in the lungs it comes out rapidly on expiration.
09 respiratory pleura
The document discusses several disorders of the pleura and lungs, including pleural effusions, pneumothorax, and mesothelioma. Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative depending on disturbances to Starling forces or increased vessel permeability. Pneumothorax can be spontaneous due to bleb rupture or tension pneumothorax from a flap-like pleural tear. Mesothelioma is a malignant tumor of the pleura associated with asbestos exposure that encases the lung.
07 respiratory obstructive2
Asthma
A chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder characterized by:
Hyper-reactivity of the respiratory tree to various stimuli leading to
Reversible airway obstruction
Obstruction produced by combination of :
Constriction of bronchial musculature (bronchospasm)
Mucosal inflammation (edema)
Excessive secretion of mucus.
Clinically Manifested by :
Difficulty in breathing (Dyspnea)
Wheeze (a soft whistling sound during expiration)
Difficulty in expiration.
Asthma is:
Episodic and reversible airway disease
Primarily targets the bronchi and terminal bronchioles
MC chronic respiratory disease in children
Two types:
Extrinsic asthma (allergic, atopic)
Intrinsic asthma (non-allergic asthma or idiosyncratic asthma)
08 respiratory restrictive
Restrictive lung diseases (interstitial lung diseases)
Histological Structure of Alveoli
The wall of the alveoli is formed by a thin sheet of tissue separating two neighbouring alveoli.
This sheet is formed by epithelial cells and intervening connective tissue.
Collagenous , reticular and elastic fibres are present.
Between the connective tissue fibres we find a dense, anastomosing network of pulmonary capillaries. The wall of the capillaries are in direct contact with the epithelial lining of the alveoli.
Neighbouring alveoli may be connected to each other by small alveolar pores (pores of Kohn).
The epithelium of the alveoli is formed by two cell types:
Alveolar type I cells (small alveolar cells or type I pneumocytes) are extremely flattened and form the bulk (95%) of the surface of the alveolar walls.
Alveolar type II cells (large alveolar cells or type II pneumocytes) are irregularly (sometimes cuboidal) shaped.
They form small bulges on the alveolar walls.
Type II alveolar cells contain are large number of granules called cytosomes (or multilamellar bodies), which consist of precursors to pulmonary surfactant (the mixture of phospholipids which keep surface tension in the alveoli low) .
Cilia are absent from the alveolar epithelium and cannot help to remove particulate matter which continuously enters the alveoli with the inspired air. Alveolar macrophages take care of this job. They migrate freely over the alveolar epithelium and ingest particulate matter.
FUNCTIONS OF PULMONARY CELLS
Type I pneumocytes
Permeable to Oxygen and CO2, do not divide
Type II pneumocytes
Reserve cells
secrete pulmonary surfactant
Serve as repair cells
Alveolar macrophages
Phagocytosis
Pores of Kohn (allow passage of Macrophages)
Respiratory lectures 2019
The document discusses restrictive pulmonary diseases and interstitial lung diseases. It describes how restrictive diseases are characterized by reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. The major causes of restrictive lung disease include chest wall disorders, pleural diseases, neuromuscular disorders, and acute or chronic interstitial lung diseases such as ARDS and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Interstitial lung diseases involve inflammation and scarring of the lungs. Common types include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling occupational dusts like coal, silica, and asbestos, and pulmonary involvement in connective tissue diseases.
Pathology basic introduction to pathology of common lung diseases for underg...
The document provides an overview of common lung diseases for undergraduate dental students and nurses. It discusses the pathology of diseases such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung tumors. For bronchial asthma, it describes the characteristic airway inflammation and reversible airway constriction. It notes that chronic bronchitis and emphysema often co-exist and are commonly caused by cigarette smoking. Emphysema involves the permanent enlargement of airspaces due to alveolar wall destruction. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and forms characteristic granulomas. Lung tumors are often carcinomas, with non-small
Recommended
01 respiratory RDS
1. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by diffuse alveolar capillary damage and severe pulmonary edema, resulting in hypoxemia that is refractory to oxygen therapy.
2. ARDS is caused by direct or indirect injury to the lungs from sources such as sepsis, gastric aspiration, trauma, or smoke inhalation. This causes damage to the alveolar capillary endothelium and epithelium.
3. The damage leads to increased capillary permeability, leakage of fluid into the alveoli, and formation of hyaline membranes. This results in impaired gas exchange and respiratory failure.
03 Respiratory infection1
Pneumonia
Three Types of Classification of pneumonias
Clinical
Morphological (distribution of inflammatory foci)
Etiological
06 respiratory obstructive1
Obstructive diseases : Chr.by
Obstruction to airflow out of the lungs
Due to partial or complete obstruction in airway.
Increase in lung compliance and
Decrease in lung elasticity.
Restrictive diseases : Chr by
reduced expansion of lung parenchyma with problems in getting air in the lungs.
Lung compliance is decreased
Elasticity is increased: once air is in the lungs it comes out rapidly on expiration.
09 respiratory pleura
The document discusses several disorders of the pleura and lungs, including pleural effusions, pneumothorax, and mesothelioma. Pleural effusions can be transudative or exudative depending on disturbances to Starling forces or increased vessel permeability. Pneumothorax can be spontaneous due to bleb rupture or tension pneumothorax from a flap-like pleural tear. Mesothelioma is a malignant tumor of the pleura associated with asbestos exposure that encases the lung.
07 respiratory obstructive2
Asthma
A chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder characterized by:
Hyper-reactivity of the respiratory tree to various stimuli leading to
Reversible airway obstruction
Obstruction produced by combination of :
Constriction of bronchial musculature (bronchospasm)
Mucosal inflammation (edema)
Excessive secretion of mucus.
Clinically Manifested by :
Difficulty in breathing (Dyspnea)
Wheeze (a soft whistling sound during expiration)
Difficulty in expiration.
Asthma is:
Episodic and reversible airway disease
Primarily targets the bronchi and terminal bronchioles
MC chronic respiratory disease in children
Two types:
Extrinsic asthma (allergic, atopic)
Intrinsic asthma (non-allergic asthma or idiosyncratic asthma)
08 respiratory restrictive
Restrictive lung diseases (interstitial lung diseases)
Histological Structure of Alveoli
The wall of the alveoli is formed by a thin sheet of tissue separating two neighbouring alveoli.
This sheet is formed by epithelial cells and intervening connective tissue.
Collagenous , reticular and elastic fibres are present.
Between the connective tissue fibres we find a dense, anastomosing network of pulmonary capillaries. The wall of the capillaries are in direct contact with the epithelial lining of the alveoli.
Neighbouring alveoli may be connected to each other by small alveolar pores (pores of Kohn).
The epithelium of the alveoli is formed by two cell types:
Alveolar type I cells (small alveolar cells or type I pneumocytes) are extremely flattened and form the bulk (95%) of the surface of the alveolar walls.
Alveolar type II cells (large alveolar cells or type II pneumocytes) are irregularly (sometimes cuboidal) shaped.
They form small bulges on the alveolar walls.
Type II alveolar cells contain are large number of granules called cytosomes (or multilamellar bodies), which consist of precursors to pulmonary surfactant (the mixture of phospholipids which keep surface tension in the alveoli low) .
Cilia are absent from the alveolar epithelium and cannot help to remove particulate matter which continuously enters the alveoli with the inspired air. Alveolar macrophages take care of this job. They migrate freely over the alveolar epithelium and ingest particulate matter.
FUNCTIONS OF PULMONARY CELLS
Type I pneumocytes
Permeable to Oxygen and CO2, do not divide
Type II pneumocytes
Reserve cells
secrete pulmonary surfactant
Serve as repair cells
Alveolar macrophages
Phagocytosis
Pores of Kohn (allow passage of Macrophages)
Respiratory lectures 2019
The document discusses restrictive pulmonary diseases and interstitial lung diseases. It describes how restrictive diseases are characterized by reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. The major causes of restrictive lung disease include chest wall disorders, pleural diseases, neuromuscular disorders, and acute or chronic interstitial lung diseases such as ARDS and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Interstitial lung diseases involve inflammation and scarring of the lungs. Common types include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling occupational dusts like coal, silica, and asbestos, and pulmonary involvement in connective tissue diseases.
Pathology basic introduction to pathology of common lung diseases for underg...
The document provides an overview of common lung diseases for undergraduate dental students and nurses. It discusses the pathology of diseases such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung tumors. For bronchial asthma, it describes the characteristic airway inflammation and reversible airway constriction. It notes that chronic bronchitis and emphysema often co-exist and are commonly caused by cigarette smoking. Emphysema involves the permanent enlargement of airspaces due to alveolar wall destruction. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and forms characteristic granulomas. Lung tumors are often carcinomas, with non-small
LUNG ABSCESS
Lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue necrosis and pus formation that can be either primary or secondary. Primary lung abscesses usually develop from aspiration of infected material and are often single and large, located in the lower right lung lobe. Secondary lung abscesses are usually multiple and small, developing post-pneumonia or following septic embolism. Lung abscesses are caused by bacteria like streptococci, staphylococci, and gram-negative organisms introduced via aspiration, preceding lung infection, bronchial obstruction, septic embolism, or direct extension from other sites. Lung abscesses vary in size and can be acute, with poorly-defined ragged walls, or chronic
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a condition that damages the lungs and prevents sufficient oxygen from entering the bloodstream. It is caused by injury to the lungs from direct or indirect insults. In ARDS, the alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised, allowing fluid to enter the lungs. Treatment involves intensive care, use of a ventilator to deliver oxygen under pressure, and addressing the underlying cause while preventing further lung injury. The goal is to support breathing and remove fluid from the damaged lungs.
Respiratory lectures
Diffuse pulmonary diseases can be classified as either obstructive or restrictive. Obstructive diseases involve increased airflow resistance and include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Restrictive diseases involve reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. Common restrictive diseases are interstitial lung diseases which involve fibrosis of the lung parenchyma, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and pneumoconiosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by a patchy interstitial fibrosis pattern known as usual interstitial pneumonia.
J. Parker Emphysema Presentation Powerpoint
Emphysema affects around 1.8 million Americans and causes limitations in daily activities for many sufferers. It is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is primarily caused by cigarette smoking in around 82% of cases. The top symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic coughing and mucus production. Left untreated, emphysema can lead to serious health complications like infections, respiratory failure, and even death.
Emphysema
1. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the airspaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of their walls.
2. The main symptoms of emphysema include dyspnea, recurrent respiratory infections, and right heart failure. Chest imaging shows increased lung volumes and flattened diaphragms.
3. There are several classifications of emphysema based on the areas of the lung affected, including centriacinar, panacinar, paraseptal, and mixed emphysema. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor and can cause an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lungs.
FlashPath - Lung - Chronic Bronchitis
This document discusses chronic bronchitis, which is an obstructive lung disease characterized by a persistent productive cough for at least three months in consecutive years. Chronic bronchitis is often caused by cigarette smoking and air pollution and is clinically grouped with emphysema as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The document describes the clinical features, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, cytology, differential diagnosis, and management of chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in the large airways that can lead to bronchial dilation over time.
lung abscess
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis and formation of cavities greater than 2cm in the lung tissue caused by microbial infection. It is often caused by aspiration during anesthesia, sedation, or unconsciousness. Risk factors include age, male sex, and conditions like periodontal disease or dysphagia. Symptoms include cough with foul sputum, chest pain, fever, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging like x-ray or CT scan showing spherical areas of density and air-fluid levels. Treatment is generally broad spectrum antibiotics for 6-8 weeks along with drainage procedures in some cases.
pneumosclerosis
Pneumosclerosis is a pathology characterized by the replacement of lung tissue with connective tissue, resulting in the destruction of elasticity and gas transport in the lungs. It can occur due to various lung diseases like tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, or pneumonia. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves tests like spirometry, x-ray, and CT scan. Treatment focuses on fighting infection, improving lung function, and strengthening immunity. Prevention involves promptly treating respiratory illnesses and strengthening the immune system.
Diseases of lungs
This document provides information on various diseases of the lungs including atelectasis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, bronchial asthma, adenocarcinoma lung, pulmonary edema, and bronchopneumonia. For each condition, it discusses etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestation, morphology, and management. It also includes histopathology slides illustrating various lung pathologies such as alveolar collapse, inflammatory changes, fibrotic changes, and remodelling of airways in asthma.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized necrotic lesion in the lung parenchyma containing pus that forms a cavity. It is generally caused by aspiration of anaerobic bacteria. The most commonly affected areas are the lower lobes and upper lobes posteriorly. Lung abscesses are usually caused by aspiration of oral/gastric contents but can also be caused by septic emboli, necrotizing pneumonia, or underlying conditions like granulomatosis. Symptoms include cough with foul sputum, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves tests showing elevated inflammatory markers and imaging showing increased density, cavity formation, or air-fluid levels in the lungs. Treatment is generally broad
Lung pathology
This document discusses various lung pathologies including atelectasis, obstructive lung diseases, pulmonary infections, lung tumors, and pleural lesions. It provides detailed descriptions of different types of atelectasis including resorption, compression, and contraction atelectasis. It also discusses common obstructive lung diseases like emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis. Various pulmonary infections and their causes are outlined. The most common lung tumors are discussed with a focus on bronchogenic carcinoma. Risk factors for bronchogenic carcinoma like tobacco smoking are examined. Occupational lung diseases including silicosis, asbestosis, and their clinical features are also reviewed.
Ap 50 10-29 1 pathology of lung 1
The document discusses various lung pathologies including:
1. Congenital anomalies such as cystic diseases and tracheal/bronchial anomalies.
2. Traumas from mechanical injuries or bone fractures caused by traffic accidents or firearms.
3. Vascular diseases such as pulmonary congestion and edema from left heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome from diffuse capillary damage, and pulmonary embolism from deep vein thrombosis.
Emphysema-medical information |management |diagnosis | tests
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease where the air sacs in the lungs become damaged and stretched, making breathing difficult. Smoking is the primary cause. Symptoms include shortness of breath and cough. Treatment focuses on medications to open airways, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes. For severe cases, surgery may help reduce lung volume or transplant lungs. The goal of treatment is stabilizing the condition and preventing complications.
FlashPath - Lung - Emphysema
Emphysema is an obstructive lung disease characterized by permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles without significant fibrosis. There are three main types: centriacinar, panacinar, and paraseptal emphysema. The predominant symptoms are dyspnea and cough. Emphysema is usually caused by cigarette smoking and air pollution and presents in older adults. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, medications, oxygen therapy, surgery, and replacement therapies. The main causes of death relate to respiratory failure and heart disease.
COPD lecture
The document discusses chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and pulmonary hypertension. It defines each condition and describes their causes, pathophysiology, morphology, management, complications, symptoms, and methods of investigation including spirometry and chest x-rays. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchi due to smoking or air pollution. Emphysema is the permanent enlargement of airspaces due to an imbalance of proteases and antioxidants from smoking. Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the lungs secondary to lung damage from these conditions.
Clubbing
Clubbing, also known as Hippocrates fingers, is the bulbous enlargement of the fingertips and nails. It is caused by proliferation of subcutaneous tissues due to chronic hypoxemia from conditions like lung diseases, heart diseases, and liver or gastrointestinal diseases. Examination involves comparing the fingernails to look for reduced or absent diamond-shaped spaces, indicating clubbing. While clubbing itself has no treatment, addressing the underlying condition can potentially reverse it over time.
Interstitial lung diseases- HRCT
This document provides a detailed summary of various patterns seen on HRCT scans of the lungs including reticular, nodular, ground glass, mosaic and honeycombing patterns. It describes the characteristic radiological features of different interstitial lung diseases such as UIP, NSIP, COP, RB-ILD, DIP, LIP, AIP and others. Key diagnostic criteria and differentiating features between these conditions are discussed. HRCT images demonstrating examples of the described patterns are also included.
Chronic bronchitis vikash kumar-55 BSMU
Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammatory condition of the bronchi. It is defined as excessive mucus production in the lungs for at least 3 months per year for more than 2 years. The main symptoms are cough, sputum production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, occupational exposures, and previous infections. Management involves stopping smoking, using bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, antibiotics for exacerbations, and lifestyle modifications like exercise and nutrition.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
Pulmonary diseases of vascular origin(pulmonary embolism)
The most probable diagnosis is Pulmonary Saddle embolus. The key points are:
- Prolonged bed rest following pelvic fracture which is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis
- Sudden onset of chest pain and collapse
- Rapid demise of the patient
This fits with the clinical presentation of a large pulmonary embolism causing sudden death as described in the document.
Corpulmonale
Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart enlarges and fails due to high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, usually caused by long-term lung diseases that reduce oxygen levels. It most commonly results from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging, blood tests, and right heart catheterization. Treatment focuses on improving oxygen levels, reducing pulmonary pressures, and managing the underlying lung condition.
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LUNG ABSCESS
Lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue necrosis and pus formation that can be either primary or secondary. Primary lung abscesses usually develop from aspiration of infected material and are often single and large, located in the lower right lung lobe. Secondary lung abscesses are usually multiple and small, developing post-pneumonia or following septic embolism. Lung abscesses are caused by bacteria like streptococci, staphylococci, and gram-negative organisms introduced via aspiration, preceding lung infection, bronchial obstruction, septic embolism, or direct extension from other sites. Lung abscesses vary in size and can be acute, with poorly-defined ragged walls, or chronic
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a condition that damages the lungs and prevents sufficient oxygen from entering the bloodstream. It is caused by injury to the lungs from direct or indirect insults. In ARDS, the alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised, allowing fluid to enter the lungs. Treatment involves intensive care, use of a ventilator to deliver oxygen under pressure, and addressing the underlying cause while preventing further lung injury. The goal is to support breathing and remove fluid from the damaged lungs.
Respiratory lectures
Diffuse pulmonary diseases can be classified as either obstructive or restrictive. Obstructive diseases involve increased airflow resistance and include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Restrictive diseases involve reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. Common restrictive diseases are interstitial lung diseases which involve fibrosis of the lung parenchyma, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and pneumoconiosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by a patchy interstitial fibrosis pattern known as usual interstitial pneumonia.
J. Parker Emphysema Presentation Powerpoint
Emphysema affects around 1.8 million Americans and causes limitations in daily activities for many sufferers. It is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is primarily caused by cigarette smoking in around 82% of cases. The top symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic coughing and mucus production. Left untreated, emphysema can lead to serious health complications like infections, respiratory failure, and even death.
Emphysema
1. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the airspaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of their walls.
2. The main symptoms of emphysema include dyspnea, recurrent respiratory infections, and right heart failure. Chest imaging shows increased lung volumes and flattened diaphragms.
3. There are several classifications of emphysema based on the areas of the lung affected, including centriacinar, panacinar, paraseptal, and mixed emphysema. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor and can cause an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lungs.
FlashPath - Lung - Chronic Bronchitis
This document discusses chronic bronchitis, which is an obstructive lung disease characterized by a persistent productive cough for at least three months in consecutive years. Chronic bronchitis is often caused by cigarette smoking and air pollution and is clinically grouped with emphysema as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The document describes the clinical features, pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology, cytology, differential diagnosis, and management of chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in the large airways that can lead to bronchial dilation over time.
lung abscess
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis and formation of cavities greater than 2cm in the lung tissue caused by microbial infection. It is often caused by aspiration during anesthesia, sedation, or unconsciousness. Risk factors include age, male sex, and conditions like periodontal disease or dysphagia. Symptoms include cough with foul sputum, chest pain, fever, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves imaging like x-ray or CT scan showing spherical areas of density and air-fluid levels. Treatment is generally broad spectrum antibiotics for 6-8 weeks along with drainage procedures in some cases.
pneumosclerosis
Pneumosclerosis is a pathology characterized by the replacement of lung tissue with connective tissue, resulting in the destruction of elasticity and gas transport in the lungs. It can occur due to various lung diseases like tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, or pneumonia. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves tests like spirometry, x-ray, and CT scan. Treatment focuses on fighting infection, improving lung function, and strengthening immunity. Prevention involves promptly treating respiratory illnesses and strengthening the immune system.
Diseases of lungs
This document provides information on various diseases of the lungs including atelectasis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, bronchial asthma, adenocarcinoma lung, pulmonary edema, and bronchopneumonia. For each condition, it discusses etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestation, morphology, and management. It also includes histopathology slides illustrating various lung pathologies such as alveolar collapse, inflammatory changes, fibrotic changes, and remodelling of airways in asthma.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized necrotic lesion in the lung parenchyma containing pus that forms a cavity. It is generally caused by aspiration of anaerobic bacteria. The most commonly affected areas are the lower lobes and upper lobes posteriorly. Lung abscesses are usually caused by aspiration of oral/gastric contents but can also be caused by septic emboli, necrotizing pneumonia, or underlying conditions like granulomatosis. Symptoms include cough with foul sputum, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves tests showing elevated inflammatory markers and imaging showing increased density, cavity formation, or air-fluid levels in the lungs. Treatment is generally broad
Lung pathology
This document discusses various lung pathologies including atelectasis, obstructive lung diseases, pulmonary infections, lung tumors, and pleural lesions. It provides detailed descriptions of different types of atelectasis including resorption, compression, and contraction atelectasis. It also discusses common obstructive lung diseases like emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis. Various pulmonary infections and their causes are outlined. The most common lung tumors are discussed with a focus on bronchogenic carcinoma. Risk factors for bronchogenic carcinoma like tobacco smoking are examined. Occupational lung diseases including silicosis, asbestosis, and their clinical features are also reviewed.
Ap 50 10-29 1 pathology of lung 1
The document discusses various lung pathologies including:
1. Congenital anomalies such as cystic diseases and tracheal/bronchial anomalies.
2. Traumas from mechanical injuries or bone fractures caused by traffic accidents or firearms.
3. Vascular diseases such as pulmonary congestion and edema from left heart failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome from diffuse capillary damage, and pulmonary embolism from deep vein thrombosis.
Emphysema-medical information |management |diagnosis | tests
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease where the air sacs in the lungs become damaged and stretched, making breathing difficult. Smoking is the primary cause. Symptoms include shortness of breath and cough. Treatment focuses on medications to open airways, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes. For severe cases, surgery may help reduce lung volume or transplant lungs. The goal of treatment is stabilizing the condition and preventing complications.
FlashPath - Lung - Emphysema
Emphysema is an obstructive lung disease characterized by permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles without significant fibrosis. There are three main types: centriacinar, panacinar, and paraseptal emphysema. The predominant symptoms are dyspnea and cough. Emphysema is usually caused by cigarette smoking and air pollution and presents in older adults. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, medications, oxygen therapy, surgery, and replacement therapies. The main causes of death relate to respiratory failure and heart disease.
COPD lecture
The document discusses chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and pulmonary hypertension. It defines each condition and describes their causes, pathophysiology, morphology, management, complications, symptoms, and methods of investigation including spirometry and chest x-rays. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchi due to smoking or air pollution. Emphysema is the permanent enlargement of airspaces due to an imbalance of proteases and antioxidants from smoking. Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the lungs secondary to lung damage from these conditions.
Clubbing
Clubbing, also known as Hippocrates fingers, is the bulbous enlargement of the fingertips and nails. It is caused by proliferation of subcutaneous tissues due to chronic hypoxemia from conditions like lung diseases, heart diseases, and liver or gastrointestinal diseases. Examination involves comparing the fingernails to look for reduced or absent diamond-shaped spaces, indicating clubbing. While clubbing itself has no treatment, addressing the underlying condition can potentially reverse it over time.
Interstitial lung diseases- HRCT
This document provides a detailed summary of various patterns seen on HRCT scans of the lungs including reticular, nodular, ground glass, mosaic and honeycombing patterns. It describes the characteristic radiological features of different interstitial lung diseases such as UIP, NSIP, COP, RB-ILD, DIP, LIP, AIP and others. Key diagnostic criteria and differentiating features between these conditions are discussed. HRCT images demonstrating examples of the described patterns are also included.
Chronic bronchitis vikash kumar-55 BSMU
Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammatory condition of the bronchi. It is defined as excessive mucus production in the lungs for at least 3 months per year for more than 2 years. The main symptoms are cough, sputum production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Risk factors include smoking, air pollution, occupational exposures, and previous infections. Management involves stopping smoking, using bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, antibiotics for exacerbations, and lifestyle modifications like exercise and nutrition.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
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Emphysema-medical information |management |diagnosis | tests
Emphysema-medical information |management |diagnosis | tests
Similar to 02 respiratory vascular
Pulmonary diseases of vascular origin(pulmonary embolism)
The most probable diagnosis is Pulmonary Saddle embolus. The key points are:
- Prolonged bed rest following pelvic fracture which is a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis
- Sudden onset of chest pain and collapse
- Rapid demise of the patient
This fits with the clinical presentation of a large pulmonary embolism causing sudden death as described in the document.
Corpulmonale
Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart enlarges and fails due to high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, usually caused by long-term lung diseases that reduce oxygen levels. It most commonly results from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging, blood tests, and right heart catheterization. Treatment focuses on improving oxygen levels, reducing pulmonary pressures, and managing the underlying lung condition.
Pulmonary embolism2006
This document discusses pulmonary embolism (PE), including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. PE refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or its branches by material originating elsewhere in the body. It affects around 5 million people annually worldwide and can be life-threatening. Diagnosis involves evaluating risk factors, symptoms, imaging tests like CT scans, and blood tests like D-dimer. Timely diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent right heart failure or death from PE.
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot gets lodged in an artery in the lung, blocking blood flow to part of the lung. Blood clots most often start in the legs and travel up through the right side of the heart and into the lungs.
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs caused by fluid leaking from blood vessels into the lung tissue and air spaces. It can be caused by issues that increase pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs like heart failure, or by problems that damage the blood vessel walls. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and anxiety. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but aims to reduce fluid buildup and support breathing. Differentiating cardiogenic from non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema involves considering medical history, symptoms, physical exam findings, and chest imaging results.
pulmonary edema gokull.pptx
Acute pulmonary edema can be either cardiogenic or non-cardiogenic in origin. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by elevated pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure due to conditions that increase left atrial pressure like heart failure, myocardial infarction, or valvular disease. It presents with dyspnea, crackles on exam, and chest x-ray findings of vascular congestion and fluid in the lungs. Treatment involves oxygen, diuretics, vasodilators, and inotropes. Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is caused by damage to the lung capillaries from conditions like near-drowning or neurogenic injury and presents with hypoxemia that does not resolve with oxygen alone.
Pulmonary Oedema - Pathophysiology - Approach & Management
Pulmonary edema is often caused by congestive heart failure. When the heart is not able to pump efficiently, blood can back up into the veins that take blood through the lungs. As the pressure in these blood vessels increases, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs.
PE AND TAMPONADE.pptx
The document discusses different types of embolism, focusing on pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism is defined as an embolism in the pulmonary arterial tree, where emboli most commonly originate from deep vein thromboses in the legs. Risk factors for pulmonary embolism include advanced age, obesity, prolonged surgery, and cancer. Consequences of pulmonary embolism depend on the size of the emboli and include pulmonary infarction, hemorrhage, and hypertension. Cardiac tamponade is also discussed, which is a medical emergency caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac compressing the heart.
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart enlarges and fails due to long-standing increased workload from diseases that affect the lungs like COPD. It is defined as hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle resulting from increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The main causes are chronic hypoxemia and pulmonary thromboembolism which lead to remodeling of the pulmonary arteries and increased pressure in the lungs. Over time, this puts strain on the right ventricle and can cause it to fail. Treatment focuses on reducing pulmonary pressures through oxygen therapy and vasodilators while managing symptoms of right heart failure.
Hemoptysis
Haemoptysis, or coughing up blood from the lungs or respiratory tract, can have various causes including infections like tuberculosis, lung cancer, or other chronic lung conditions. The document describes 4 cases of haemoptysis, including a 23-year-old male with a history of TB, a 70-year-old male smoker evaluated for sudden hemoptysis, a 21-year-old male with massive hemoptysis and HIV, and an 80-year-old male referred for dental bleeding workup. Common causes, mechanisms, risk factors, symptoms, and exam findings for haemoptysis are also outlined.
Hemoptysis
Haemoptysis, or coughing up blood from the lungs or respiratory tract, can have various causes including infections like tuberculosis, lung cancer, or other chronic lung conditions. The document describes 4 cases of haemoptysis, including a 23-year-old male with a history of TB, a 70-year-old male smoker evaluated for sudden hemoptysis, a 21-year-old male with massive hemoptysis and HIV, and an 80-year-old male referred for dental bleeding workup. Causes, risk factors, presentations, signs, and mechanisms of massive haemoptysis are also outlined.
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale is a type of pulmonary heart disease caused by lung disorders that increase pressure in the pulmonary arteries and overload the right ventricle of the heart. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the most common cause in the United States. The symptoms can range from mild fatigue to life-threatening right heart failure. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like echocardiogram and chest x-ray to evaluate the structure and function of the heart and lungs as well as identify the underlying lung disease causing the pulmonary hypertension.
Pulmonary embolism.pptx by mcac rms ct findings
Pulmonary embolism.pptx by mcac rms ct findings
What Is Pulmonary Embolism (Pulmonary Embolus)?
A pulmonary embolism is a sudden blockage in your pulmonary arteries, the blood vessels that send blood to your lungs. It usually happens when a blood clot in the deep veins in your leg breaks off and travels to your lungs.
A blood clot that travels to another part of your body is called an embolus. When an embolus blocks a blood vessel it's called an embolism. When a pulmonary embolus blocks blood flow to your lungs, it's called a pulmonary embolism
The most common cause of a pulmonary embolism is a the breaking off of a blood clot in your leg's deep veins, known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Other, rare causes of a pulmonary embolism include:
Air bubbles
DVT in the upper body
Fat embolus, usually from a severely broken bone
Tumors
You are more likely to develop blood clots if you have risk factors such as:
Cancer
Family history of blood clots or clotting disorders
Heart disease
Health history of blood clots or clotting disorders
Long-term use of birth control pills or estrogen therapy
A pulmonary embolism is also more likely to develop after:
Childbirth
Heart attack or stroke
Long plane or car rides
Long-term bedrest
Severe injuries, burns or fractures
Surgery
Pulmonary Embolism Symptoms
You may not have any symptoms of a pulmonary embolism, depending on the size of the clot and your overall health. As blood flow becomes more and more blocked, you may experience symptoms such as:
Coughing, including a cough that produces bloody mucus
Dizziness
Heart palpitations, sensations of your heart racing or pounding
Leg pain or swelling
Sharp and sudden chest pain
Shortness of breath that worsens with exertion
Pulmonary Embolism Complications
A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening without treatment. It can cause several complications, including:
Cardiac arrest, when your heart suddenly stops beating
Cardiac arrhythmia, an irregular heart rhythm
Pleural effusion, fluid buildup in the membrane around your lungs (pleura
Pulmonary hypertension, high blood pressure in your lungs
Pulmonary infarction, when lung tissue dies
Diagnosing a Pulmonary Embolism
To diagnose a pulmonary embolism, your doctor does a physical exam, asks about your symptoms and orders one or more tests such as:
Blood tests to check if you have an increased risk of blood clotting
Chest X-rays to take pictures of your heart and lungs
CT pulmonary angiography, using X-rays and specialized computers to create cross-sectional, 3D images of your lungs and pulmonary arteries
Doppler ultrasound, using sound waves to look for deep vein thrombosis in your legs
Echocardiogram to view your heart's structures and blood vessels
Lab tests, such as pulse oximetry to measure oxygen levels in your blood or arterial blood gas tests to measure the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Pulmonary angiogram, using a small, hollow tube (catheter) and a contrast dye to see how blood flows through the pulmonary A
Thromboembolism,pulmonary embolism,general pathology
This document discusses different types of thromboembolism including pulmonary embolism, fat embolism, air embolism, and amniotic fluid embolism. It provides details on the definition, causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of pulmonary embolism, which is the most common type of thromboembolism. The document also discusses the pathophysiology and mechanisms of the different embolism types.
Pulmonary edema roge ppt (1)
Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitium and alveoli of the lungs. It can be caused by conditions that increase hydrostatic pressure or decrease oncotic pressure leading to fluid movement from capillaries into lung tissue. The main types are cardiogenic pulmonary edema from heart failure or damage and non-cardiogenic edema from toxic inhalation or infections. Symptoms range from shortness of breath to cough with frothy sputum. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and tests like ABG analysis and echocardiogram. Treatment focuses on oxygen therapy, positioning, diuretics, and vasodilators to reduce pulmonary congestion.
Chfppt
Congestive heart failure can cause two types of pulmonary edema seen on chest x-rays: pulmonary interstitial edema and pulmonary alveolar edema. Pulmonary interstitial edema appears as thickening of interlobular septa, Kerley B lines, peribronchial cuffing, thickening of fissures, and subpleural fluid. Pulmonary alveolar edema creates a fluffy, bat-wing pattern in the lungs. Left atrial pressure correlates with the severity and type of pulmonary edema seen on chest x-rays.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
pulm edema.pptx
1. Pulmonary edema occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.
2. It can be caused by conditions that increase hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary capillaries like heart failure (cardiogenic pulmonary edema) or disrupt the alveolar-capillary membrane like pneumonia or inhaled toxins (non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema).
3. The document provides definitions, classifications, signs and symptoms, differential diagnosis, and management approaches for dyspnea and pulmonary edema.
Hemoptysis
This document discusses haemoptysis (expectoration of blood from the lungs or respiratory tract below the larynx). It notes that haemoptysis is a common symptom seen in 7-15% of chest clinic visits. The document outlines the causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup and classification of haemoptysis. It distinguishes between mild, moderate and massive haemoptysis and discusses different treatment approaches depending on the severity, with a focus on management of massive haemoptysis, which is a medical emergency.
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Pulmonary diseases of vascular origin(pulmonary embolism)
Pulmonary diseases of vascular origin(pulmonary embolism)
Pulmonary Oedema - Pathophysiology - Approach & Management
Pulmonary Oedema - Pathophysiology - Approach & Management
Thromboembolism,pulmonary embolism,general pathology
Thromboembolism,pulmonary embolism,general pathology
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
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Anti diabetic medications
Anti diabetic medications
Patients who are intolerant of metformin are unlikely to be successful with a third trial of that agent. Empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, is considered a second-line choice for patients who are intolerant of metformin. Both sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, and liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, should be avoided or used with caution in patients with a history of pancreatitis
-Linagliptin is not cleared by the kidney second choice if GFR<35(Stop Metformin)
only liraglutide has been shown to lower the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events and has received FDA approval for this indication
Empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, has also been associated with secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Fasting C-peptide levels are markedly elevated in patients with T2DM, but in people with T1DM, C-peptide levels should be low
. TZDs tend to cause fluid retention and should not be used in patients with congestive heart failure
References
ADA
Step up to medicine
Toronto notes
UpToDate
ABFM
Renal pathology iii
This document discusses tubulointerstitial disorders, which are diseases affecting the renal tubules and interstitium. Tubulointerstitial disorders are distinguished from glomerular diseases by the absence of nephritic or nephrotic syndrome and the presence of tubular dysfunction manifesting as defects in concentration ability, polyuria, nocturia, and metabolic acidosis. Common tubulointerstitial disorders discussed include acute tubular necrosis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis, drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis, analgesic nephropathy, and diseases causing hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis.
Renal pathology iv
The key features in this case are:
- Age of 4 years old
- Abdominal mass
- Hematuria
- Hypertension
This combination of findings is classic for Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma), which is the most common renal tumor in children.
The diagnosis is Wilms tumor (D).
Renal pathology ii
Membranous GN
MOST COMMON cause is idiopathic (85%); peak age 30-50; male:female, 2:1
May be secondary to:
Drugs-captopril, penicillamine, gold, mercury, trimethadione, NSAIDS
Infections-malaria (P. malariae), leprosy, schistosomiasis, syphilis, hepatitis B and C, filariasis, hydatid disease and enterococcal endocarditis
Diseases-malignancy (Carcinoma of breast, lung, colon, stomach, and esophagus) melanoma, renal cell CA, SLE, sarcoidosis, diabetes, thyroiditis, sickle cell anemia, Crohn’s disease
Renal pathology i
Congenital
Malformations, ectopic, cysts, dysplasia.
Acquired
Glomerular diseases
Tubulointerstitial diseases,
Renal calculi.
Neoplasms – carcinoma
Cervical ca screening ..
1. Women aged 21-24 with ASC-US or LSIL should have repeat cytology in 1 year; if negative twice, return to routine screening, but AGC, HSIL or ASC-H requires colposcopy.
2. Women over 30 should have co-testing every 5 years; if HPV negative the risk is low, but a positive HPV requires repeat co-testing in 1 year or colposcopy if cytology is ASC-US or greater.
3. ASC-H in women over 25 requires colposcopy regardless of HPV results due to possibility of significant abnormality.
01 cardiac pathology
Normal Heart
Fist size muscular pump
Pumps 6000 lit of blood daily
Perfuses
tissues with nutrients and
Facilitates
removal of waste products.
Heart diseases
Have severe physiologic consequences
Are leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations
750,000 deaths/ year (In US
05 cardiac pathology
This document describes various congenital heart diseases (CHD) including their embryology, classification, pathophysiology and clinical presentations. It discusses abnormalities causing left-to-right shunts such as ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus which can cause volume overload. It also describes right-to-left shunting defects like tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries which result in cyanosis. Obstructive lesions including coarctation of the aorta are also summarized. Fetal circulation is compared to changes at birth.
04 cardiac pathology
Infective Endocarditis (IE)
Is due to bacterial or fungal infection of the heart valves (endocardium).
Characterized by:
Formation of bulky, friable,easily detached and infected vegetations.
Damage to heart Valves and Chorda tendinae
perforation, ulceration, destruction (causes valve dysfunction)
03 cardiac pathology
Acute rheumatic fever
Chronic Rheumatic heart disease
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
02 cardiac pathology
Ischemic Heart Disease
IHD is caused by myocardial ischemia due to
Imbalance between the myocardial oxygen demand and supply from the coronary arteries.
Majority of cases due to
Reduction in coronary artery blood flow caused by
Obstructive atherosclerotic disease.
IHD is also known as Coronary artery disease
05 respiratory tumors
Tumors of lung
Malignant tumors of lung
Primary
Metastatic
Metastatic lung cancer
More common* than primary lung cancer.
Breast cancer (MCC)
Renal Cell carcinoma
Choriocarcinomas
Colorectal carcinomas
Appear as: "Cannon Balls” On X rays
04 respiratory infection2
This document discusses several types of pneumonia including nosocomial, aspiration, and lung abscess pneumonia. It provides details on causative organisms, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include:
- Nosocomial pneumonia is associated with immunosuppression, antibiotics, and respirators. Common organisms are E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and S. aureus.
- Aspiration pneumonia results from gastric content aspiration and is characterized by necrotizing inflammation. Causative organisms include a mixture of oral aerobes and anaerobes like Bacteroides and S. pneumoniae.
- Lung abscesses develop most commonly from aspiration or
Environmental diseases 2
Heavy Metal poisoning
Lead, Arsenic, and Mercury
Produce acute or chronic intoxications
Blood tests are most useful for screening for heavy metal poisoning
Environmental diseases 1
Environmental diseases can be caused by chemical, physical, or biological agents. Tobacco use is a major cause of preventable death and disease worldwide. Smoking causes lung cancer, COPD, cardiovascular disease, and many other cancers. Secondhand smoke also increases disease risk. Alcohol abuse commonly causes liver disease, cancers, neurological disorders like Wernicke's encephalosis, and fetal alcohol syndrome. Indoor air pollutants like carbon monoxide from fires or malfunctioning heaters can cause hypoxia and death at high levels. Many therapeutic drugs and recreational drugs can also cause adverse environmental diseases if misused or abused.
05 vascular pathology
This document discusses functional vascular disorders and Raynaud's phenomenon. It describes Raynaud's phenomenon as intermittent attacks of ischemia to the fingers, toes, ears or nose due to spasms of small arteries. Raynaud's phenomenon is classified as either idiopathic/Raynaud's disease which occurs alone in young healthy women, or secondary Raynaud's which occurs with connective tissue diseases. Hypertension is also discussed, including types, pathophysiology involving the kidneys and renin-angiotensin system, complications such as heart and brain damage, and malignant hypertension.
04 vascular pathology
Inflammatory disorders of the blood vessels, known as vasculitides, can affect arteries, veins, and capillaries through various immunological mechanisms. Three key types are summarized: (1) Large vessel vasculitis like giant cell arteritis typically involves the temporal artery and causes headaches and vision problems. (2) Medium vessel vasculitis such as polyarteritis nodosa involves arteries in organs like the kidneys and skin. (3) Small vessel vasculitis often presents as palpable purpura on the skin such as in Henoch-Schönlein purpura, a type of vasculitis more common in children.
03 vascular pathology
Varicose veins
Thrombophlebitis
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Lymphatic disorder
Vascular tumors and tumor like conditions
02 vascular pathology
Are localized abnormal dilations of arteries.
Result due to weakening of the vessel wall.
Have the tendency to rupture.
Law of Laplace: states that as the diameter of aneurysm increases the wall stress increases : further enlargement and rupture is inevitable.
Aneurysms are classified by:
Location ( e.g abdominal aortic aneurysm)
Etiology (e.g. syphlitic aneurysm)
Shape (e.g. fusiform , saccular)
01 vascular pathology
This document summarizes vascular pathology and diseases of blood vessels. It describes the normal structure of blood vessels and the three layers - intima, media, and adventitia. It then discusses different types of arteries and veins as well as blood flow. Various vascular disorders are outlined including atherosclerosis, aneurysms, vasculitis, and problems with veins and lymphatics. The major risk factors for atherosclerosis are identified as age, male gender, family history, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. The characteristic lesions of atherosclerosis including fatty streaks and fibrous plaques are described. Complications such as plaque rupture, thrombosis, and aneurysm formation are also summarized.
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
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The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
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3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
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02 respiratory vascular
- 1. Spr 09 Vascular disorders of lung 1. Chronic passive pulmonary congestion (CVC lung) 2. Pulmonary edema 3. Pulmonary thrombo-embolism and infarction 4. Pulmonary hypertension 5. Pulmonary hemorrhage* Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes 1
- 2. Spr 09 Pulmonary Congestion Chronic passive pulmonary congestion is caused by ↑ left atrial pressure causing the blood to “back up” in the lungs. Causes: LVF, MS Can impair gas exchange and lung function If the congestion is long standing, can lead to thickening and fibrosis of the alveolar walls and small arteries. 2
- 3. Spr 09 Morphology Gross: Heavy wet lungs Fluid accumulation (initially in basal portions= dependent edema) Microscopy: Alveolar capillaries engorged Alveolar micro-hemorrhages Hemosiderin laden macrophages (Heart failure cells) Long standing cases: Increased heart failure cells Fibrosis; Thickening of alveolar walls Lung becomes firm and brown brown induration of lungs 3
- 4. Spr 09 Normal appearance of alveoli 4
- 5. Spr 09 Alveoli filled with edema fluid Engorged capillaries Alveolar wall 5
- 6. Spr 09 Hemosidrin laden macrophages = Heart failure cells 6
- 7. Spr 09 Pulmonary edema Is intra-alveolar accumulation of fluid May be caused by: 1. Increased hydrostatic pressure 2. Decreased COP 3. Increased alveolar capillary permeability 7
- 8. Sum 07 Pulmonary emboli (PE) Pulmonary Thromboembolism One of the great killers of hospitalized patients. Source: Most (95%) from deep veins of the lower extremity above the popliteal vein e.g.femoral veins. Risk factors: Postoperative states, trauma, oral contraceptives, CHF, prolonged sitting. Clinical outcome of PE depends on the size of the embolus
- 9. Sum 07
- 10. Sum 07 Potential outcomes of PE Large emboli: May lodge in the bifurcation (saddle embolus**) or large pulmonary artery branches and cause sudden death (5%). Obstruction of >60% pulmonary circulation required. Medium size emboli: May or may not cause infarction of lung. Usually No infarction – due to dual blood supply Infarction : if compromised cardiac function ( decreased CO).
- 11. Sum 07 Small emboli: Usually asymptomatic or cause transient dyspnea/tachypnea No infarction (dual blood supply) Complete resolution Recurrent small emboli pulmonary HT
- 12. Sum 07 Remember: Pulmonary Thromboembolism Can cause: Sudden death (acute cor pulmonale) Pulmonary infarction Bronchial artery protects against pulmonary infarction. Pulmonary hypertension (recurrent PE) Most small pulmonary emboli lyse
- 13. Sum 07 A B C D
- 14. Spr 09 Pulmonary Infarction Most pulmonary infarcts are caused by emboli – Most pulmonary emboli do not cause infarcts. Gross and microscopic findings of pulmonary infarction: Red-blue colored wedge shaped area Hemorrhagic Majority of infarcts in lower lobes (perfusion is greater ) Coagulation necrosis . Clinical findings: sudden onset of dyspnea and tacyhpnea. 14
- 15. Spr 09 A B Pulmonary infarct is hemorrhagic 15
- 16. Spr 09 Pulmonary Hypertension Definition: Elvevated PA pressure (mean PA pressure >25 mm Hg). Normal pulmonary artery pressure = 12-15 mm Hg Two types of PH: 1. Primary pulmonary hypertension Is a disorder of unknown etiology . Arises in absence of heart or lung disease. More common in women Present with progressive dyspnea, chest pain and syncopal attacks. Poor outcome 16
- 17. Spr 09 Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension Is more common than primary form. Causes: 1. Increased resistance in pulmonary circulation: Vasoconstriction due to hypoxemia/respiratory acidosis**** Chronic lung disease (chronic hypoxemia) Chronic bronchitis (respiratory acidosis) 2. Loss of pulmonary vasculature Emphysema (Most common)**** 3. Increased pulmonary artery blood flow L-R shunt 4. Mitral stenosis: Backup of blood into pulmonary veins 17
- 18. Spr 09 Pulmonary hypertension Clinical findings: Progressive dyspnea and chest pain. Right sided heart failure due to cor pulmonale. Cor pulmonale: Combination of PH and Right ventricular hypertrophy leading to right sided heart failure. As pulmonary pressures rise, right ventricle must push against higher pressures Right ventricle hypertrophies Can lead to right heart failure 18
- 19. Spr 09 Hypertrophy & dilation of the RV Heart, cor pulmonale - Gross, cut surfaces 19
- 20. Spr 09 Pathology Atherosclerosis of main arteries: Due to increased pressure on the endothelium leading to injury. Small arteries show Hypertrophy of smooth muscle in media and Increased fibrous tissue in the intima. Causing narrowing. Nodular lesions composed of interlacing blood channels called “Plexogenic lesions. 20
- 21. Spr 09 Vascular changes in pulmonary hypertension. Atheroma formation Plexogenic lesionMedial hypertrophy 21