Cigarette smoking is causally associated with non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes through several mechanisms. Smoking induces cardiovascular diseases by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, cholesterol, and risk of clotting. It causes cancer by introducing carcinogens into the lungs and body that can damage DNA and cause uncontrolled cell growth. Smoking contributes to chronic lung diseases like COPD and lung cancer by damaging lung tissue, impairing function, and containing carcinogens. It is also an independent risk factor for diabetes.
E-Cigarette
Although still awaiting FDA approval, electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, are growing in popularity among those attempting to quit smoking. E-cigarettes give users a craving for nicotine and physical sensations. While allegedly reducing the amount of chemicals, and smoke regularly found in cigarettes. The side effects of e-cigarettes are not extreme; such as prescription NRTs nor are they acting as slow; as other nicotine replacements.
Sitting Is Not the New Smoking, Contrary to Popular MythDaniel_Dyer
The belief that “sitting is the new smoking” has spread like wildfire in many media outlets. Despite what countless newspaper articles have touted in recent years, sitting pales in comparison to the risks associated with smoking. This is the consensus formed by an international team of researchers who published their 2018 study in the American Journal of Public Health.
Represents 30% of all deaths worldwide (15 million deaths/year)
Leading cause of death and disability
CVD burden in developing countries
Risk factors worldwide
E-Cigarette
Although still awaiting FDA approval, electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, are growing in popularity among those attempting to quit smoking. E-cigarettes give users a craving for nicotine and physical sensations. While allegedly reducing the amount of chemicals, and smoke regularly found in cigarettes. The side effects of e-cigarettes are not extreme; such as prescription NRTs nor are they acting as slow; as other nicotine replacements.
Sitting Is Not the New Smoking, Contrary to Popular MythDaniel_Dyer
The belief that “sitting is the new smoking” has spread like wildfire in many media outlets. Despite what countless newspaper articles have touted in recent years, sitting pales in comparison to the risks associated with smoking. This is the consensus formed by an international team of researchers who published their 2018 study in the American Journal of Public Health.
Represents 30% of all deaths worldwide (15 million deaths/year)
Leading cause of death and disability
CVD burden in developing countries
Risk factors worldwide
Cardiovascular prevention. com is a website for prevention of cardiovascular disease. In this slide presentation you can find the burden of cardiovascular disease in same Countries
Prof. DR. Dr. Rochmad Romdoni, SpJP(K), FINASIM, FIHA, FAsCC. 3rd Pekanbaru Cardiology Update, August 24th 2013. Pangeran Hotel Pekanbaru. Learn more at PerkiPekanbaru.com
Prevalence of hypochromic microcytic anemia in the Hematology-oncology depart...Premier Publishers
Introduction: Microcytic hypochromic anemia is a distinct morphologic subtype of anemia with well-defined etiology and treatment. Anemia is a major public health problem worldwide despite the remarkable improvement in living conditions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypochromic microcytic anemia and to identify the different etiologies in patients hospitalized in the ward during the study period. Methods: This was a retrospective study two years, including patients hospitalized in the Hematology-oncology department. Results: Out of a total of 114 patients hospitalized for anemia, we collected 65 cases of hypochromic microcytic anemia (57.02%). The mean age was of 37.43 years. The sex ratio was 1.95. Pallor was the physical sign predominantly 100% of the cases. The most predominant associated pathology was malaria (95.38%). Twenty one patients (32.3%) had a hemoglobin level between 4 and 5 g/dl. The most incriminated causes in the occurrence of hypochromic microcytic anemia were anemia due to iron deficiency 50.77% and anemia due to inflammatory syndrome 43.08%. Conclusion: Our study shows that hypochromic microcytic anemia has various etiologies and its prevalence is not negligible in the Hematology-oncology department of Donka Hospital.
http://www.thinkred.co.za/get-involved/events | Thousands of people around the globe are affected by at least one type of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) every day. This only emphasises the importance of heart health in this day and age. Learn what CVD is about the impact that it has had on people over the years. With simple diet and lifestyle changes many diagnosed individuals can overcome this threat.
Cardiovascular prevention. com is a website for prevention of cardiovascular disease. In this slide presentation you can find the burden of cardiovascular disease in same Countries
Prof. DR. Dr. Rochmad Romdoni, SpJP(K), FINASIM, FIHA, FAsCC. 3rd Pekanbaru Cardiology Update, August 24th 2013. Pangeran Hotel Pekanbaru. Learn more at PerkiPekanbaru.com
Prevalence of hypochromic microcytic anemia in the Hematology-oncology depart...Premier Publishers
Introduction: Microcytic hypochromic anemia is a distinct morphologic subtype of anemia with well-defined etiology and treatment. Anemia is a major public health problem worldwide despite the remarkable improvement in living conditions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypochromic microcytic anemia and to identify the different etiologies in patients hospitalized in the ward during the study period. Methods: This was a retrospective study two years, including patients hospitalized in the Hematology-oncology department. Results: Out of a total of 114 patients hospitalized for anemia, we collected 65 cases of hypochromic microcytic anemia (57.02%). The mean age was of 37.43 years. The sex ratio was 1.95. Pallor was the physical sign predominantly 100% of the cases. The most predominant associated pathology was malaria (95.38%). Twenty one patients (32.3%) had a hemoglobin level between 4 and 5 g/dl. The most incriminated causes in the occurrence of hypochromic microcytic anemia were anemia due to iron deficiency 50.77% and anemia due to inflammatory syndrome 43.08%. Conclusion: Our study shows that hypochromic microcytic anemia has various etiologies and its prevalence is not negligible in the Hematology-oncology department of Donka Hospital.
http://www.thinkred.co.za/get-involved/events | Thousands of people around the globe are affected by at least one type of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) every day. This only emphasises the importance of heart health in this day and age. Learn what CVD is about the impact that it has had on people over the years. With simple diet and lifestyle changes many diagnosed individuals can overcome this threat.
Smoking is a significant public health problem that has an impact on millions of people worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that smoking causes around 8 million deaths annually, making it the greatest preventable cause of death globally. The effects of smoking on health, including the numerous disorders and diseases that are linked to smoking, will be covered in this essay. Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from the negative effects of smoking on their health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that smoking causes around 8 million deaths worldwide each year and is the largest cause of preventable death. The effect of smoking on health, including the different illnesses and ailments that it can cause, will be covered in this essay.
To start, smoking is one of the leading risk factors for developing lung cancer. One type of cancer that begins in the lungs and can spread to other body areas is lung cancer. 85% of lung cancer cases, according to the American Cancer Society, are caused by smoking. The quantity and duration of smoking have a direct relationship with the risk of lung cancer development. Smokers are more likely to get bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, throat cancer, and mouth cancer, among other cancers.
Moreover, smoking has been linked to several respiratory illnesses, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) makes breathing challenging. It is brought on by lung damage from smoking, which causes inflammation and airway narrowing. Emphysema, a kind of COPD that affects the air sacs in the lungs, is another condition that smokers are more likely to acquire.
Discover the effects of smoking on your finances,society,health,environment and unborn baby.These slides will open your eyes to the harmful effects of tobacco,so,much so that you won't want to touch it again.
Physiological effects of smoking on the respiratory system & all other system...martinshaji
HAPPY PHARMACIST DAY
smoking can damage all human body systems in a really bad manner ....this study explains all about these by system wise
please comment
thank you
Growing Risk of Lung Cancer with Increase in Air Pollution.pptCancer Consult India
When most of us think of the cause of lung cancer, the first thing that comes to mind is cigarette smoking, and that is true in most cases. However, did you know that air pollution can also cause lung cancer? The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified outdoor pollution as a group 1 human carcinogen for lung cancer...
visit our website to know more : https://cancerconsultindia.com/
This ppt was made by my friend Svenia & I. It is a summary of the journal on 'Influence of mineral and vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcome'.
Hope it helps.
This is a summary of the journal : 'Is there more to learn about functional vitamin D metabolism?' presented by my friend Svenia and me. Hope it helps.
This presentation is on ocean acidification, it covers
(1) a background on ocean acidification,
(2) the chemistry between carbon dioxide & the ocean
(3) Impact of Ocean acidification on biological processes and the ecosystems.
(4) and finally some mitigation measures
I hope this ppt be useful & helpful to people working on this topic :)
Enjoy
This is a portfolio on 5 different plants with pharmacological properties prepared by my colleague Svenia and Myself. It covers some important aspects such as background, uses and preparations etc. Hope it helps.
Gap junctional intercellular communication in cancer chemopreventionNabiilah Naraino Majie
This powerpoint presentation gives an overview of how gap junctions are involved in cancer. And how it can be upregulated by the action of phytochemicals in the process of cancer chemoprevention. I have used a scientific journal to eleborate on the mechanism. I hope it helps.
This ppt explains the basics of mass spectrometry and in application in pharmacognosy. Hope this helps you guys. Like, comment and save. If you hav problem downloading, send your email address; i'll post it for you by mail :)
Enjoy the presentation.
This presentation is on the bioassay of heparin which helps to know the potency of new heparin drug or heparin conc in individual suffering from heparin resistance diseases.
This was made by my friend Naailah and me. Hope it helps.
This prsentation explains the use of biomarker with reference to an article: Accelerating Drug Develeopment using Biomarkers-Sitagliptin.
It was presented my my 2 friends and me. Hope it helps you guys.
A presentation on Paul Ehrlich developed modern chemotherapy. This was my ppt for the module pharmaceutics 6. It i based on Anti microbial chemo; hope it help others doing relating things.
This was my pharmaceutics presentation for mixing. Provides definitions, mechanism, types of mixers etc.
P.S: I am not the sole presenter. Ideas are from my two other colleagues as well.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
1. UNIVERSITY OF
MAURITIUS
Bachelor of Pharmacy – Year 2
BIOLOGY OF DISEASE 1
TITLE:
Discuss the causal association between cigarette
smoking and Non- Communicable Diseases.
Presented by:
NARAINO MAJIE Nabiilah - 1216824
Date of Submission: 24th September 2013
2. Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. How Cigarette smoking induces cardiovascular diseases?
3. How Cigarette smoking induces cancer?
4. How Cigarette smoking contributes in chronic lung disease?
5. How Cigarette smoking is involved in Diabetes?
6. Conclusion
7. References
3. References
1. Hyeon Chang Kim and Sun Min Oh, 2013, Noncommunicable Diseases: Current
Status of Major Modifiable Risk Factors in Korea, J Prev Med Public Health. Vol:
46(4): 165–172.
Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3740221/
Accessed on: 20th Sept 2013
2. Kimberly C. Bowman, Gilbert L. Ross, M.D., Karen L. Schneider & Elizabeth
M. Whelan, Sc.D., M.P.H., 2005, Cigarettes: What the Warning Label Doesn’t Tell
You.
Available online: http://wwwstatic.kern.org/gems/schcom/CigarettesWarningLabelbook.pdf
Accessed on: 20th Sept 2013
3. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN), 2006, Diagnosis and
management of peripheral arterial disease. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh
(Scotland): Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN); (SIGN publication;
no. 89).
Available online: http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=9924
Accessed on: 20th Sept 2013
4. Anon, 2013, Smoking and cancer, Cancer Research UK
Available online: http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/
healthyliving/smokingandtobacco/smoking-and-cancer
Accessed on: 22nd Sept 2013
5. Rajshri ., 2008, Mechanism Behind How Tobacco Carcinogens Cause Lung Cancer,
Cancer News
Available online: http://www.medindia.net/news/Mechanism-Behind-How-Tobacco-
Carcinogens-Cause-Lung-Cancer-37348-1.htm
Accessed on: 22nd Sept 2013
4. 6. Penning., 2008, Mechanism Behind How Tobacco Carcinogens Cause Lung Cancer,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Available online: Mechanism Behind How Tobacco Carcinogens Cause Lung Cancer
| Medindia http://www.medindia.net/news/Mechanism-Behind-How-Tobacco-
Carcinogens-Cause-Lung-Cancer-37348-1.htm#ixzz2fdD8huwL
Accessed on: 22nd Sept 2013
7. Sir Richard Doll, 2001, Lung cancer and tobacco consumption, International
Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 30, Issue 1, Pp. 30-31.
Available online: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/1/30.full
Accessed on: 22nd Sept 2013
8. D. P. Lane, 1992, p53, guardian of the genome, Nature 358, 15 – 16
Available online:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v358/n6381/pdf/358015a0.pdf
Accessed on: 22nd Sept 2013
9. Anon, 2006, Smoking & lung disease, Quit [Information sheet]
Available online:
http://www.oxygen.org.au/downloads/sadownloads/infosheet_lung_disease.pdf
Accessed on: 22nd Sept 2013
10. Alice Park, 2011, Why Smoking Is Especially Bad If You Have Diabetes?, Health &
Family; TIME (Online Medical Newspaper).
Available online: http://healthland.time.com/2011/03/27/why-smoking- is-a-bad-idea-for-
diabetics/
Accessed on: 22nd Sept 2013
5. Introduction
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is by definition
non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. Currently, NCDs are the leading causes
of death and disease burden worldwide. The four main types of NCDs, including
cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes, result in more than 30
million deaths annually. To reduce the burden of NCDs on global health, current public
health actions stress the importance of preventing, detecting, and correcting modifiable risk
factors; controlling major modifiable risk factors has been shown to effectively reduce NCD
mortality. The World Health Organization's World Health Report 2002 identified tobacco
use, alcohol consumption, overweight, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, and high
cholesterol as the most important risk factors for NCDs. Accordingly, the present report set
out to review the prevalence and trends of these modifiable risk factors in the Korean
population. Over the past few decades, we observed significant risk factor modifications of
improved blood pressure control and decreased smoking rate. However, hypertension and
cigarette smoking remained the most contributable factors of NCDs. Moreover, other major
modifiable risk factors show no improvement or even worsened. The current status and trends
in major modifiable risk factors reinforce the importance of prevention, detection, and
treatment of risk factors in reducing the burden of NCDs on individuals and society. (Hyeon
Chang Kim and Sun Min Oh, 2013)
Dr. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization explained that:
"The rise of chronic non-communicable diseases presents public health with an enormous
challenge. For some countries, it is no exaggeration to describe the situation as an
impending disaster. I mean a disaster for health, for society, and most of all for national
economies ..... Implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ... There is
no other 'best buy' for the money on offer."
We can clearly understand that Tobacco use is the only risk factor shared by all four main
categories of NCDs. Tobacco accounts for nearly one in six deaths from NCDs and kills
nearly six million people worldwide each year.
One of the astonishing things about tobacco is the number and variety of fatal and disabling
diseases and conditions it causes.
6. Tobacco causes at least 16 different types of cancer. It is most closely associated with
lung cancer, the world’s leading cause of cancer deaths, accounting for nearly one in
five cancer deaths. Tobacco use is known to cause several cancers of the throat and
oral cavity, as well as cancer in diverse sites, such as the bladder, kidney, stomach and
uterine cervix. Smokeless tobacco causes oral and other cancers, hypertension and
heart disease.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Smoking increases
the risk of heart disease and stroke by two to four times.
Smoking causes chronic lung diseases that can be severely disabling or fatal,
increasing the risk of death 12 times.
Smoking is an independent risk factor for diabetes, and it has been estimated that 12%
of diabetes incidence in the United States is attributable to smoking. Diabetics who
smoke have an increased risk of death, and of complications associated with diabetes,
such as amputations and problems with vision.
How Cigarette smoking induces cardiovascular diseases?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) incorporates the disorders of the heart and circulatory system,
including coronary heart disease (angina and heart attacks), peripheral arterial disease,
aneurysms and stroke.
Smoking is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease, causing around 25,000 deaths a year
from heart and circulatory disease. Around one in five premature deaths from heart and
circulatory disease are linked to smoking.
Inhaling tobacco smoke causes several immediate responses within the heart and its blood
vessels.
Within one minute of starting to smoke, the heart rate begins to rise: it may increase by as
much as 30 percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking. Nicotine stimulates the body to
produce adrenaline which makes the heart beat faster and raises blood pressure, therefore
causing the heart to work harder. The carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke exerts a negative
effect on the heart by reducing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. Smoking can increase
blood cholesterol levels. Furthermore, the ratio of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; the
“good” cholesterol, to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; the “bad” cholesterol, tends to be
lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. Smoking also raises the levels of fibrinogen; a
7. protein which causes blood to clot, and increases platelet aggregation which makes the blood
stickier. Carbon monoxide attaches itself to haemoglobin which is the oxygen-carrying
pigment in red blood cells much more easily than oxygen does, which reduces the amount of
oxygen available to the tissues. All these factors make smokers more at risk of developing
various forms of atherosclerotic disease, which is when coronary arteries become narrowed
by a gradual build up of fatty material within their walls. As the atherosclerotic process
progresses, blood flows less easily through rigid and narrowed arteries and the blood is more
likely to form a thrombosis (clot). This sudden blockage of an artery may lead to a fatal heart
attack, a stroke or gangrene of the leg. (Kimberly C. Bowman et al., 2005)
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
The heart needs a steady supply of oxygen-rich blood to function effectively. Coronary heart
disease (also known as coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease) is a general term
that describes conditions caused by an interrupted or diminished blood flow through the
coronary arteries to the heart muscle. The most common way that this flow of oxygen-rich
blood becomes reduced is by the build up of fatty deposits (atherosclerosis) or the formation
of a blood clot (thrombosis) in the arteries.
When the blood supply to the heart is interrupted, it sometimes causes the chest pain known
as angina. When the blood supply is cut off completely, a myocardial infarction or heart
attack occurs, which may cause permanent damage to the heart muscle.
Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
Peripheral Arterial Disease (also called Peripheral Vascular Disease) is a disease that affects
the arteries. Most forms of PAD are caused by a gradual build-up of fatty material in the
walls of the artery, a condition called “atherosclerosis”. Over time, one or more of the
principal arteries may become so narrow that they are unable to deliver oxygen-rich blood to
the limbs. In severe cases, the blockage can cause gangrene requiring amputation. (SIGN,
2006)
Aneurysm
An aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessel that is caused by a weakness in the vessel wall. As
the blood passes through the weakened part of the vessel, the blood pressure causes it to
bulge outwards like a balloon. There is a danger that the aneurysm will cause the artery to
burst (rupture) causing organ damage or internal bleeding, both of which can be fatal.
8. Aneurysms occur most commonly in the aorta (the main artery in the heart that pumps blood
out into the body) or in the brain (referred to as an intracranial aneurysm) but can occur in
any artery in the body.
Stroke
A stroke (also known as cerebral thrombosis or cerebro-vascular disease) occurs when blood
flow to the brain is interrupted causing brain cells to become damaged or die.
It can affect the way your body or mind functions. It is currently the second most common
cause of death world-wide after heart disease. The World Health Organization has predicted
that this will still be the case in 2030, with stroke expected to account for 12.1% of all deaths.
Smokers are more likely to have a stroke than non-smokers and the risk increases with the
number of cigarettes smoked.
How Cigarette smoking induces cancer?
Smoking causes more than four in five cases of lung cancer. Lung cancer has one of the
lowest survival rates of all cancers, and is the most common cause of cancer death
worldwide. The good news is that most of these deaths are preventable, by giving up smoking
in time. (Cancer Research UK, 2013)
Smoking also increases the risk of over a dozen other cancers including cancers of the mouth,
larynx (voice box), pharynx (upper throat), nose and sinuses, oesophagus (food pipe), liver,
pancreas, stomach, kidney, bladder, cervix and bowel, as well as one type of ovarian cancer
and some types of leukaemia. There is also some evidence that smoking could increase the
risk of breast cancer.
Tobacco smoke contains more than 70 different cancer-causing substances. When you inhale
smoke, these chemicals enter your lungs and spread around the rest of your body.
Scientists have shown that these chemicals can damage DNA and change important genes.
This causes cancer by making your cells grow and multiply out of control. There are two
types of cancer-causing agents in cigarettes; a nicotine-derived chemical and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
9. Earlier studies have shown how PAHs damage DNA, with the emphasis on how PAHs bind
directly to DNA itself, leading to the mutations in critical genes that cause disease. (Rajshri,
2008)
Now, researchers have shown that PAHs, via oxidative stress, can also lead to mutations in
critical genes important in lung cancer.
Oxidative stress is the accumulation of destructive molecules called free radicals that can lead
to cell death. Free radicals damage cell membranes, proteins, or genetic material by
'oxidizing' them, the same way oxygen causes iron to rust. It was shown from studies that
enzymes called AKRs are responsible for the oxidative stress from PAHs in the human lung
cells. The AKR enzymes transform PAHs to produce oxygen free radicals. These oxygen
radicals bind to DNA, and if this damage is not repaired it leads to mutations that are carried
through to the next generation of cells. (Penning., 2008)
How Cigarette smoking contributes in chronic lung disease?
Many smokers can tell that smoking is causing damage to their lungs. They sometimes feel
short of breath and puff more easily than they used to.
These things happen because every time a cigarette is smoked, the following occurs:
The minute hairs in the upper airways (cilia) are paralysed or damaged by the
chemicals in cigarette smoke.
The lungs are irritated so the airways narrow, which encourages phlegm and makes it
harder to breathe.
Carbon monoxide, a poison, is forced into the blood and restricts the oxygen carrying
capacity of the blood.
Smoking has been linked to a number of respiratory diseases:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - a group of diseases including
chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Lung cancer and other cancers of the airways, including the oesophagus and larynx
Asthma.
10. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term lung disease that causes
shortness of breath, which initially occurs with exertion and becomes progressively worse
over time.
Limitation of the airways due to COPD is irreversible.
Initially, shortness of breath may happen only when walking up hills or stairs. But with
serious disease, even walking and normal activities will become difficult. People with these
diseases often live for many years in varying degrees of discomfort and disability.
The following three things occur due to cigarette smoking:
• Inflammation of the bronchi, causing excessive amounts of mucus to be produced.
This leads to coughing and phlegm production, and breathlessness. It may be associated with
low-grade infection in the airways; this disease is named chronic bronchitis.
• The alveoli (air sacs) are gradually destroyed, so it becomes difficult to get enough oxygen;
this disease is called Emphysema.
• Bronchi become narrow and floppy, making it difficult to breathe out.
Lung cancer
The other major respiratory disease that smoking causes is lung cancer - the first major
disease to be causally linked with smoking.
New evidence has identified an important gene - p53, found in the nucleus of every cell. P53
is described as the 'guardian of the genome' and one of its main roles is to clean up any errors
or changes that occur within copied cells. This means that any cell with damaged p53 is
highly susceptible to cancer. In 1996, scientists made a direct link between
Smoking and lung cancer when they proved that benzopyrene, a carcinogen found in high
concentrations in cigarette smoke, directly damages p53, and leaves a distinctive signature.
(D. P. Lane, 1992)
The risk of developing lung cancer is related to both how long and how much a person has
smoked. For instance, a person who takes up smoking in their teens is five times more likely
to die of lung cancer than someone who starts after their mid twenties. Smokers' risk of dying
from lung cancer is more than 10 times that of a non-smoker, and heavy smokers are between
15 and 25 times more at risk. (Quit [Information sheet], 2006)
11. Asthma
Asthma is a very common condition affecting the airways in the lungs. These become
inflamed and irritable. When these irritable airways are exposed to certain 'triggers' the
airways narrow, leading to difficulty in breathing.
The result is a reduction of the flow of air in and out of the lungs. The most common
symptoms of asthma are difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath, a feeling of tightness in
the chest, wheezing and coughing (particularly at night). Asthma attacks can occur without
warning, but are often related to poor control.
Tobacco smoke is a powerful trigger for people with asthma, and one that all children should
avoid. Smoking should be avoided anywhere around infants and children - like family rooms,
kitchens, cars etc. Young people and adults with asthma should not smoke, as these further
damages lungs. Where possible, they should try and avoid places where other people smoke
too. Exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy and early childhood significantly
increases the risk of children developing asthma, and has also been shown to make asthma
attacks more severe. (Quit [Information sheet], 2006)
Other cancers of the respiratory system
Smoking is a major cause of cancers of the oral cavity, oesophagus and larynx. The use of
alcohol in combination with smoking greatly increases smokers' risk for these cancers.
How Cigarette smoking is involved in Diabetes?
Cigarettes contain more than 4000 chemical compounds and at least 400 toxic substances.
Everyone risks damaging their health through smoking a cigarette, pipe or cigar, but for
people with diabetes the risk may be even greater. Cigarette smoking increases the risk for
type 2 diabetes incidence. Nicotine, acknowledged as the major pharmacologically active
chemical in tobacco, is responsible for the association between cigarette smoking and
development of diabetes. Someone having diabetes has an increased chance of developing
cardiovascular disease, such as a heart attack, stroke or circulatory problems in the legs.
Combine this with smoking (which can also double the risk of complications); the chances of
developing these diseases even higher.
Researchers have long known that diabetes patients who smoke have higher blood sugar
levels, making their disease more difficult to control and putting them at greater danger of
12. developing complications such as blindness, nerve damage, kidney failure and heart
problems. (Alice Park, 2011)
It was reported by Xiao-Chuan Liu, a professor of chemistry at the California State
Polytechnic University that nicotine, when added to human blood samples, raised the levels
of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) by as much as 34% and a similar result was expected for
diabetic people. (Alice Park, 2011)
Haemoglobin A1c is a combination of haemoglobin and glucose which is a standard indicator
of blood sugar content in the body.
According to a research performed by Prof. Liu, it was confirmed that nicotine is responsible
for developing diabetes in a smoker who is non-diabetic. The higher A1c levels rise in the
blood, he says, the more likely it is that other protein complexes, which build up in various
tissues of the body, from the eyes, heart and blood vessels, can form, leading to blockages in
circulation and other complications. But perhaps more importantly, the results also suggest
that nicotine replacement products such as patches and nicotine-containing electronic
cigarettes are not a safe option for diabetes patients either. Because they still contain nicotine,
these products are just as likely to boost A1c levels as cigarettes are.
It is also observed that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are at risk for micro and
macro vascular complications, which could be observed in heavy smokers.
Conclusion
We all know that cigarette smoking is injurious to health and with all these details on
different diseases linked to smoking, it implies that smoking is even more dangerous as it
seems to be. We have seen how smoking is correlated to NCDs including cardiovascular
diseases, cancer, lung diseases and eventually diabetes and through statistics, smoking is
estimated to cause about 71% of all lung cancer deaths, 42% of chronic respiratory disease
and nearly 10% of cardiovascular disease worldwide. (WHO Publication, 2011)
As health science representatives, it is our duty to make the public aware of the risk factors
associated with smoking. The best way to avoid or minimize such diseases is to quit smoking.
The good points in quitting smoking is a healthier life style, reduced risk of developing
diseases mentioned above, prolonged life and save money.