The skeletal system document discusses the bones that make up the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The pelvic girdle consists of two hip bones called the coxal bones, which are each made up of three parts - the ilium, ischium, and pubis. These bones connect the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. Each lower limb contains the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones of the ankle, metatarsal bones of the foot, and phalanges of the toes. The document outlines the key features and functions of each of these bones.

1. Skeletal System Anatomy
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‫العالي‬ ‫الصحيت‬ ‫المهن‬ ‫معهد‬
‫م‬‫المادة‬ ‫درس‬
‫م‬.‫إختصاص‬ ‫جامعي‬
‫الوهاب‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫نزار‬ ‫صـالح‬
‫تمـريض‬ ‫علــوم‬ ‫ماجـستير‬
Salah Nazar Abdulwahhab M.Sc. Nursing
www.slideshare.net
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2. PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE and LOWER LIMBS
The Pelvic Girdle
 2 Hip bones (2 coxal bones / 1 pelvic bones)
The Lower Limbs
 2 Femur
 2 Patella
 2 Tibia
 2 Fibula
 14 Tarsal bones
 10 Metatarsal bones
 28 Phalanges
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3. PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE
The pelvic girdle, also called the “pelvis,”
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis.
• It protect several organs
– Reproductive organs
– Urinary bladder
– Part of the large intestine
• provide a strong and stable support for the vertebral column and lower abdominal organs.
• The pelvic girdle connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.
The bones of the pelvic girdle are:
1- The 2 Coxal Bones
2- Pelvic Bones (The Sacrum, The Coccyx)3

4. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
The Coxal Bone
The coxal bones each [left and right] consist of three
parts which become fused in late adolescence to form
a single bones.
They articulate posteriorly with the sacrum at the
(SACROILIAC JOINTS), and anteriorly to each
other at the (SYMPHYSIS PUBIC JOINT).
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Coxal Bones

5. Three parts of the coxal bone
1 – Ilium (Superior): Flat Bone, largest part of the three components of the hip bone.
Ilium contain FOUR major Features.
A- Iliac Crest: (For attachment of abdominal muscles)
B- Iliac Spines: (For attachment of muscles).
C- Articular Surface: (For articulation with Sacrum to form Sacro- Iliac Joint.
D- Greater Sciatic Notch: (pass the sciatic nerve, the longest nerve in the body)
2 – Ischium (Posterior): Irregular bone, thickest and strongest portion of PELVIC BONE.
Ischium contain THREE major Features.
A- Ischial Spines: (For attachment of Muscle).
B- Lesser Sciatic Notch: (passes sciatic nerve).
C- Ischial Tuberosity: (lowest point when the trunk rests in the sitting position).5

6. 3 – Pubis (Anterior): Irregular bone, Consists of a body and 2 ramus (Superior & Inferior) The
Pubic bones meet Anteriorly at SYMPHYSIS PUBIS.
Pubis also contain three major features:
A- Obturator Foramen: (Largest foramen in the skeleton pass the blood vessels, nerves & cover
by Obturator membrane.
B- Symphysis Pubis: Is the joint between the two pubic bones, consists of a disc of fibrocartilage.
C- Pubic Arch:
All three bones meet to form deep Cup- Shaped Cavity called (Acetabulam) fits head of the
(Femur) to form (femuro- acetabulum joint) or hip joint
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8. Structures of pelvic girdle
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Each lower limb consist of :
 Femur
 Patella
 Tibia
 Fibula
 7 Tarsal bones (Ankle bone)
 5 Metatarsal bones
 14 Phalanges
THE LOWER LIMBS

10. Femur
- Long bone, One in number.
- Femur is the longest and Strongest & heaviest bone in the body.
- Extends from hip to thigh.
- Has a shaft and Two Ends.
The head of the femur (proximal end) articulates with the hip bone at the hip joint and with
the tibia of the leg in (distal end) at the knee joint.
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11. FEMUR (a. Anterior view / b. Posterior view) Rt.
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12. Patella
- Sesamoid bone
- One in number.
- Also know as KNEE CAP.
- In front of knee joint.
- BASE points upward.
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13. TIBIA
• The tibia is large long bone, weight-bearing bone of the leg.
• The tibia articulates at its proximal end with the femur and fibula, and at its distal end with the
fibula and the talus bone of the ankle.
• One in number.
• Medial Leg Bone.
• Two Extremities and 1 Shaft.
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14. FIBULA
• One in number, Long bone, Lateral of tibia.
• Fibula does not articulate with the femur, but its help stabilize the ankle joint.
• have Shaft and 2 Extremities.
• Head of fibula (proximal) articulates with the lateral Condyle of Tibia- Forming (SUPERIOR
TIBIO FIBULAR JOINT).
• Lower Extremity of Fibula have (LATERAL MALLEOLUS) articulates with Talus of Ankle.
• Lower extremity (distal) also articulate with Tibia to form
(DISTAL/INFERIOR TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT).
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16. The Tarsal Bones, Metatarsals and Phalanges
- The seven tarsal bones form the ankle.
- The talus is the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula in the ankle joint.
- The calcaneus is the tarsal bone that forms the heel of the foot and supports most of the body
weight.
- The remaining five bones are smaller, irregular bones like the carpal bones of wrist.
- As with the wrist, a band of connective tissue hold these bones in place.
- The metatarsals of the foot and the phalanges of the toes have the same organization as the
metacarpal and phalanges in the hands.
- The Hallux, or great toe has 2 phalanges (proximal and distal).
The other four toes each have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle and distal).
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MNEMONIC for tarsal bones:
Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Corners.
Talus Calcaneus Navicular Third cuneiform Second cuneiform First cuneiform Cuboid

17. Diagram The Foot Bones
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18. Thank You
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