Skeleton is a bony framework of the body. Types of skeletal system, joints and diseases.

1. Skeletal System
Prepared by
Ms. Nisha S. Mhaske
M.Pharm (Q.A.T)
Lecturer, PRES’s COPD, Chincholi.
Email : nisha.mhaske@pravara.in

2. Have a guess how many bones you have altogether.
206 bones
90 bones
136 bones

3. Skeleton-The bony framework of the body
which protects the inner delicate part of the
body is known as skeleton. It is quite strong &
movable.
Bone- bone may be defined as, the hardest
connective tissue of the body which is made
up of fibrous tissue & other mineral salts.
Articulation- it is defined as the joint which
is formed between the two bones.

4. The Skeletal System in Action !!
► Skeleton
► Bony framework of the body
► It consists of 206 bones to make a strong, movable living
framework of the body.
► Functions
1. Supports & protects softer, delicate tissues and organs
2. They form joints for the movement of the body.
3. They form blood cells in the red bone marrow in cancellous
bone.
4. They act as a store house of calcium salts.

5. 5 Functions of the Skeletal
System
1. Movement: Skeletal
system provides points of
attachment for muscles.
Your legs and arms move
when the muscles pull on
the bones.
2. Support: The backbone
is the main support
center for the upper
body. It holds your head
up and protects your
spinal cord.
Muscle attached to bones!!

6. 5 Functions of the Skeletal
System
3. Protection: The bones of
your skull protect your
brain. Your ribs protect
your lungs and heart
from injury.
4. Makes Blood: Red and
white blood cells are
formed by tissue called
marrow, which is in the
center of the bone.

7. 5 Functions of the Skeletal
System
► 5. Storage: Bones
store minerals, such
as calcium and
phosphorus, for use
by the body

8. Skull
Clavicle
Ribcage
Spine
Hand bones
Foot bones
Tibia and Fibula
Femur
Radius & Ulna
Pelvis
Humerus
Scapula
Patella

9. Two Major Skeletal System Parts
► Axial Skeleton: The axial
skeleton includes the
skull, spine, ribs and
sternum.
► Appendicular Skeleton:
The appendicular
skeleton includes the
appendages of the body,
which are the shoulders,
arms, hips, and legs.

10. Skeletal System Bones
►Four basic bone shapes
 1. Long- arms, legs and fingers
 2. Short- wrist and ankles
 3. Flat- skull and sternum
 4. Irregular- spine

11. Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape

12. Bone Structure
► Typical Four Layers:
 Periosteum: Covers
Bones
 Compact Bone: Lies
beneath the
periosteum
 Spongy Bone: Lies
beneath the compact
bone
 Bone Marrow: Fills the
gaps between the
spongy bone

13. Bones of the Cranium
“Provides protection
Of the Brain.”
Skull
There are 29
bones altogether
in the skull and
jaw. They make
a box to protect
the brain, eyes
and ears.

14. Sutures
• Sutures – Immovable joints that join skull bones
together
• Form boundaries between skull bones
• Four sutures:
– Coronal – between parietal and frontal
– Sagittal– between parietal bones
– Lambdoid – between the parietal and occipital
– Squamous – between the parietal and temporal
 Fontanels – usually ossify by 2 years of age

15. Frontal
(Coronal)
Sagittal
Squamous
Lambdoid
Sutures

16. Cranium Bones
Frontal Bone
Occipital Bone
Temporal
Bone
Parietal Bone Parietal Bone

17. Maxilla and Mandible
Maxilla
Mandible
?

18. Frontal View

19. Frontal
Frontal View

20. Parietal
Frontal View

21. Temporal
Frontal View

22. Nasal
Frontal View

23. Vomer
Frontal View

24. Zygoma
Frontal View

25. Maxilla
Frontal View

26. Mandible
Frontal View

27. Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Zygoma
Nasal
Vomer
Maxilla
Mandible
Frontal View

28. Frontal
Nasal
Zygoma
Maxilla
Mandible
Parietal
Sphenoid
Temporal
Occipital
External Auditory Meatus
Mastoid Process
Lateral View

29. Auditory ossicles
• Three small bones
arranged across the
middle ear, are like a
chain reaching from 14
tympanic membrane to
the inner ear.
• These are the external
hammer-shaped Malleus,
the middle Incus & inner
Stapes.
• Function- Transmit the
vibrations of sound from
the drum to the internal
ear.

30. Clavicle or Collarbone
► The clavicle, or collar
bone, holds the
shoulder joint away
from the rest of the
upper body and is only
as thick as your little
finger.

31. Scapula
► The scapula is located
on the back side of the
ribcage and helps
provide part of the
shoulder joint and
movement for the
arms.

32. Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region (neck
bones)
2) The thorasic region (what the
ribs attach to)
3) The lumbar region (the lower
part of the back)

33. Coccyx and Sacrum

35. Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)

36. Radius and Ulna
►Radius on Top
►Ulna on Bottom

37. Carpals or (Wrist Bones)

38. Metacarpals (Top of Hands)

39. Phalanges (Little Fingers)

40. Rib Cage

41. Rib Cage
• There are 12 pairs of ribs.
• The first 7 are described as “True ribs” b’coz
they are directly attach to the sternum.
• 8th , 9th ,10th are called ”False ribs” b’coz
they are indirectly attach to the sternum.
• And last two (11th & 12th ) are called
floating ribs.

42. Sternum (Breastbone)

43. Pectoral girdle
• Also called the shoulder girdle
• Connects the arms to the body
• Positions the shoulders
• Provides a base for arm movement
• Consists of:
– 2 clavicles
– 2 scapulae

44. Pelvis (Dancing Bone)
Bones of pelvic girdle
1-Innominate bone
Illium Ischium Pubis
1- Sacrum

45. Pelvic Girdle

46. Diff. between Male & Female pelvis
Female Male
Bones Lighter & Smaller Heavier & longer
Cavity Shallow & round Deep & Funnel shaped
Sacrum More concave anteriorly,
Making the true pelvis
broader
Less Concave,
Making the true pelvis
narrower at the outlet.
Pubic-arch The angle made at the
symphysis pubis is wider.
The bones are movable for
convenience in delivery.
The angle of the pubic arch is
narrower.
The bones are immovable.

47. Comparing Male & Female pelvis

48. Femur
(Largest Bone in the Body)

49. The Tibia and Fibula

50. Tarsals

51. Metatarsals

52. Phalanges

53. Calcaneous

54. Joints
• The joint is the site at which any two or more bones come
together.
• Classification of joints:-
1.fibrous/fixed joint---there is no movement between the
bones & there is fibrous tissue between their ends.
Eg. skull, joints betn teeth & maxilla and mandible.
2. Cartilagenous joint---there is pad of white fibrocartilage
between the ends of bone.
Eg. pubis
3. Synovial joint---are freely movable joint. In this joint
articulating ends of bones are covered by Hyaline cartilage.
presence of synovial membrane.

55. Joints of the Body
► Ball and Socket
Joint: A hemispherical
head fits into a cup-
shaped socket.
 Ex. Shoulder and Hip

56. Joints of the Body
► Hinge Joint:
Movement at joint in
one direction like a
door.
 Ex. Knee and Elbow,
ankle.
Double Hinge Joints
(Condyloid) : these allow
movement like a hinge in two
directions.
Ex. the wrist joints & the joints
between metacarpus/metatarsus
and the phalanges.

57. Joints of the Body
► Pivot Joint: one bone
turns on another
 Ex. Radius on the ulna
at the elbow &
 The Atlas on the axis

58. Joints of the Body
► Fixed Immovable:
Joint does not move
 Ex. Skull
► Gliding Joint: the
bones glide on one
another.
 Ex. Between various
carpal & tarsal bone.

59. Name the bones of joints
Knee joints Femur, Tibia, Patella
Ankle Joint Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals
Elbow joint Between humerus & Radius-ulna
bones

60. The Connectors of the Body
► Ligaments: Connect
bone to bone

61. The Connectors of the Body!!
►Tendon: Attaches muscles to bones

62. The Connectors of the Body
►Cartilage: It acts as a cushion between
bones at a joint and protects the bones.

63. Problems of the Skeletal System
► Fracture: Breakage
of bone tissue.
 Dislocation:
Displacement of the
bone of a joint. It is a
joint disorder.

64. Problems of the Skeletal System
► Sprain: Swelling in
the joint
 Arthritis: Inflamed
and stiff joints

65. Problems of the Skeletal System!!
► Scoliosis: Curvature
of the spine
 Osteoporosis: Brittle
bones

66. Problems of the Skeletal System!!
Gout- the condition in which crystals of
sodium urate (Uric acid) are deposited in the
joints are called Gout.
• It is caused due to abnormality in purine
metabolism resulting in overproduction of uric
acid and causes pains & inflammation of joints.

67. Axial Skeleton
Skull Vertebral Column
(Vertebrae)
Child-33 Adult-26
Thoracic cage
Cranium/Brain box
(08)
Face(14) Cervical Vertebrae (7) Sternum (1)
Frontal (1) Zygomatic (2) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Ribs 12 pairs
(24)
Parietal (2) Maxilla (2) Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Occipital (1) Nasal (2) Sacrum (5 fused)
Temporal (2) Lacrimal (2) Coccyx (4 fused)
Sphenoid (1) Vomer (1)
Ethmoid (1) Palatine (2)
Inferior nasal
Conchae (2)
Mandible (1)

68. Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder / Pectoral girdle with
upper limbs
(Total 32X2=64)
Pelvic girdle with lower limbs
(Total 31X2=62)
 Clavicle (1)
 Scapula (1)
 Humerus (1)
 Radius (1)
 Ulna (1)
 Carpals (8)
 Metacarpals (5)
 Phalanges (14)
Hip bone (1)
Femur (1)
Tibia (1)
Fibula (1)
Patella (1)
Tarsals (7)
Metatarsals (5)
Phalanges (14)

70. References
• Human Anatomy & Physiology, by Rahul Phate, Career
publications, First edition-Jan 2004.
• Human Anatomy & Physiology, by S.B.Bhise &
A.V.Yadav, Nirali Prakashan, 25th edition-July 2013.