Psychology . Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov and Watson. the Little Albert Experiment and some basic applications of classical conditioning.

1. PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

2. CONDITIONING INTRODUCTION
 Conditioning in behavioral psychology is a
theory that the reaction ("response") to an object
or event ("stimulus") by a person or animal can
be modified by 'learning', or conditioning.
 Stimulus-response (S-R) theories are central to
the principles of conditioning. They are based
on the assumption that human behavior is
learned.

3. Stimulus: A thing or event that
evokes a specific reaction in
an organ.
Response: A reaction, as that
of an organism or a
mechanism, to a specific
stimulus.

4. THREE MAJOR TYPES OF
LEARNING/CONDITIONING
1. Learning through association - Classical Conditioning
2. Learning through consequences – Operant Conditioning
3. Learning through observation – Modeling/Observational Learning

5. WHAT IS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ?
 Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through
associations between an environmental stimulus and a
naturally occurring stimulus.
 It had a major influence on behaviorism which is based on the
assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the
environment.

6. About Ivan Pavlov:
 Born: September 26, 1849
 Was awarded the degree of Candidate of
Natural Sciences in 1875
 Was awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine 1904 in recognition
of his work on the physiology of digestion
 Died Feb 27,1936

7. COMPONENTS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
 The Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) :A stimulus that naturally, and
automatically triggers a response.
 The Unconditioned Response(UCR):The unlearned response that occurs
naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.
 The Conditioned Stimulus(CS):A previously neutral stimulus that when
paired with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response.
 The Conditioned Response(CR):Learned response to the previously neutral
stimulus.

8. Unconditioned
Stimulus
Neutral
Stimulus
Conditioned
Stimulus
Unconditioned
Response
Conditioned
Response

9. Principles of Classical conditioning
 Acquisition
 Extinction
 Spontaneous Recovery
 Stimulus Generalization
 Discrimination

10. PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT

12. TYPES OF CONDITIONING
Forward Conditioning:
 Occurs when the neutral stimulus (NS) appears just before and during
the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).There are 2 types:
1. delayed conditioning (forward) - the CS is presented before the US and
it (CS) stays on until the US is presented. This is generally the best,
especially when the delay is short
2. trace conditioning - discrete event is presented, then the US occurs.
Shorter the interval the better, but as you can tell, this approach is not
very effective.

13. Backward conditioning –
 Backward conditioning occurs when a Conditioned stimulus immediately follows a Unconditioned
stimulus
Simultaneous conditioning -
 Both conditioned and unconditioned stimulus occurs and terminates at same time
Second-order and higher-order conditioning-
 This form of conditioning follows a two-step procedure. First a neutral stimulus ("CS1") comes to signal a
US through forward conditioning. Then a second neutral stimulus ("CS2") is paired with the first (CS1)
and comes to yield its own conditioned response
Temporal conditioning
 In temporal conditioning a Unconditioned stimulus is presented at regular intervals, for instance every 10
minutes.

14. APPLICATIONS
Pavlov’s experiment

16.  Prolonged exposure theory
 Used for the treatment of phobias
and anxiety disorders
 It works by exposing the patient to
their painful memories with the goal
of reintegrating their repressed
emotions with current awareness.

17.  It’s a behavioral therapy aversive stimuli is paired with an harmful or
society undesirable behavior until the behavior becomes associated
with pain or discomfort
 Used for the people who wants to get rid of bad habbits

18.  This type of behavioral therapy used to overcome
phobias.
 It mainly includes 3 steps .
1. identifying anxiety.
2. copying relaxation strategy.
3. habituated to situation.

20. SOME PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
Classical Conditioning

21. Exercise
Close your eyes and start thinking about your
favorite food… !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

24. IS YOUR MOUTH WATERING??
If yes, it’s because you are conditioned.!!!!

25. CONDITIONED HUNGER

26. GUESS THE PRODUCT…. ??????

28. Guess The Product with tagline…
Aaj kuchh Toofani karte hai..!!!!

30. BENTLEY CONTINENTAL
LAMBORGHINI
PORSCHE

31. CONCLUSION
 Although Pavlov disliked Psychology, his work remains one of the most
important in psychology’s history.
 According to Pavlov, conditioned reflexes were temporary or unstable and he
himself expressed that it is not an ideal education theory.
 Classical conditioning is actually not a change in the behaviour but a similar
response to a different stimulus.
 Classical conditioning is ineffective for classroom purposes.

32. For Patiently Listening to Us..

33. A Presentation By-
Vinod Kumar - 1
Ashwin Mohan - 10
Gopala Krishna- 15
Jasmeen Shaikh - 28
Kasturi Mishra – 35
Xaviers Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship, Kochi, Kerela.