The document discusses sedimentary facies and their relationship to sea level changes. It defines sedimentary facies as aspects of rock units defined by their composition, texture, and fossil content that indicate the environment of deposition. There are two main types of facies - lithofacies defined by composition and texture, and biofacies defined by fossil content. Sedimentary facies change laterally and vertically according to sea level changes - during transgression facies shift onshore and during regression facies shift offshore. Vertical sequences of facies represent once laterally continuous environments (Walther's Law). Major causes of sea level change include continental glaciation, plate tectonics, and local geological changes.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
CLASSIFICATION OF ORE DEPOSITS
The Mixture of ore minerals are gangue minerals form an Ore deposit. The ore
deposits are generally found enclosed within the country rocks. The ore deposits
are formed in many different ways. Depending upon the process that may
operate to produce them, the ore deposits may be classified as follow:
Magmatic ore deposits.
Sublimation ore deposits.
Pegmatitic ore deposits.
Contact metasomatic ore deposits.
Hydrothermal ore deposits
Cavity filling deposits.
Replacement deposits.
Sedimentation ore deposits.
Evaporation ore deposits.
Residual and mechanical concentration deposits
Metamorphic ore deposits.
MAGMATIC ORE DEPOSITS:
The magmatic ore deposits are the magmatic products which crystallize from
magmas. The magmatic ore deposits are classified as follows:
o Early magmatic deposits
o Late magmatic deposits
Early magmatic deposits:
Early magmatic deposits are formed during the
early stage of the magmatic period. In this case the
ore minerals crystallize earlier than the rock
silicates. The Minerals of Nickel, Chromium, and
Platinum are usually found as early magmatic
deposits. The early magmatic deposits can be sub
divided into two groups:
o Dissemination deposits
o Segregation deposits
Dissemination deposits:
When magma crystallizes
conditions, a granular igneous rock is formed. In
such a rock early formed crystals of
may occur in dissemination.
Segregation deposits:
Magmatic segregation deposits are
formed as a result of gravitative
crystallization differentiation. In
case, the ore mineral which crystallize
early, get ocean-trated on a particular
part of igneous part. The ore deposits
thus formed are known as “Segregation
deposits”.
rly under seated
ore minerals
such
Late Magmatic Deposits:
The ore deposits which are formed to
called late magmatic deposits. The late magmatic deposits contain those ore
minerals which have crystallized at rather low temperature from the residual
magma. The magma which is left after crystallization of early for
is called residual magma. This magma frequently contains many ore minerals. The
late magmatic deposits include most of the magmatic deposits of iron and
titanium ores, these deposits are almost always associated with mafic igneous
rocks.
SUBLIMATION DEPOSITS:
Sublimation is a very minor process of formation of ore deposits. Sublimation
deposits contain only those minerals which have been volatilized by hear and
subsequently redeposit in the same form at low temperature and pressure. The
sublimation deposits are found associated with Volcanoes and Fumaroles. Sulfur
of this origin has been mined in Japan, Italy, and Mexico.
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
CLASSIFICATION OF ORE DEPOSITS
The Mixture of ore minerals are gangue minerals form an Ore deposit. The ore
deposits are generally found enclosed within the country rocks. The ore deposits
are formed in many different ways. Depending upon the process that may
operate to produce them, the ore deposits may be classified as follow:
Magmatic ore deposits.
Sublimation ore deposits.
Pegmatitic ore deposits.
Contact metasomatic ore deposits.
Hydrothermal ore deposits
Cavity filling deposits.
Replacement deposits.
Sedimentation ore deposits.
Evaporation ore deposits.
Residual and mechanical concentration deposits
Metamorphic ore deposits.
MAGMATIC ORE DEPOSITS:
The magmatic ore deposits are the magmatic products which crystallize from
magmas. The magmatic ore deposits are classified as follows:
o Early magmatic deposits
o Late magmatic deposits
Early magmatic deposits:
Early magmatic deposits are formed during the
early stage of the magmatic period. In this case the
ore minerals crystallize earlier than the rock
silicates. The Minerals of Nickel, Chromium, and
Platinum are usually found as early magmatic
deposits. The early magmatic deposits can be sub
divided into two groups:
o Dissemination deposits
o Segregation deposits
Dissemination deposits:
When magma crystallizes
conditions, a granular igneous rock is formed. In
such a rock early formed crystals of
may occur in dissemination.
Segregation deposits:
Magmatic segregation deposits are
formed as a result of gravitative
crystallization differentiation. In
case, the ore mineral which crystallize
early, get ocean-trated on a particular
part of igneous part. The ore deposits
thus formed are known as “Segregation
deposits”.
rly under seated
ore minerals
such
Late Magmatic Deposits:
The ore deposits which are formed to
called late magmatic deposits. The late magmatic deposits contain those ore
minerals which have crystallized at rather low temperature from the residual
magma. The magma which is left after crystallization of early for
is called residual magma. This magma frequently contains many ore minerals. The
late magmatic deposits include most of the magmatic deposits of iron and
titanium ores, these deposits are almost always associated with mafic igneous
rocks.
SUBLIMATION DEPOSITS:
Sublimation is a very minor process of formation of ore deposits. Sublimation
deposits contain only those minerals which have been volatilized by hear and
subsequently redeposit in the same form at low temperature and pressure. The
sublimation deposits are found associated with Volcanoes and Fumaroles. Sulfur
of this origin has been mined in Japan, Italy, and Mexico.
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF COASTAL LANDFORMSGeorge Dumitrache
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATION OF COASTAL LANDFORMS. It contains: the formation of erosional landforms: cliffs and wave-cut platforms, caves, arches and stacks
Learners should be able to explain the formation of depositional landforms: beaches in cross section (profile) and plan, swash and drift aligned beaches, simple and compound spits, tombolos, offshore bars, barrier beaches, coastal dunes, tidal sedimentation in estuaries, coastal saltmarshes and mangroves, the role of sea level change in the formation of coastal landforms.
The topic is related to depositional environment of sandstone and facie. conntent of topic is :
Facie (Definition , History , Types)
Walter’s law of facie
Depositional environment of Facie
Sandstone
Depositional environment of sandstone
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
2. Sedimentary Facies:
• general appearance or aspects
of a rock (composition & texture).
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
3. Sedimentary Facies:
• original environment of
deposition can be determined.
• used to describe vertical and
lateral variations in strata.
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
4. Sedimentary Facies:
• facies transform laterally by
gradual changes in their properties
into different, adjacent facies.
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
5. Two types of facies
1). Lithofacies:
distinguishing characteristics are
. . . lithologic
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
7. Two types of facies
1). Lithofacies: can be degree
of difference
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
limestone sandstone
vs. vs.
fine grained
limestone
coarse,
well sorted
sandstone
8. Two types of facies
2). Biofacies:
differences in biological (fossil)
composition.
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
9. Two types of facies
2). Biofacies:
• can have different adjacent
biofacies in the same lithology
• can be sensitive to small
environmental differences
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
15. No sea level change:
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
near
shore
off
shore
continent
http://www.uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/transreg.gif
sediment through time
16. Sea level at Time A:
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
“the beach”
Sea level change: cross section
17. Sea level at Time B:
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
“the beach”
18. Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Transgression
• facies shift on-shore
• resulting rock unit (sandstone)
varies in age laterally
19. Shift from Time A to Time B:
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
“the beach”
“the beach”
Transgression
• facies shift on-shore
• resulting rock unit (sandstone)
varies in age laterally
20. Time A: on the beach
(sandstone)
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Stand in one spot
during a transgression:
21. Time B: underwater
(finer sediment)
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Stand in one spot
during a transgression:
23. Regression:
• facies shift off-shore
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
“the beach”
“the beach”
Time A Time B
24. Regression:
• in one place, facies become
more “onshore” (= coarser)
up section
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Ls
Slt
Ss
fine
course
25. • In a vertical column,
facies become
progressively more
"on shore" (coarser)
up section.
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Regression
Conglomerate
Sandstone
Siltstone
Limestone
erosion
26. • In a vertical column,
facies become
progressively more
"on shore" (coarser)
up section.
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Regression
Conglomerate
Sandstone
Siltstone
Limestone
erosion
“deep”
“beach”
“land”
27. • In a vertical column,
facies become
progressively more
”off shore" (finer)
up section.
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Transgression
Limestone
Siltstone
Sandstone
Conglomerate
erosion
28. • In a vertical column,
facies become
progressively more
”off shore" (finer)
up section.
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Transgression
Limestone
Siltstone
Sandstone
Conglomerate
erosion
“deep”
“beach”
“land”
29. • A vertical sequence represents
facies that were once laterally
continuous
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Walther’s Law
Limestone
Siltstone
Sandstone
vertical
sequence
30. • A vertical sequence represents
facies that were once laterally
continuous
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Walther’s Law
Limestone
Siltstone
Sandstone
vertical
sequence
Lateral Distribution
31. Ls
Sh
Ss
• A vertical sequence
represents facies that
were once laterally
continuous
Walther’s Law
33. • The relative sequence is more
important than absolute
completeness.
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Walther’s Law
Limestone
Sandstone
vertical
sequence-1
Siltstone
vertical
sequence-2
unconformity
34. • The relative sequence is more
important than absolute
completeness.
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Walther’s Law
Limestone
Sandstone
vertical
sequence-1
Siltstone
vertical
sequence-2
unconformity
Transgression Regression
“deep”
“beach”
“land”
“intermediate”
35.
36. • Tectonic subsidence
(sinking)
• Rise in sea level
• Erosion of shore line
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
What cause a Transgression?
37. • Tectonic uplift
• Drop in sea level
• Over supply of sediment
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
What cause a Regression?
44. 2. Plate Tectonics
fast spreading rate
= high sea level
slow = low sea level
(affects the shape of ocean basins)
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Eustatic sea level change
(world wide) - causes?
45. • transgression in one place
while regression in another
• local mountain uplift
or crustal subsidence
• very rapid influx of sediment
or erosion.
Sedimentary Facies & Sea Level
Local sea level change
