Kutch is an East-west Oriented pericraton Rift basin Situated between Nagar Parkar Fault in North and Kathiawar Uplift in South.
Here we will discuss Geology and its Sequence Stratigraphy.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Kutch is an East-west Oriented pericraton Rift basin Situated between Nagar Parkar Fault in North and Kathiawar Uplift in South.
Here we will discuss Geology and its Sequence Stratigraphy.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Karai badland topography and Geo-Heritage site, Take A Geotourism around Grav...sutikshandwivedi
The Karai Badlands national geological monument is located in the Karai area along the Karai-Kulakkalnattam road of Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu. A four km. the stretch of badlands with natural conical mounds and typical fossils of the Cretaceous age is exposed as badlands with a series of conical mounds separated by gulleys.
Badland topography, on either side of Alattur-Ariyalur road, spread within 40-70 km. radius marks the lower part of marine Cretaceous rocks that mainly consists of clay & sandstone of the Karai Formation. Like the Grand Canyon in Colorado, US, Ariyalur is considered a Cretaceous Park of South India by Geo-scientist.
The Geological Survey of India (GSI), has declared Karai Badland as a National Geological monument for its maintenance, protection, promotion, and enhancement of geo-tourism.
Stratigraphy
The Rock formation is here exposed to the Cretaceous of Trichinopoly, Which dates back to the Late Cretaceous. The Succession in the area is broadly divided into 4 Groups -Uttathur, Trichinopoly, Ariyalur, and Ninniyur, Where Uttathur is the oldest. After comparing the age and color of the rock formations here with those of the Himalayas, we have found that they are of the same age. The Karai Formation of Uttatur Group at the Karai-Kulakkalnattam section in the Perambalur district forms the lower part of the Cretaceous sedimentary succession of the Cauvery Basin.
The Karai Badlands area is the type area for Karai Formation. The Karai Formation is exposed as badlands with a series of conical mounds separated by gulleys. It is a wasteland with scanty vegetation and without any topsoil on either side of Karai-Kulakkalnattam road.
The Karai Badlands Formation consists of grey-brown, gypsiferous, glauconitic mudstone, and marl with sporadic thin interbeds of siltstone and calcareous sandstone, particularly in its upper part- sporadic calcareous, siderites and phosphatic concretions/nodules and concretionary horizons occur in some intervals. A variety of marine fossils like ammonites, nautiloids, belemnites, worm tubes, pelecypods, gastropods, and oysters occur in abundance.
The importance of this “Geoheritage Site” lies in the fact that it provides one of the best-exposed sections of Cretaceous rocks with its unique lithology and diversity of extinct marine life. The region is a magnet for cement companies because of the purity of Ariyalur’s limestone. The factories burn a mixture of powdered limestone, gypsum, coal, and other chemicals to produce cement and clinker. But unchecked mining has led to air pollution and large quantities of overburdened soil being heaped up randomly.
How Badland is a form
The Cretaceous Period (135- 65 Million Years) witnessed a series of major geological events in the history of the Earth. Of these, the most significant is the worldwide marine transgression, which has left its mark in many parts of the world including South India.
Lithology, Structure and Geomorphology of the Nagari outliers, Chittoor distr...iosrjce
Nagari Quartzite of the Nallamali Group of the Cuddapah Supergroup occurs as outliers in the
southern end of the Cuddapah basin. These are also called Nagari outliers named after the type area of Nagari
Quartzite. All the Nagari outliers exhibit a sequence of basal conglomerate, grit and quartz arenite/quartzite.
Conglomerate is mature and an oligomictic one with the pebbles of quartzite dominating over the chert, quartz,
jasper and vein quartz with siliceous and ferruginous matrix. The clasts in the southern part of the outlier of Sri
Kalahasti have been subjected to shearing resulting in the elongation of pebbles. The grit unit is similar to
conglomerate in composition, but the grains are sub-rounded to angular, medium to coarse grained and set in a
siliceous matrix. The quartzite unit in the Nagari outliers is predominantly fine grained quartz arenite and
occasionally ferruginous in nature. Fining upward of this sequence can be easily recognised in this unit. There
are a number of mini and intermediate cycles, the former is less than half- a- meter and the latter is up to 1
meter in thickness. The varying thickness of the quartzite in different outliers can be considered as a major
cycle. These outliers reflect 2nd order topography. This also exemplifies one of the fundamental concept of
geomorphology that “lithology and structure control the evolution of land forms” put forward by Woolridge.
The major land forms that are clearly visible, even from a distance are the escarpments and cuestas. The hills
are synclinal in structure and are made up of highly resistant quartzite. The intervening valleys that are
anticlinal have granite in the core. The relative competency has played a major role in carving out the mature
topography. It is evident that the synclinal structure that has developed at the time of formation has been refined
by the subsequent tectonics, resulting in the formation of synclinal hills
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
WESTERN DHARWAR CRATON
STRATIGRAPHY
SARGUR GROUP
BABABUDAN
CHITRADURGA
SCHIST BELTS
SARGUR SCHIST BELT
HOLE NARASIPURA SCHIST BELT
CHARNOCKITES OF WDC
YOUNGER GRANITES OF WDC
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF WDC
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
208/12/17
3. INTRODUCTION
The Archaean Dharwar craton covers an area of 4.5 lakh sq km
is bounded in the south by the pan pacific Pandyan mobile
belt (pmb)and to the north the Deccan traps underline and
fringed by the Proterozoic (Purana) Kaladgi and Bhima basin.
Towards the east boundary is given by the Eastern Ghat mobile
belt and towards the west it is bounded by the Arabian sea which
separates India from Madagascar.
The Dharwar craton is one of the best studied terrain of
peninsular India and its renowned for its greenstone schist belt
,grey gneisses charnockites and younger granites.
308/12/17
4. HISTORY
The craton is divided in to two tectonic blocks by
Swami Nath (1976 ) et al, they are western and
eastern block.
Renamed respectively as the Western Dharwar
Craton (WDC) and Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC)
by Rogers (1986)
408/12/17
5. WESTERN DHARWAR CRATON
Western Dharwar Craton is occupied by vast area of
peninsular gneisses
Two prominent super belts are seen;
1. Bababudhan-Western ghats-shimoga and
2.Chitradurga- Gadag
belonging to the Dharwar Supergroup
Southern part –narrow linear schist belts belonging to
the older Sargur group , like Holenarsipur , Nuggihalli,
Nagamangala
The younger granites like Chitradurga , Hosadurga,
Arsikere occur as isolated pluton in the gneissic country
508/12/17
8. The Gorur gneiss is the oldest gneiss and it consists
of trondhjemitic gneiss with associated tonalites and
granodiorites , U-Pb in zircon – 3500-3600 Ma
(SHRIMP- Sensitive High Resolution Ion MicroProbe)
It consist of oligoclase,
subordinate microcline, quartz
and biotite or hornblende
Geochemical studies indicate
that the gneisses are high –silica,
low –alumina trondhjemites
enriched in REE
Gorur gneiss are found at
Ammod Ghat(goa),Tiptur,
Gundalpet and other places
Fig. Gorurgneiss
808/12/17
9. Sargur group
It occurs as linear Mafic- Ultra mafic belts
Group of enclaves scattered throughout the
craton
Rock types –ultra mafic ,mafic intrusive complex,
chert, BIF, garnet- biotite schist, sillimanite gneiss,
kyanite-staurolite gneiss.
908/12/17
11. BABABUDAN GROUP
It overlies the Sargur group of rocks in the stratigraphic column.
It consists of four formations: Kalasapura formation, Allampura
formation, Santaveri formation and Mullaingiri formation.
The major rock types are metabasalts, BIF, gabbro, ultramafic
schists, phyllites, quartzites, conglomerate.
1108/12/17
13. SCHIST BELTS
Sargur Schist Belt
Holenarasipura schist belt
Nuggihalli schist belt
Bababudan schist belt
Western schist belt
1308/12/17
14. Sargur Schist Belt
It is a zone of schist enclaves and narrow bands near Sargur
town , situated 40km south west of Mysore city.
The zone of enclaves extends from near Mysore to Kerala ,and
up to Nanjangud in the east
Fresh outcrops of various lithologies were best exposed in the
canals of Kabini river near Sargur, and hence the name of Sargur
group.
Rock types –Fuchsite quartzite, metapelites, carbonates and
calc-silicate rocks etc
Mafic – ultra mafic rocks form one of the major components of
Sargur Schist Belt
Mafic rocks are more abundant than ultra mafic rocks, and are
associated with iron formations.
The ultra mafic rocks are essentially serpentinites and tremolite
– actinolite-anthophyllite-chlorite schists
1408/12/17
16. Structure
The earliest recognizable structure in the narrow belts of
Sargur group is widespread schistosity parallel to the bedding,
intrafolial folds and migmatic banding
Second phase of deformation has given rise to upright , tight to
isoclinal folds
Third deformational phase has refolded the folds of second
generation
The Sargur schist belt of WDC consist of several other minor
schist belts
.Manantavadi(Wayanad )schist belt
.Kasargod schist belt
1608/12/17
17. Holenarasipura schist belt
It is a trident shaped schist belt
The trident shape of the schist belt is due to the
deflection of schist's around bosses of
mavinkere granodiorite
The Sargur and Dharwar succession are not well
exposed but deformed and metamorphosed
together during later Dharwar orogeny
1708/12/17
19. Other major schist belts of WDC are as follows
Nuggihalli Schist belt- altered dunite ,tremolite-
actinolite-cummingtonite-anthophyllite-talc-chlorite-
magnetite schists
Aladahalli belt
Krishnarajpet belt
Hadanur belt
Melukote and Nagamangala belt
Kalyadi belt
Banavara belt
Western Ghat belt
Shimoga belt
Chitradurga schist belt
1908/12/17
20. Charnockite of WDC
They are associated with PGC, continue upto Moyar
Bhavani shear zone
It shows spectacular transformation from the TTG
suite of peninsular gneiss are seen all along the
amphibolite granulite facies boundary from Manglore
and Coorg in the west to the Nanjangud in the east.
2008/12/17
21. Younger granite in WDC
There are five types of granites found in
WDC
Chitradurga
Jn kotte
Hosadurga
Chamundi
Arsikere
2108/12/17
22. Other intrusion in WDC
Thagaduru layered basic intrusion
Kunduru betta ring intrusion
2208/12/17
23. 08/12/17 23
Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC)
1. Dharwar schist belts – large, with
volcanics, subordinate sediments.
2. Peninsular gneiss, (>3000 Ma)
basement having angular
unconformity with the Dharwar
marked by QPC. Basement gneiss
inliers within schist belts.
3. Three fold succesion of
I. Basalt-arenite-BIF
II. Shelf facies at the margin and
homotaxial pillowed basalt BIF in
deeper waters.
III. Greywackes- BIF-volcanics
4. Older sequence (Sargur group) as
narrow belts and enclaves
abundant in the south.
5. Intermediate pressure (Kyanite-
sillimanite type) metamorphism.
1. Dharwar greenstone belts- narrow
with dominant pillowed basalts.
2. Dharwar batholith (2500-2700 Ma)
intrusive on all sides. Diapiric
gneiss domes common.
3. Three fold succession of
I.Rare shelf sediments disrupted
into screens at the belt margins
II. Pillowed volcanics,
greywackes, BIF
III. Felsic volcanics,
volcanogenic conglomerate
(Champion Gneiss).
4. Older sequence ( Warangal group)
mostly as enclaves in the north
east and Salem group in the south
5. Low pressure ( Andalusite-
sillimanite type) metamorphism.
24. Economic Deposits:
Magnesite
BIF
Chromite
Vanadium-Titanium-Magnetite
Copper-Nickel
Asbestos and Soap stone
2408/12/17
25. CONCLUSION
25
Western Dharwar Craton is bounded to the east by the Eastern Dharwar
Craton, to the west by the Arabian Sea, and to the south by a transition
into the so-called ‘‘Southern Granulite Terrane.” The remaining
boundary to the north is buried under younger sediments and the
Cretaceous Deccan Traps.
The division between the Western and Eastern Dharwar Cratons is
based on the nature and abundance of greenstones, as well as the age
of surrounding basement and degree of regional metamorphism.
The WDC shows an increase in regional metamorphic grade from
greenschist to amphibolite facies in the north and granulite facies in the
south.
The metamorphic grade increase corresponds to a paleopressure
increase from 3 to 4 kbar in the amphibolite facies to as much as 9–10
kbar (35 km paleodepth) in the highestgrade granulite-transition zone
along the southern margin of the craton.
The Dharwar supracrustal rocks uncomformably overlie widespread
gneiss-migmatite of the Peninsular Gneissic Complex (3.0–3.3 Ga) that
encloses the Sargur schist belts08/12/17
26. REFERENCE
Radhakrishna, B.P., Naqvi, S.M., (1986). Precambrian continental crust of India and
its evolution. 94, 145–166.
Ramakrishnan .M and Vaidyanadhan R (2010).Geology of India, Geol.Soc.Ind., v.1,
pp. 189-208.
Websites:
www.springer.com
www.wikipedia.org
2608/12/17