Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Kutch is an East-west Oriented pericraton Rift basin Situated between Nagar Parkar Fault in North and Kathiawar Uplift in South.
Here we will discuss Geology and its Sequence Stratigraphy.
Boundary problems between :-
Precambrian/Cambrian
Permian/Triassic
Cretaceous/Tertiary
Neogene/Quaternary
Stratigraphic boundaries are determined by one or more of geological events such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, tectonism, paleo-environments & evolution of life.
Faunal records have played major role in determining the boundaries of the Phanerozoic units.
The other geological events are dated on the evidence of fossil records.
Kutch is an East-west Oriented pericraton Rift basin Situated between Nagar Parkar Fault in North and Kathiawar Uplift in South.
Here we will discuss Geology and its Sequence Stratigraphy.
Microscopic animal
Microscopic Algae
Bacteria
Microfossil of uncertain effinities
Microfossil elements of smaller animal
Microfossil fragments of larger organism
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Microscopic animal
Microscopic Algae
Bacteria
Microfossil of uncertain effinities
Microfossil elements of smaller animal
Microfossil fragments of larger organism
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Distribution of Siwalik rocks
Formation of Siwalik basin
General Stratigraphy of Siwalik Group
Lithostratigraphy of Siwalik Group
Sub- phylum Vertebrata
Vertebrate fossil and its Application to Earth Science Research
Vertebrate Fauna in Siwaliks
Climate conditions and Life in Siwaliks
Topics of discussion:
3. Distribution of Siwalik
Rocks
How and when Siwalik basin was formed ???
Activation of MBT – 18.3 Ma
Span of sedimentation – 16 to 5 Ma
Remained repository for detritus until 0.22 Ma
Reactivation of MBT, involving riding of lesser
Himalayan rocks on the Sirmaur basin, which was
accompanied by the sagging of the crust
immediately to the south of rising mountain front
4. Geological
Time scale
Classification of the
Siwalik Group
Standard
European
Equivalent
Age
calculated
from reversal
stratigraphy
(in Ma)
Continental
equivalent
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Miocene
UpperSiwalik
Boulder
conglomerate
Pinjor
Tatrot
Dhok Pathan
Nagri
Chinji
Kamlial
Muree Group
Cromerian
Villafranchian
Astian
Pontian
Sarmatian
Tortonian
Helvetian
Burdigalian
0.5 to 1.5
2.47
5.5
8.5
10.8
14.3
18.3
?
Mid-late
Villafranchian
Early Villafranchian
–Ruscinian
Turolian
L. Vellesian
E. Turolian
Oeningian
Pre- Oeningian
MiddleSiwalikLowerSiwalik
Chronostratigraphic
division of Siwalik
Succession
(Source: Tandon et al. 1998)
5. Subgroup Lithology ~Thickness
Upper
Siwalik
Predominantly massive conglomerate with red
and orange clay as matrix and minor sandstone
and earth buff and brown shale
Sandstone, clay and conglomerate alteration.
2300m
Middle
Siwalik
Massive sandstone with minor conglomerate
and local variegated shale
Predominantly medium to coarse- grained
sandstone and red clays alteration, soft pebbly
with subordinate shale, locally thick prism of
conglomerate
1400m to
2000m
Lower
Siwalik
Alteration of fine to medium- grained
sporadically pebbly sandstone, calcareous
cement and prominent chocolate and maroon
shale in middle part
Red and mauve shale with intercalations of
medium to fine grained sandstone
1600m
Lithostratigraphy of Siwalik Group
(after Karunakaran and Ranga Rao, 1976)
• Fluvial sequence
deposited by some
contemporaneous
Himalayan river (Indo-
Brahm River by Pascoe)
Types of
depositional
environment
Piedmont Outwash Plains
Channel and
flood deposit
lacustrine
Immature
6. • The Chordates having flexible vertebrae are known as Vertebrates.
• The sense organs are mostly concentrated in anterior part, situated
with a bony case called Skull which is articulated with vertebrae
column.
Sub- Phylum Vertebrata
7. Vertebrate Fossil: Introduction
Fossils are disarticulated in nature.
Most durable parts are commonly preserved as fossils of vertebrates
are their bones, teeth and footprints.
• Evolution of different modern species.
• Useful for correlation purpose in CONTINENTAL regions.
• Paleoclimatology, Paleobiogeography, and Paleoecology
• History and Culture
Application in Earth Science Research
8. Vertebrate Fauna in Siwaliks
Taphonomical features of Fossils in Siwalik region.
Siwalik equivalent in NE part of India is comparatively
unfossiliferous.
11. warm and humid
Tropical evergreen trees
Pigs, elephant, carnivores and artiodactyles
Flood and piedmont deposit
Baluchitherium
Lower Siwalik : 18.3 – 11.5 Ma
Climatic conditions and
Life in Siwaliks
12. Colossochelys atlas Gomphotherium
Oblique left lateral
view of the
cranium of modern
Pongo pygmaeus
and Late Miocene
Sivapithecus indicus
from Pakistan. Photo
by C.Tarka.(pg. 1198
encyclopedia of human
evolution)
13. Middle Siwalik : 11.5 – 5.1 Ma
Reactivation of MBT and MCT
Uplift of Himadri
Onset of Monsoon
Encroachment of Grass lands
Grass land attracted grazing
animals from neighbouring lands
Invasion of exotic fauna (mainly
four footed) in Potwar basin
15. Upper Siwalik: 5.1- 1.6 Ma
Tropical forest completely replaced by Savannah- type, grassy plains
dotted sparsely with trees
Grazing and browsing animals became dominant
Macacus monkeys, and the semia & Semnopithecus apes
Carnivores tigers, hyenas, panthers and cats
The elephants Mastodon sivelensis, Stegodon ganesa
The giraffes Indratherium & Sivatherium
The ungulates rhinos, horses, hippopotami, boars and camels
The Artiodactyles deer, buffaloes, cows, bisons
Stone artefacts show clue for the presence of human –like primate but
no body remains have so far been found anywhere in Siwalik.
17. • Key Faunal Events:
* Prior to 18 Ma- Establishment of Siwalik Fauna
* 18-14 Ma – Bovids and other ruminants, large hervivores, muroids,
cricetidae (deer) dominant
* 14- 9.5 Ma – appearance of Hominids, horses appeared, muroid
dominant
* 7.5- 6.5 Ma – Siwalik fauna becomes similar to Eurasia, Sivapitecus
become extinct, Deinotherium, Brachytherium, Hystrix
(porcupine), Giraffine, Cercopithecids (old world monkeys)
* 7.4 Ma onwards- larger homonids Gigantopithecus disappeard, change
environment & climate become arid
18. References:
Basu, P.K., 2003, Siwalik mammals of the Jammu Sub-Himalaya, India: an appraisal of their diversity
and habitats, Quaternary International Journal 117. p.105-118
Barry, J.C., and Flynn, L.J.1990. Key Biostratigraphic events in The Siwalik Sequence. European
Neogene Mammal Choronology, p.557-571.
Behrensmeyer, A.K., 1982, Time resolution in Fluvial Vertebrate assemblages, Paleobiology Journal,
Paleontological Society, v.8, no.3, p. 211-227.
Flynn, L.J. et al., 1994,Neogene Siwalik Mammalian lineages: Species longevities, rates of change
and modes of speciation. Journal of Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology. v.115(2),
p.249-264.
Flynn, L.J. et al., 1990, The Siwaliks of Pakistan: Time and Faunas in Miocene Terrestrial Setting,
Journal of Geology vol.98, p.589-604, The University of Chicago.
Jaitley, A.K. et al., 2011, Palaeontology and Stratigraphy: Basics to Applications, Book of lecture
series, Banaras Hindu University, P.59-66.
Kumar, R., 2006, Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India. Edition- 1, p. 206-
210.
Lindsay, E.H., Opdyke, N.D., and Johnson, N.M. 1980. Correlation of Siwalik faunas. In: L.L. Jacobs
(ed.), Aspects of Vertebrate History: Essay in Honor of Edwin Harris Colbert, Museum of Northern
Arizona Press, Flagstaff. p. 309- 319.
Pascoe, E.H., 1962, A manual of the Geology of India and Burma, Volume-3, Geological Survey of
India. Edition-3, p.1811-1818.
19. Patnaik, R. and Sahni,A., 1996, Siwalik rodent biostratigraphy: Implications for Intra-continental
Correlation. Contrs. XV Indian Colloq. Micropal. Strat., Dehradun. P.509-512.
Pilbeam, D.R. et al., 1979, Miocene Sediments and Faunas of Pakistan. Postilla Number 179, Peabody
Museum of Natural History, Yale University.
Rage, J.C. et al, 2001, Amphibians and Squamates from the Neogene Siwalik beds of Jammu and
Kashmir, India. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75(2),p.197-205.
Valdiya, K.S., 2001, Dynamic Himalaya, Universities Press, Edition-1,p. 89-99.
Valdiya, K.S., 2010, The making of India Geodynamic Evolution, edition1.p460-471.
Vaidhyanadhan, R., and Ramakrishnan, M., 2008, Geology of India, Volume: 2, Geological Society of India.
P.889-906.
Wadia, D.N., 1966, Geology of India, Edition 3,p.357-387.
