Research problem focuses on studying dynamics of spatial distribution of the seagrass meadows with a case study of P. oceanica, using aerial and satellite imagery over the 10-years period. Characteristics of the spectral reflectance of seagrass enables its discrimination from other seafloor types. Raster images processing using RS methods is suitable for seagrass mapping. Current MSc research is based on various sources of data: fieldwork in-situ measurements, satellite imagery, aerial imagery and GIS layers (maps of Crete). Technically, research is based on using GIS and RS methods: ENVI and ArcGIS software.
Seagrass Mapping and Monitoring Along the Coasts of Crete, GreeceUniversität Salzburg
This research proposal introduces MSc thesis research. Study object is seagrass Posidonia oceanic (P. oceanica) along the coast of Crete, Greece. The most important facts about seagrass: endemic Mediterranean seagrass, P. oceanica is a main species in marine coastal environment of Greece. P. oceanica is the largest, the most widespread, homogeneous, dense “mattes” forming meadows between 5-40 m in Mediterranean Sea. Seagrass is a component of coastal ecosystems of high importance for the marine life, playing important functions in the marine environment. Seagrasses are subjects to external factors and therefore have environmental vulnerability. The study area is located in General research area: Island of Crete, Greece. Seagrass sampling will be performed at three stations at a depth of 6-7 m: Heraklio, Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos, Crete Island, Greece. The general research objectives of the MSc research includes GIS and environmental analysis: 1) Mapping the extent of the spatial distribution of seagrass P. oceanica along the northern coast of Crete; 2) Monitoring environmental changes in seagrass meadows in the selected fieldwork sites (Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos) over the 10-year period (2000-2010). There are various multi-sources data proposed for using in spatial analysis. data of the previous measurements received during the last year fieldwork, to analyze whether P.oceanica is spectrally distinct from other sea floor types, using the differences in the spectral signatures on the graphs in a WASI, the Water Color Simulator software. Other data include satellite images from the open sources (Landsat TM), aerial images, Google Earth; underwater videographic measurements of 3 cameras Olympus ST 8000 made during the ship route (ca 20 total in the selected areas of the research places) resulting in series of consequent images, completely covering the area under the boat path; in-situ measurements of the seagrass in selected spots, using measurement frame and other devices for marine biological research for the validation of the results. Arc GIS vector layers of Crete island and surroundings (.shp files). Hypothesis testis is formulated for the proposed research, questions defined, methods prepared and planned. The research work is expected to have following results : Over the northern coasts of Crete: thematic maps showing seafloor types and seagrass P.oceanica spatial distribution along the coasts of Crete. Within the fieldwork locations, Ligaria beach: monitoring the environmental changes, based on the classification of the satellite and aerial imagery and fieldwork video camera footage. Within the fieldwork locations : maps of the sea floor cover types, based on the fieldwork measurements and UVM. Results of the WASI spectral analysis illustrating graphs of the spectral reflectance of different sea floor types (sand, P.oceanica, rocky, etc) at various depths (0.5-4 m), based on the results of 20.Precise, correct and up-to-date information about th
This document summarizes three recent space missions - SMOS, GOCE, and CRYOSAT - and their applications to physical oceanography. SMOS measures sea surface salinity from space using an interferometric radiometer and has produced initial global salinity maps from SMOS observations, though accuracy goals have not yet been reached due to data processing challenges. GOCE measures Earth's gravity field and will help estimate ocean mean dynamic topography. CRYOSAT, though aimed at sea ice thickness, also provides altimeter data over oceans that can be combined with other altimeter missions.
Geomorphological Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS A Tool for Land Use Pla...IOSR Journals
1) The document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to map geomorphological units around Shivpuri City, India using IRS-1D LISS-III satellite imagery from 2006.
2) Six main geomorphic units were identified and mapped - denudational hills, structural hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, and alluvial plains.
3) Remote sensing and GIS allowed efficient mapping of the geomorphic units over a large area to inform land use planning decisions by local authorities.
- The document discusses using hyperspectral remote sensing for mineral mapping. It provides background on how minerals have unique spectral signatures and defines hyperspectral imagery as image cubes with spatial and spectral data.
- Two case studies are summarized that demonstrate using techniques like atmospheric correction, MNF transformation, and spectral analysis tools like SAM and MTMF on Hyperion satellite imagery to map minerals in areas of India and Pakistan. Key minerals identified include grossularite, calcite, pyrite, andradite, and dolomite.
- The methodology involves preprocessing the hyperspectral cube, identifying endmembers, and then classifying and mapping minerals present based on their spectral properties and signatures in the imagery.
Supervised classification and improved filtering method for shoreline detection.Dr Amira Bibo
ABSTRACT
Shoreline monitoring is important to overcome the problems in the measurement of the shoreline. Recently,
many researchers have directed attention to methods of predicting shoreline changes by the use of
multispectral images. However, the images being captured tend to have several problems due to the weather.
Therefore, identification of multi class features which includes vegetation and shoreline using multispectral
satellite image is one of the challenges encountered in the detection of shoreline. An efficient framework
using the near infrared–histogram equalisation and improved filtering method is proposed to enhance the
detection of the shoreline in Tanjung Piai, Malaysia, by using SPOT-5 images. Sub-pixel edge detection andthe Wallis filter are used to compute the edge location with the subpixel accuracy and reduce the noise. Then,the image undergoes image classification process by using Support Vector Machine. The proposed method performed more effectively and reliable in preserving the missing line of the shoreline edge in the SPOT-5
images.
Leveling techniques, including the use of levels, theodolites and GPS are less applicable
under forest canopies. In addition, the “Light Detection and Ranging” (LIDAR) technique is sophisticated,
expensive and not readily available in developing countries. The current study therefore attempted the use of
water table as an alternative method for leveling the Jozani groundwater forest (JGWF) of Zanzibar,
Tanzania. The “Height of Instrument” method was used to determine reduced level (RL) of the water table
(RLWT) of JGWF from local wells. Then, through temporary wells (TWs), RLWT was used as a wide
benchmark to determine other RLs on the ground surface along 32 transect lines. The height from the water
table to the ground surface (floating height (FH)) was then measured. Benchmark number 205 and SOKKIA
C.3.2 level were used to determine the RLWT. Soil auger was used to open TWs, and cellphone timer and
floating rod tape were used respectively to determine time of water settlement, and FH in a TW. GARMIN
GPS Model Etrex 10 and ArcGIS 10.1 were used for geo-referencing and mapping. Elevations of ground
surfaces were computed by summing the RLWT and FH at a particular point and were then used to produce
digital elevation model (DEM) of JGWF. It is concluded that, use of water table for leveling the
groundwater forest is feasible and an alternative method.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Seagrass Mapping and Monitoring Along the Coasts of Crete, GreeceUniversität Salzburg
This research proposal introduces MSc thesis research. Study object is seagrass Posidonia oceanic (P. oceanica) along the coast of Crete, Greece. The most important facts about seagrass: endemic Mediterranean seagrass, P. oceanica is a main species in marine coastal environment of Greece. P. oceanica is the largest, the most widespread, homogeneous, dense “mattes” forming meadows between 5-40 m in Mediterranean Sea. Seagrass is a component of coastal ecosystems of high importance for the marine life, playing important functions in the marine environment. Seagrasses are subjects to external factors and therefore have environmental vulnerability. The study area is located in General research area: Island of Crete, Greece. Seagrass sampling will be performed at three stations at a depth of 6-7 m: Heraklio, Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos, Crete Island, Greece. The general research objectives of the MSc research includes GIS and environmental analysis: 1) Mapping the extent of the spatial distribution of seagrass P. oceanica along the northern coast of Crete; 2) Monitoring environmental changes in seagrass meadows in the selected fieldwork sites (Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos) over the 10-year period (2000-2010). There are various multi-sources data proposed for using in spatial analysis. data of the previous measurements received during the last year fieldwork, to analyze whether P.oceanica is spectrally distinct from other sea floor types, using the differences in the spectral signatures on the graphs in a WASI, the Water Color Simulator software. Other data include satellite images from the open sources (Landsat TM), aerial images, Google Earth; underwater videographic measurements of 3 cameras Olympus ST 8000 made during the ship route (ca 20 total in the selected areas of the research places) resulting in series of consequent images, completely covering the area under the boat path; in-situ measurements of the seagrass in selected spots, using measurement frame and other devices for marine biological research for the validation of the results. Arc GIS vector layers of Crete island and surroundings (.shp files). Hypothesis testis is formulated for the proposed research, questions defined, methods prepared and planned. The research work is expected to have following results : Over the northern coasts of Crete: thematic maps showing seafloor types and seagrass P.oceanica spatial distribution along the coasts of Crete. Within the fieldwork locations, Ligaria beach: monitoring the environmental changes, based on the classification of the satellite and aerial imagery and fieldwork video camera footage. Within the fieldwork locations : maps of the sea floor cover types, based on the fieldwork measurements and UVM. Results of the WASI spectral analysis illustrating graphs of the spectral reflectance of different sea floor types (sand, P.oceanica, rocky, etc) at various depths (0.5-4 m), based on the results of 20.Precise, correct and up-to-date information about th
This document summarizes three recent space missions - SMOS, GOCE, and CRYOSAT - and their applications to physical oceanography. SMOS measures sea surface salinity from space using an interferometric radiometer and has produced initial global salinity maps from SMOS observations, though accuracy goals have not yet been reached due to data processing challenges. GOCE measures Earth's gravity field and will help estimate ocean mean dynamic topography. CRYOSAT, though aimed at sea ice thickness, also provides altimeter data over oceans that can be combined with other altimeter missions.
Geomorphological Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS A Tool for Land Use Pla...IOSR Journals
1) The document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to map geomorphological units around Shivpuri City, India using IRS-1D LISS-III satellite imagery from 2006.
2) Six main geomorphic units were identified and mapped - denudational hills, structural hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, and alluvial plains.
3) Remote sensing and GIS allowed efficient mapping of the geomorphic units over a large area to inform land use planning decisions by local authorities.
- The document discusses using hyperspectral remote sensing for mineral mapping. It provides background on how minerals have unique spectral signatures and defines hyperspectral imagery as image cubes with spatial and spectral data.
- Two case studies are summarized that demonstrate using techniques like atmospheric correction, MNF transformation, and spectral analysis tools like SAM and MTMF on Hyperion satellite imagery to map minerals in areas of India and Pakistan. Key minerals identified include grossularite, calcite, pyrite, andradite, and dolomite.
- The methodology involves preprocessing the hyperspectral cube, identifying endmembers, and then classifying and mapping minerals present based on their spectral properties and signatures in the imagery.
Supervised classification and improved filtering method for shoreline detection.Dr Amira Bibo
ABSTRACT
Shoreline monitoring is important to overcome the problems in the measurement of the shoreline. Recently,
many researchers have directed attention to methods of predicting shoreline changes by the use of
multispectral images. However, the images being captured tend to have several problems due to the weather.
Therefore, identification of multi class features which includes vegetation and shoreline using multispectral
satellite image is one of the challenges encountered in the detection of shoreline. An efficient framework
using the near infrared–histogram equalisation and improved filtering method is proposed to enhance the
detection of the shoreline in Tanjung Piai, Malaysia, by using SPOT-5 images. Sub-pixel edge detection andthe Wallis filter are used to compute the edge location with the subpixel accuracy and reduce the noise. Then,the image undergoes image classification process by using Support Vector Machine. The proposed method performed more effectively and reliable in preserving the missing line of the shoreline edge in the SPOT-5
images.
Leveling techniques, including the use of levels, theodolites and GPS are less applicable
under forest canopies. In addition, the “Light Detection and Ranging” (LIDAR) technique is sophisticated,
expensive and not readily available in developing countries. The current study therefore attempted the use of
water table as an alternative method for leveling the Jozani groundwater forest (JGWF) of Zanzibar,
Tanzania. The “Height of Instrument” method was used to determine reduced level (RL) of the water table
(RLWT) of JGWF from local wells. Then, through temporary wells (TWs), RLWT was used as a wide
benchmark to determine other RLs on the ground surface along 32 transect lines. The height from the water
table to the ground surface (floating height (FH)) was then measured. Benchmark number 205 and SOKKIA
C.3.2 level were used to determine the RLWT. Soil auger was used to open TWs, and cellphone timer and
floating rod tape were used respectively to determine time of water settlement, and FH in a TW. GARMIN
GPS Model Etrex 10 and ArcGIS 10.1 were used for geo-referencing and mapping. Elevations of ground
surfaces were computed by summing the RLWT and FH at a particular point and were then used to produce
digital elevation model (DEM) of JGWF. It is concluded that, use of water table for leveling the
groundwater forest is feasible and an alternative method.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Utilizando la información espectral y visión panorámica mediante la interpretación de imágenes satelitales se puede conocer la superficie, forma y distribución de la cobertura de agua y vomo la arcatan las alteraciones en las componentes vegetal y uso de la tierra de grandes áreas. En el trabajo específico con vegetación son empleadas para describir grandes tipos de comunidades (incluso determinar presencia de especies invasoras), estimar su estado hídrico, fenología, niveles de degradación y tasas de productividad. Basado en imágenes de satélites, en el año 2002 se presentó en Argentina el Primer Inventario de Bosques Nativos, que tuvo como objetivo obtener mapas temáticos de cobertura de uso de la tierra, del estado de los bosques (niveles de aprovechamiento y degradación), indicadores de factores ambientales responsables de la alteración de los recursos hidricos
This document discusses the use of remote sensing techniques in archaeology. It begins with an introduction to archaeology and how remote sensing provides a non-destructive method to map large areas. The document then reviews literature on previous studies applying remote sensing. Two case studies are described in detail: one uses satellite imagery to detect enclosure walls at archaeological sites in India, and another uses airborne sensors to identify buried structures in Scotland. Overall, the document demonstrates how remote sensing can be used to detect archaeological features and sites.
1) Stratospheric balloons equipped with GPS radio occultation systems and dropsonde payloads were used to profile the Antarctic atmosphere as part of the Concordiasi campaign. Over 700 occultation profiles and 647 dropsonde profiles were collected.
2) Comparisons were made between refractivity profiles derived from GPS occultation data near the Antarctic Peninsula, dropsonde measurements, and the ARPEGE model. Generally good agreement within 2% was found between the occultation and model data, and within 1% between occultation and dropsonde data.
3) This demonstration of high quality occultation data from balloons indicates potential for assimilating such data into models to improve analyses of the Antarctic
Remote sensing uses sensors on satellites and aircraft to measure electromagnetic radiation from the Earth's surface. This data can be used to support fisheries and aquaculture management by providing information on sea surface temperature, ocean color, ocean salinity, land cover, and the location of coastal aquaculture structures over large geographic areas. A case study demonstrated how satellite images could map fish ponds and cages in a coastal region of the Philippines. Remote sensing will continue playing an important role in monitoring fisheries and aquaculture by providing global and repeated observations in a cost-effective manner.
Remote Sensing Based Soil Moisture DetectionCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Meteorology is a discipline concerned with observational earth sciences and theoretical physics. It has the task of providing an accurate knowledge of the state of the atmosphere. Before the advent of weather satellites the weathermen had been severely handicapped by having only a very limited knowledge of the state of the atmosphere at any given time. Meteorological satellites have to a large extent has enabled to overcome this deficiency.
Geological surveys are normally undertaken by private agencies, state government departs of mines and geology, and national geological survey organizations. They maintain the geological inventory of various formations, mineral deposits and resources. They keep all records for the advancement of knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. Geological mapping are parts of a geological survey. It involves certain procedures. This lesson highlights the methods and procedures of geological mapping.
This document summarizes a study that used Landsat satellite imagery from 1992 and 2002 to detect changes along the Pali Cape - Erzeni River mouth coastal sector in Albania. The Multivariate Alteration Detection algorithm was used to analyze the bi-temporal imagery. The results showed that approximately 36 hectares of land was eroded from the Erzeni River delta, around 33 hectares of new land was created south of the river mouth, and wetland area increased. Erosion was also indicated in Lalzi Bay and the southwestern part of Pali Cape. The study demonstrated that bi-temporal Landsat data can be used to detect coastal environmental changes over time.
This document provides information about conducting geological fieldwork, including necessary equipment, techniques, and documentation. It discusses field equipment such as hand lenses, compasses, GPS, and hammers. Measurement techniques like recording strike and dip are covered. Documentation methods like sketching observations, constructing graphic logs, and making geological maps are explained. The goal of fieldwork is to accurately observe and record geological features, structures, and samples to further scientific understanding.
Hyperspectral remote sensing uses narrow, contiguous bands across the electromagnetic spectrum to characterize vegetation. It is useful for studying species composition, crop/vegetation type, biophysical properties like leaf area index and biomass, biochemical properties like chlorophyll and moisture, and stress factors. Hyperspectral data comes from airborne, ground, and spaceborne sensors, with spaceborne providing global continuous coverage but at lower spatial resolution than airborne sensors. Hyperspectral data cubes contain hundreds of bands providing detailed spectral signatures to distinguish vegetation.
This document discusses remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about objects without direct contact, using electromagnetic radiation. It describes how remote sensing uses platforms like aircraft and satellites to collect passive and active sensor data. It provides examples of different sensor types, including photography, infrared, LIDAR, and multispectral scanning. It also discusses important remote sensing concepts like spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. Finally, it highlights how the SLOSH model uses remote sensing data to accurately predict hurricane storm surges and inundation areas.
This ppt is about the basic information about Remote Sensing and GIS and their Apps. in Environmental Management (Prepared by Mandeep Poonia at GJU S&T, Hisar (Haryana) ,India)
The document discusses improving life-cycle cost management of NASA's Discovery and New Frontiers spacecraft missions. It summarizes a study that identified several factors that contribute to cost overruns in these programs, including inadequate consideration of review findings, ineffective management structures, lack of integrated project schedules, insufficient project oversight, inexperienced project teams, inadequate mission replanning, unrealistic heritage and technology assumptions, and insufficient planning for operations and autonomy systems. The study provides recommendations to address these issues and better manage costs over the full mission life cycle.
1. Remote sensing involves obtaining information about an object or area through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. It has four basic components: an energy source, transmission path, target, and sensor.
2. The remote sensing process has seven elements: energy source, atmosphere, target interaction, sensor recording, transmission, interpretation, and application. Different sensors and techniques are used for passive and active remote sensing.
3. Remote sensing data can be used with GIS for applications like land use mapping, change detection, natural resource management, and hazard assessment. When combined with geospatial analysis and modeling capabilities, remote sensing and GIS are powerful tools for studying the coastal zone.
This document discusses using multi-sensor remote sensing to detect exposed and subsurface archaeological remains in eastern Crete. It summarizes how hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and lidar were used individually and together to map surface structures and detect anomalies underground that could indicate buried remains. While surface mapping was mostly successful, detecting subsurface remains proved more difficult, though thermal data showed the most promise. The study demonstrated the value of combining different sensor types to gain more archaeological information than from any single sensor alone.
Geological mapping in Exploration Geology( surface and subsurface)HARITHA ANIL KUMAR
Geological mapping involves creating maps and sections that visually represent spatial geological relationships and interpretations based on field observations. Maps are created at various scales appropriate for the level of detail needed, from regional-scale maps showing broad patterns to more detailed outcrop maps of mineral prospects. Field equipment used in mapping includes compasses, clinometers, altimeters, and plane tables. Geophysical methods and aerial/satellite imagery can provide additional subsurface and regional data to supplement field mapping. Drilling and geostatistical analysis of subsurface data are also used to construct contour maps depicting formations, structures, and thickness changes.
Geological mapping involves systematically observing and recording rock exposures and structural features in the field to produce maps that show the spatial distribution and relationships of rock units. The document discusses different types of geological maps including reconnaissance, regional, detailed, and specialized maps. It also describes common mapping techniques such as traversing, exposure mapping, drilling, underground mapping, and photo-geology. Field equipment used in mapping includes hammers, chisels, compasses, clinometers, tapes, and notebooks.
1. Satellite altimetry data from the Envisat satellite was reprocessed using advanced retracking techniques to improve measurements of coastal sea levels near Ilfracombe, UK.
2. Comparing the averaged satellite data to tide gauge measurements at Ilfracombe gave a root mean squared error of 1.16 meters.
3. While improved retracking allows satellite altimetry to measure sea levels closer to the coast, using data from a single satellite does not provide reliable measurements of instantaneous or annual mean sea levels when compared to long-term tide gauge records.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
Utilizando la información espectral y visión panorámica mediante la interpretación de imágenes satelitales se puede conocer la superficie, forma y distribución de la cobertura de agua y vomo la arcatan las alteraciones en las componentes vegetal y uso de la tierra de grandes áreas. En el trabajo específico con vegetación son empleadas para describir grandes tipos de comunidades (incluso determinar presencia de especies invasoras), estimar su estado hídrico, fenología, niveles de degradación y tasas de productividad. Basado en imágenes de satélites, en el año 2002 se presentó en Argentina el Primer Inventario de Bosques Nativos, que tuvo como objetivo obtener mapas temáticos de cobertura de uso de la tierra, del estado de los bosques (niveles de aprovechamiento y degradación), indicadores de factores ambientales responsables de la alteración de los recursos hidricos
This document discusses the use of remote sensing techniques in archaeology. It begins with an introduction to archaeology and how remote sensing provides a non-destructive method to map large areas. The document then reviews literature on previous studies applying remote sensing. Two case studies are described in detail: one uses satellite imagery to detect enclosure walls at archaeological sites in India, and another uses airborne sensors to identify buried structures in Scotland. Overall, the document demonstrates how remote sensing can be used to detect archaeological features and sites.
1) Stratospheric balloons equipped with GPS radio occultation systems and dropsonde payloads were used to profile the Antarctic atmosphere as part of the Concordiasi campaign. Over 700 occultation profiles and 647 dropsonde profiles were collected.
2) Comparisons were made between refractivity profiles derived from GPS occultation data near the Antarctic Peninsula, dropsonde measurements, and the ARPEGE model. Generally good agreement within 2% was found between the occultation and model data, and within 1% between occultation and dropsonde data.
3) This demonstration of high quality occultation data from balloons indicates potential for assimilating such data into models to improve analyses of the Antarctic
Remote sensing uses sensors on satellites and aircraft to measure electromagnetic radiation from the Earth's surface. This data can be used to support fisheries and aquaculture management by providing information on sea surface temperature, ocean color, ocean salinity, land cover, and the location of coastal aquaculture structures over large geographic areas. A case study demonstrated how satellite images could map fish ponds and cages in a coastal region of the Philippines. Remote sensing will continue playing an important role in monitoring fisheries and aquaculture by providing global and repeated observations in a cost-effective manner.
Remote Sensing Based Soil Moisture DetectionCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Meteorology is a discipline concerned with observational earth sciences and theoretical physics. It has the task of providing an accurate knowledge of the state of the atmosphere. Before the advent of weather satellites the weathermen had been severely handicapped by having only a very limited knowledge of the state of the atmosphere at any given time. Meteorological satellites have to a large extent has enabled to overcome this deficiency.
Geological surveys are normally undertaken by private agencies, state government departs of mines and geology, and national geological survey organizations. They maintain the geological inventory of various formations, mineral deposits and resources. They keep all records for the advancement of knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. Geological mapping are parts of a geological survey. It involves certain procedures. This lesson highlights the methods and procedures of geological mapping.
This document summarizes a study that used Landsat satellite imagery from 1992 and 2002 to detect changes along the Pali Cape - Erzeni River mouth coastal sector in Albania. The Multivariate Alteration Detection algorithm was used to analyze the bi-temporal imagery. The results showed that approximately 36 hectares of land was eroded from the Erzeni River delta, around 33 hectares of new land was created south of the river mouth, and wetland area increased. Erosion was also indicated in Lalzi Bay and the southwestern part of Pali Cape. The study demonstrated that bi-temporal Landsat data can be used to detect coastal environmental changes over time.
This document provides information about conducting geological fieldwork, including necessary equipment, techniques, and documentation. It discusses field equipment such as hand lenses, compasses, GPS, and hammers. Measurement techniques like recording strike and dip are covered. Documentation methods like sketching observations, constructing graphic logs, and making geological maps are explained. The goal of fieldwork is to accurately observe and record geological features, structures, and samples to further scientific understanding.
Hyperspectral remote sensing uses narrow, contiguous bands across the electromagnetic spectrum to characterize vegetation. It is useful for studying species composition, crop/vegetation type, biophysical properties like leaf area index and biomass, biochemical properties like chlorophyll and moisture, and stress factors. Hyperspectral data comes from airborne, ground, and spaceborne sensors, with spaceborne providing global continuous coverage but at lower spatial resolution than airborne sensors. Hyperspectral data cubes contain hundreds of bands providing detailed spectral signatures to distinguish vegetation.
This document discusses remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about objects without direct contact, using electromagnetic radiation. It describes how remote sensing uses platforms like aircraft and satellites to collect passive and active sensor data. It provides examples of different sensor types, including photography, infrared, LIDAR, and multispectral scanning. It also discusses important remote sensing concepts like spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. Finally, it highlights how the SLOSH model uses remote sensing data to accurately predict hurricane storm surges and inundation areas.
This ppt is about the basic information about Remote Sensing and GIS and their Apps. in Environmental Management (Prepared by Mandeep Poonia at GJU S&T, Hisar (Haryana) ,India)
The document discusses improving life-cycle cost management of NASA's Discovery and New Frontiers spacecraft missions. It summarizes a study that identified several factors that contribute to cost overruns in these programs, including inadequate consideration of review findings, ineffective management structures, lack of integrated project schedules, insufficient project oversight, inexperienced project teams, inadequate mission replanning, unrealistic heritage and technology assumptions, and insufficient planning for operations and autonomy systems. The study provides recommendations to address these issues and better manage costs over the full mission life cycle.
1. Remote sensing involves obtaining information about an object or area through analysis of sensor data without physical contact. It has four basic components: an energy source, transmission path, target, and sensor.
2. The remote sensing process has seven elements: energy source, atmosphere, target interaction, sensor recording, transmission, interpretation, and application. Different sensors and techniques are used for passive and active remote sensing.
3. Remote sensing data can be used with GIS for applications like land use mapping, change detection, natural resource management, and hazard assessment. When combined with geospatial analysis and modeling capabilities, remote sensing and GIS are powerful tools for studying the coastal zone.
This document discusses using multi-sensor remote sensing to detect exposed and subsurface archaeological remains in eastern Crete. It summarizes how hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and lidar were used individually and together to map surface structures and detect anomalies underground that could indicate buried remains. While surface mapping was mostly successful, detecting subsurface remains proved more difficult, though thermal data showed the most promise. The study demonstrated the value of combining different sensor types to gain more archaeological information than from any single sensor alone.
Geological mapping in Exploration Geology( surface and subsurface)HARITHA ANIL KUMAR
Geological mapping involves creating maps and sections that visually represent spatial geological relationships and interpretations based on field observations. Maps are created at various scales appropriate for the level of detail needed, from regional-scale maps showing broad patterns to more detailed outcrop maps of mineral prospects. Field equipment used in mapping includes compasses, clinometers, altimeters, and plane tables. Geophysical methods and aerial/satellite imagery can provide additional subsurface and regional data to supplement field mapping. Drilling and geostatistical analysis of subsurface data are also used to construct contour maps depicting formations, structures, and thickness changes.
Geological mapping involves systematically observing and recording rock exposures and structural features in the field to produce maps that show the spatial distribution and relationships of rock units. The document discusses different types of geological maps including reconnaissance, regional, detailed, and specialized maps. It also describes common mapping techniques such as traversing, exposure mapping, drilling, underground mapping, and photo-geology. Field equipment used in mapping includes hammers, chisels, compasses, clinometers, tapes, and notebooks.
1. Satellite altimetry data from the Envisat satellite was reprocessed using advanced retracking techniques to improve measurements of coastal sea levels near Ilfracombe, UK.
2. Comparing the averaged satellite data to tide gauge measurements at Ilfracombe gave a root mean squared error of 1.16 meters.
3. While improved retracking allows satellite altimetry to measure sea levels closer to the coast, using data from a single satellite does not provide reliable measurements of instantaneous or annual mean sea levels when compared to long-term tide gauge records.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
The document summarizes two seminar presentations that used InSAR techniques to analyze land subsidence in Beijing, China and the Perth Basin in Australia. In Beijing, InSAR detected 790 mm of cumulative subsidence over 8 years, with rates comparable to GPS data. Subsidence correlated with over-exploitation of groundwater. In the Perth Basin, Sentinel-1A detected subsidence up to 15 mm/year over broad areas and 20 mm/year locally, agreeing with independent TerraSAR-X data and indicating seasonal groundwater impacts. Both studies demonstrated InSAR's ability to detect small subsidence magnitudes and would benefit from considering human impacts.
The document discusses using satellite data to detect oceanic fronts and how this data can be used. It describes techniques developed by PML to automatically detect fronts in satellite data. Front data shows strong seasonal variability and has been used to help define Marine Protected Areas. The techniques can also be applied to characterize potential sites for marine renewable energy installations to understand impacts on marine life.
WE4.L10.1: OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DATA IN 2010: CONNECTING GLOBAL AND LOCA...grssieee
This document provides a historical overview of remote sensing and the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) from the 1960s to 2010. It discusses the early development of remote sensing technologies and societies, experimental missions like Nimbus and Seasat in the 1970s, and the growth of IGARSS in the 1980s with the launch of new operational sensors. It describes how remote sensing took on new roles in the 1990s related to policy and global change. Finally, it outlines new directions for 2010 and beyond with increased citizen involvement through smartphones, web tools, and crowdsourcing of data.
The talk will be divided into two parts. The first one is about geospatial open data and several Copernicus services where those data can be downloaded. The second one is about Forest and Climate project, as an example of geospatial analysis. The aim of the project was to identify the most suitable area for afforestation in Serbia by using satellite and Earth observation data. The results can be found at https://sumeiklima.org/.
This document discusses various technologies used to study the ocean, including satellites, CTDs, buoys, drifters, and Niskin bottles. Satellites can measure sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, and wind patterns from space. CTDs measure conductivity, temperature, and depth to calculate salinity. Buoys collect data on weather, waves, and other variables. Drifters measure currents, temperature, and other properties as they float with ocean currents. Together, remote sensing technologies like satellites and in situ instruments provide complementary data to study the ocean.
BENTHIC DIVERSITY MAPPING AND ANALYSIS BASE ON REMOTE SENSING AND SEASCAPE EC...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that mapped benthic diversity at Parang Islands in Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia using remote sensing and landscape ecology approaches. High-resolution satellite imagery was classified to produce a map of 8 benthic classes with 83.7% accuracy. Spatial pattern analysis software calculated diversity metrics for 4 seascape regions, finding highest diversity in the south. The study demonstrates using remote sensing and landscape ecology to assess benthic ecosystem composition and diversity.
TH2.L10.5: OVERVIEW ON CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION ACTIVITIES FOR ESA’S SOIL M...grssieee
The document provides an overview of calibration and validation activities for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. It discusses the commissioning phase, data availability, calibration and validation plans involving expert support laboratories and national expert centers. Validation sites and field campaigns are also summarized.
Results of the EMODnet Sea-basin Checkpoints: geologyEMODnet
This presentation gives an overview of the results of the EMODnet Sea-basin Checkpoints (Arctic, Atlantic, Baltic, Black Sea, MedSea & North Sea) related to geology. The presentation was given by Nadia Pinardi, EMODnet Mediterranean Sea Checkpoint and associate tenure professor of Oceanography at Bologna University, at the EMODnet Sea-Basin Checkpoints Stakeholder Conference held on the 14-15 February 2017 in Brussels.
This document summarizes a study that characterized the over-sea mobile radio channel for wireless propagation above sea levels. Measurements were conducted over various sea environments in Greece to model the channel. Results showed mean excess delay and delay spread were generally below 0.5 microseconds for line-of-sight propagation but worsened rapidly when line-of-sight was lost. Large-scale path loss was modeled using a log-distance path loss model. Small-scale analysis focused on power delay profiles and statistical properties like mean excess delay and delay spread.
Multitemporal analysis Po river ProdeltaCiro Manzo
The document analyzes suspended sediments in the Po River prodelta using Landsat-8 imagery from 2013-2016. It finds that Landsat-8 data has the potential to observe turbidity patterns at sub-mesoscale spatial resolutions due to its 30m pixel size. Statistical analysis revealed spatial correlation between turbidity and hydrometeorological data like river discharge and wind speed. While the 7-9 day revisit time of Landsat-8 may not fully capture temporal variability, the analysis provided insight into geostatistical patterns and sensitive areas impacted by hydrodynamic forcings. The launch of Sentinel-2 satellites will improve temporal monitoring and observation of processes at different spatiotemporal scales.
Here's a glimpse of what our group has been working on this week. The video is part of our presentation, so there's no sound. But in short, we've been mapping out kelp growth around Catalina Island and analyzing threats to the kelp population. Special thanks to the USC Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies for all of the resources they provided us.
Spatial variability of nutrients (N, P) in a deep, temperate lake with a low trophic level supported by global navigation satellite systems, geographic information system and geostatistics
Presentation on Aerosols, cloud properties Esayas Meresa
This slide was prepared for the course Applications of GIS and RS for water resources in Mekelle University, Institute of Geo-information and earth observation Science(I-GEOS) by Mr. Esayas Meresa.
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataoilandgas24
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data in exploring the environmental stresses and deterioration in ras gharib area, gulf of suez, egypt
Mapping of the Groundwater Potential Zones Using Remote Sensing and Geograph...AzanAlsameey
Water is perhaps the most vital natural resource of any country. Economic activities, including industry and agriculture, require water. The health of the population is dependent upon an adequate and clean water supply. Problems of water supply, both in terms of quality and quantity, are experienced by many countries but felt especially in the developing world, where population pressure is greatest and the infrastructure is less well developed. Water is the most basic component of any urban, industrial or agricultural development project (Moussa 2007).
With the advent of remote sensing and computer technology in the geosciences, geological investigation and interpretation have entered a new era. Remote sensing technology is very efficient for collecting data. Computer technology, such as computerbased geographic information system (GIS), supplies a different method for data storage, integration, analysis, and display. The combination of remote sensing and GIS provides an optimum system for various geological investigations such as groundwater exploration (Chen 2001).
A paper describing a statistical workflow for modelling sediments grain size with respect to multispectral Multibeam Echosounder backscatter data. The paper has direct applications for seafloor environmental monitoring, policy and marine spatial planning.
Accurate and rapid big spatial data processing by scripting cartographic algo...Universität Salzburg
Accurate and rapid big spatial data processing by scripting cartographic algorithms: advanced seafloor mapping of the deep-sea trenches along the margins of the Pacific Ocean
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Universität Salzburg
Research focuses on monitoring landscapes downgrading in specific conditions of Arctic ecosystems with cold climate conditions (marshes, permafrost, high humidity and moisture). Specific case study: cryogenic landslides typical for cold environments with permafrost. Area: Yamal Peninsula. Aim: analysis of the environmental changes caused by cryogenic landslides in northern land- scapes affecting sensitive Arctic ecosystems. Thaw of the permafrost layer causes destruction of the ground soil layer and activates cryogenic landslide processes. After disaster, vegetation coverage needs a long time to recover, due to the sensitivity of the specific northern environment, and land cover types change. ILWIS GIS was used to process 2 satellite images Landsat TM taken at 1988 and 2011, to assess spatiotemporal changes in the land cover types. Research shown ILWIS GIS based spatial analysis for environmental mapping.
Bringing Geospatial Analysis to the Social Studies: an Assessment of the City...Universität Salzburg
Current poster presents an example of Landsat TM image processing using ENVI GIS. Research area: Taipei, Taiwan. Located on the north of the island, Taipei is Taiwan’s core urban, political and economic center; population >2.6 M continuing to expand affecting urban landscapes. Research aim: spatio- temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990- 2005) Research objective: application of GIS methodology and remote sens- ing data to spatial analysis for a case study of Taipei. Data: Landsat TM images taken from the USGS. Software: ENVI GIS. Workflow includes following steps: 1) Preliminary processing 2) Creation color composites 3) Classification using K-means algorithm 4) Mapping using classification results 5) Accuracy assessment. The preliminary data processing includes image contrast stretching, which is useful as by default, ENVI displays images with a 2\% linear contrast stretch. For better contrast the histogram equalization contrast stretch was applied to the image in order to enhance the visual quality. The analysis of landscape changes was performed by geospatial analysis. 2 satellite images Landsat TM were processed and classified using ENVI GIS. Result of classification: areas occupied by different land cover types were calculated and analyzed. It has been detected that different parts of the city of Taipei were developing with different rate and intensity. 3 different residential types of the city were recognized and mapped. The results demonstrated following outcomes: 1) intensive urban development of the city of Taipei; 2) decline of green areas and natural spaces and, on the contrary, increase in anthropogenic urban spaces; 3) not parallel urban development in different districts of the city of Taipei during the 15-year period of 1990-2005.
Detection of Vegetation Coverage in Urban Agglomeration of Brussels by NDVI I...Universität Salzburg
Detection of vegetation coverage in urban agglomeration of Brussels by NDVI indicator using eCognition software and remote sensing measurements Lemenkova Polina Introduction The study area encompasses selected regions of the Brussels municipality, Belgium. In the past years the city of Brussels is experiencing intensification of the density of building structures. Unlike in some other European cities, where the most evident problem is urbanization and expansion of the city margins to the suburbia, the urban structure Brussels is the intensification of the buildings density in the city centre and the existing dwelling districts. Thus, the city structure tends to become more intense and dense, due to the process of filling the empty spaces in the urban patterns and high level housing. Another example of urban processes in Brussels is reorganisation of the industrial areas. At the same time, monitoring vegetation areas is essential for environmental sustainability of the capital city. The lack of the green spaces may cause ecological instability and increase atmospheric pollution. For studies of the specific problems of the Brussels city the remote sensing data (raster image) was used together with NDVI function, in order to detect areas covered by city parks. Acknowledgement: Current work has been supported by Bourse d'excellence, Service de Bourse d' ́ etude, Wallonie-Bruxelles International for research stay of Polina Lemenkova at l'Université libre de Bruxelles.
Investigation of the Lake Victoria Region (Africa: Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda)Universität Salzburg
This poster is a student assignment for a course 'GISA 02 GIS: Geographical Information Systems - Advanced Course 0701', a part of the MSc studies. It presents an ArcGIS based spatial analysis of the Victoria Lake region including environmental, biological, social and economic characteristics of the region. The methodology includes data organizing and management in ArcGIS 9.3. Operations and technique: ArcGIS Spatial Analyst. Project architecture: ArcCatalog. Spatial referencing and re-projection: ArcToolbox. Data include DEMs: elevations (USGS). 2 tiles of the USGS DEM, Land cover data (raster), Population data: UNEP, ArcGIS vector.shp files of administrative boundaries fof Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya. Data preprocessing include following data preparation. Initial vector data: UNEP .shp. Spatial reference properties: Africa Albers Equal Area Conic projection, standard parallels 20 and -23, central meridian 25 and Datum WGS-84, Projection GEOGRAPHIC, Spheroid CLARKE1866. Data conversion from ASCII text data format to raster using ArcToolbox / Conversion Tools / ASCII to Raster (Climate precipitation data). Data were projected, processed and several layer formatting and overlays were created. Mapping was created using ArcMap. Victoria Lake has unique environment, important role in the economy of countries supporting 25 M people through fish catchment reaching up to 90-270$ per capita per annum. Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda control 6%, 49% and 45% of the lake surface. Lake catchment provides livelihood of 1/3 of the population of 3 countries with agricultural economy supported by fishing and agriculture (tea and coffee plantations).
Interpretation of Landscape Values, Typology and Quality Using Methods of Spa...Universität Salzburg
The main result of this work consists in determined ecological significant areas of habitats that are under protection´s system of Natura 2000 Sites. The patches quantification of habitats is the partial result that influences process of determination of ecological significance. The interpretative process examines land cover patches by the set of landscape metrics for the area, size, density and shape (NP, PD, MPS, PSSD and MSI). The output values could express a spatial processes in the landscape, such as perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage or attrition. The final ecological significance of the study area-Sitno Natura 2000 site-is at degree 3, what means that the area is represented by moderately significant land cover patches-habitats. It indicates the same value as the one at the initial level. According to the value of the ecological significance, the study area has been diversified into three zones, where each one indicates specific level of conservation. The zones and the final degree of the ecological significance of habitats are retroactively compared to historical and cultural human development that started in this area as early as in 1st century BC. Theoretically, such a long period of intense human impacts on the local environment should completely destroy natural environment. Nevertheless, this area demonstrates rather good natural ecosystems conditions and well functioning ecological processes within the habitats. The human impact is now observed only in small range of size not more than 1,50% from total area of Sitno Natura 2000 Site. It can be explained, first, by low population density within the study area comparing to other EU areas, secondly, by accurate usage of the living area by the local population in general, and thirdly, by high resilience of the elements of landscapes towards any human impacts.
Mapping Land Cover Changes Using Landsat TM: a Case Study of Yamal Ecosystems...Universität Salzburg
This poster presents image processing by ILWIS GIS. It demonstrates changes in land cover types in tundra landscapes (Yamal) since 1988 to 2011. The research method is supervised classification (Minimal Distance) of the Landsat TM scenes. The new approach of the current work is application of ILWIS GIS and RS tools for Arctic, Bovanenkovo region. The poster demonstrates techniques of the remote sensing data processing by ILWIS GIS.
Economic assessment of landslide risk for the Waidhofen a.d. Ybbs region, Alp...Universität Salzburg
The research focuses on the monetary estimation of the possible losses caused by landslides. Estimation of the economic damages is performed using existing simplified methodologies. Calculations were based on real estate and market price of the elements at risk. While assessing potential damage of landslides confusion arises due to these factors. 1. First, the temporal probability of the landslides occurrence is highly difficult to assess: it can only be estimated based on the reliable and obtainable data. This includes historical data continuously reporting the occurrence of the landslides. 2. Secondly, difficulties arise by estimation of the indirect losses and partially damaged objects. The amount of the damages can be assessed based on elements vulnerability, which is very uncertain to estimate exactly. Thus, the vulnerability may differ depending on object location, individual characteristics and external factors. 3. The term “landslide” is not differentiated between debris flows and shallow or rotational landslides. This is an important source for uncertainty, as movement characteristics of these landslides are different. 4. Confusing over different method approaches in the risk assessment may generate various results: difference in magnitude and occurrence of landslides, risk perception and vulnerability assessment. The estimation of landslide risk should be based on complex investigations. The data about landslide probability should be gained from monitoring programmes. The elements at risk are defined based on spatial analysis and infrastructure inventory. The vulnerability estimation should include census data and social questionnaire. The real-life situations may vary depending on the exact price of the individual object.
Current poster presents a student assignment for the CHRIS/PROBA image processing by ENVI GIS. Study Area: Thorney Island, Chichester harbour (UK): unique wetland environment, a place for rare bird colonies. Quality of CHRIS images is affected by two types of noises: vertical noise (vertical stripes; can be corrected by comparing values of neighbouring pixels) and horizontal noise (easy to detect and correct using the horizontal profile of each file. Correction of noises can be made through DIELMO 3D Methodology. PROBA (Project for On-Board Autonomy) and CHRIS (Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) image was taken with characteristics: 18 bands, 07/10/2004, 17m ground resolution. To obtain a good-quality natural-coloured image of wetlands a need: nadir-taken colour CHRIS image with bands combination of corresponding spectral channels was selected and processed. Comparing images taken at +55° dgr (47A2_41) and nadir images (479F_41) right Images taken at the nadir are of good quality, while those at different angles have defects: Images taken at +36° dgr (47A0_41), left and nadir images (479F_41) right. Images taken at +36° and-36° (CHRIS 47A0_41 and CHRIS 47A1_41) both have inverted direction. Several bands were tried, processed and visualized. Spectral bands assessed and visually compared. This is a student poster as a part of MSc studies, University of Southampton.
Current poster presents a student assignment on Course: 'GEOG6038 Calibration and Validation of Earth Observation Data'. Study aim is image classification using ENVI GIS and remote sensing data aimed at national park area classification. Study area is Páramo National Park in Ecuador is known for its unique natural resources in high altitude grasslands. The ecosystems of Páramo consist mostly of rare species and are the key protected area for exceptionally high endemism. ENVI software enablesd to make an analysis of the area in 9 (nine) working steps and to produce a map based on 2 criteria: vegetation amount and altitude. Methodology includes following steps: 1) True-colour composite of the ETM+ image, bands 3,2,1; 2) Image contrast enhancement (Enhance-Gaussian); 3) SRTM-Data Upload to derive elevation model; 4) 3D surface visualization; 5) Calculating Greenness Index; 6) Creation Vegetation Layer ROI; 7) Creating Altitude Layer Zones by “Intersect Regions” for each pair of ROIs. Final altitude zones are: Lowland Vegetation (1-2500m), Subparamo Vegetation (2501-3500), Paramo Vegetation (3501-4100) and Superparamo Vegetation (4101 – 5000). These zones are shown on the map in different colors (yellow, beige, two greens) ; 8) Mapping and Design; 9) 3D-Mapping and DEM. The research was done as part of MSc studies at the University of Southampton, UK, autumn 2009.
Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, GreeceUniversität Salzburg
This document summarizes a presentation on mapping seagrass along the coast of Crete, Greece using remote sensing techniques. The study focused on Posidonia oceanica, an endemic seagrass species in the Mediterranean. The goals were to analyze the optical properties of P. oceanica and other seabed cover types using modeling software, and to map the distribution of P. oceanica in northern Crete using in situ data, aerial images, and image classification. Specific objectives included studying the spectral reflectance of different cover types, collecting underwater imagery of P. oceanica meadows, applying remote sensing data for monitoring distribution, and classifying images to map P. oceanica. Key research questions asked about the spectral distinguish
Why Should We Stand for Geothermal Energy ? Example of the Negative Impacts o...Universität Salzburg
Geothermal energy is a clean, environmentally friendly, renewable resource that provides energy around the world. Heat flowing constantly from the interior of the Earth ensure to be an inexhaustible supply of energy. However, existing traditional sources of energy, such as oil and gas are still popular nowadays. Current paper gives an example of environmentally danger of these sources of energy. The given example of oil and gas operations within the shelf and the coast of the Barents Sea and Pechora Sea causes contamination of waters by phenol and its accumulation in the bottom sediments and life tissues of the marine habitants. At the same time, ecosystems of the south-eastern part of the Barents Sea and Pechora Sea are characterized by their high biodiversity and high level of primary production. The last one is the fundamental biological characteristics for the marine ecosystems meaning the formation of the organic substance in the water by the chlorophyll-contains organisms: phytoplankton. The primary production plays an exceptional role in the functionality of the marine ecosystem's components. Therefore, presentation gives some brief ideas on the importance of the 'green', eco-friendly sources of energy and a need for the constant development in the environmental protection of our planet. The presentation was given at the International Conference 'Geoenergy' in Grozny (Chechnya), Russia, 19 June 2015.
This presentation introduces research on using geoinformation technologies for education at universities. A case study is ArcGIS 9.1. Specifically, it presents a methodology of effective teaching of a group of students based on ArcGIS. Several ArcGIS modules are presented and their functionality reviewed and highlighted: ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, ArcScene, ModelBuilder, ArcMap, ArcCatalog. Technical questions of how to better explain students data processing, data converting and modelling using ArcGIS are discussed and better pedagogical solutions are proposed. The presentation also briefly reviews the advantages of using ArcGIS by different groups of students studying at various specializations: geomorphology, cadaster, hydrology, economic geography. In this way it is stressed that using a highly functional GIS software such as ArcGIS should be learned not only by cartographers but also to wider audience of students. Presented at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Educational Studies as a graduation works for additional qualification 'University Teacher', Moscow, Russia, 2007. The presentation is given in Russian language with a TOC summary in English.
How could obligation chain be structured along cross-border gas supply for...Universität Salzburg
Research points: to measure components and linkages of legal obligations undertaken by the actors involving cross-border gas supply chain; to investigate possibility to establish a legal structure for promoting security of gas supply chain; to examine consequences of gas supply chain for government and companies; to analyze legal structures (international-domestic-contract law): entitlement vs. state responsibility as requirements for functioning/enforcing obligation chain.
The seminar presentation demonstrates research on land cover analysis in western Estonia. Study area is Pärnu region located on the western part of the country, along the coasts of Baltic Sea. The region is a valuable environmental part and a unique recreational area of Estonia. The presentation consists of two parts. The fist part presents technical workflow of the image processing by means of GIS and Lansat TM satellite imagery. Methodology is base don Arc GIS 10.0 and IDRISI GIS Andes 15.0 for image processing. The aim is to detect land cover changes using image classification by 'ISOCLUST'. Raster images processing and classification was applied for Landsat TM two images. The ISOCLUST is an unsupervised classification method in IDRISI GIS. It performs image processing workflow in semi-automatically regime. Results include 16 land cover types typical for the study area classified and visualized on the images. In 2006 the urban area became larger than in 1992 (land cover class "3" on the histogram. This can be explained by various reasons. Changes in land cover types in selected Estonian landscapes are shown on the statistical histograms on 1992 and 2006. The second part presents social analysis of the current development of tourism and recreation on Baltic Sea coasts with discussion of new directions and perspectives. Notable natural settings include mild marine climate condition and precious coniferous forests. Presentation briefly discusses historical development of the tourism in the country and gives directions on its modern development caused by active socio-economic changes since 1990s. The research is methodologically based on the author's fieldwork in the study area, literature review and analysis of the statistical graphs of the socio-economic data. The study presents photos of the Estonian landscapes.
Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Tai...Universität Salzburg
Current presentation summarizes spatial analysis studies of Taipei urban growth using ENVI GIS based image classification. The presentation consists in two parts. The first part describes the city, urban and social settings and gives a brie history of the development in 20th century. The second part is focused don the GIS based technical description of the algorithms of image analysis: classification of the multi-temporal Landsat TM series of the selected stud area of Taipei, Taiwan. Methodology aims at spatio-temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990-2005). Research objective: application of geoinformatic tools, remote sensing data and application of methodology to spatial analysis for urban studies, a case study of Taipei. Current presentation consists in 2 parts: 1) Overview of the environmental research problem, urbanization and characteristics of Taipei. Consequences of urban sprawl for the global cities, such as Taipei; 2) Detailed technical description of the GIS part: remote sensing data capture, pre-processing, algorithm processing, image classification and spatial analysis. The spatial analysis performed by means of GIS ENVI enabled to use satellite images for social and urban studies. The spatio-temporal analysis was applied to Landsat TM images taken at 1990 and 2005. Built-in functions of the mathematical algorithms (K-means) enabled to process raster Landsat TM images and to derive information from them.
Rural Sustainability and Management of Natural Resources in Tian Shan Region,...Universität Salzburg
Current presentation introduces an analysis of the land use and current environmental situation of the Tian Shan region. Tian Shan (the ’Celestial Mountains’) is the largest high mountain systems (800,000 km2) in the World. geopolitically, Tian Shan is located in the heart of Central Asia. It crosses five densely populated countries: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Tian Shan regions has unique ecosystems, Shrenk mountain forests and endemic species. Tian Shan is composed by large, isolated mountains, surrounded by the Tarim desert basin of north-western China, Lake Issyk Kul and deserts of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Tian Shan region is outstanding for the richness of natural resources, landscapes and ecosystems. Rare species: ca 70\% of species (both animal and plants) have specific south Asian distribution, typical for steppe and desert ecosystems. The ecosystems include numerous protected and rare species (over 4000 wild species), relicts and endemics, unique coniferous forests, rich biodiversity. The slopes of the Tian Shan mountains at altitudes 2000 to 3000m are mostly covered by precious coniferous forests of Schrenk’s Spruce (Picea schrenkiana), recorded in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. At the same time, the region has environmental problems such as overgrazing, deforestation, decreased species composition, soil depletion and erosion, desertification and land degradation. Current presentation demonstrates and discusses these problems.
Mapping Agricultural Lands by Means of GIS for Monitoring Use of Natural Reso...Universität Salzburg
The presentation demonstrates a technical case study of the image processing by ILWIS GIS. Study area is located in the southwestern, agricultural part of Hungary (Mecsek Hills foothill area). The landscapes of the Mecsek region represent a unique part of the Hungarian environment belonging to the Carpathian basin. However, changes in the land cover types were detected recently caused by various environmental reasons. Study aim was to compare changes in the land cover types and landscape dynamics. 3 Landsat TM images have a temporary gap of 14 years (1992-2006). The gap aimed to assess vegetation changes in the summer months (June). The study includes following methodological steps: 1) Data collection: 3 Landsat TM images; 2) Data import and conversion. 3) Data preprocessing: scenes of 1992, 1999 and 2006. 4) Making color composites from 3 Landsat TM spectral channels (multi-band layers). 5) Image segmentation and classification (clustering). 6) GIS mapping and spatial analysis. 7) Google Earth snapshot verification. 8) Results interpretation. Results analysis shown changes in the selected area detected by ILWIS GIS image classification.
Data Sharing, Distribution and Updating Using Social Coding Community Github ...Universität Salzburg
This document provides a summary of a presentation about using GitHub and LATEX for graduate research projects. It discusses the benefits of GitHub for collaborative work and version control. It also highlights some advantages of LATEX over traditional text editors for writing theses. The presentation includes steps for creating a personal GitHub repository and maintaining a project. It provides an example of using GitHub and LATEX for an MSc thesis on seagrass mapping. Overall, the presentation aims to demonstrate how these tools can facilitate writing, editing, and managing research projects in an academic setting.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece. Mid-Term Presentation of the MSc Thesis.
1. Seagrass mapping and monitoring
along the coast of Crete, Greece
Mid-Term MSc Thesis Presentation
University of Twente, Faculty of Earth Observation and Geoinformation (ITC)
CO9 - GEM - MSc - 09. Supervisors: V. Venus, B. Toxopeus
Enschede, Netherlands. November 16, 2010
Polina Lemenkova
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 1 / 46
2. Table of Contents
1. Research Problem
Seagrass: Facts
Fieldwork Area
2. Research Objectives
General Objectives
Specific Objectives
Research Scheme
Research Questions
Research Goals
Hypothesis Testing
3. Data
Data Sources
Data Types
Data Collection
4. Fieldwork
Fieldwork: Ligaria Beach
Study Area: Map
Sampling Design
Olympus ST 8000
Videographic Measurements
Underwater Measurements (1)
Underwater Measurements (2)
Devices
Seafloor Types
Upscaling
5. Methods
WASI
Color Discrimination
6. Data Analysis
Graphics
Bottom Reflectance
7. Image Processing
Landsat TM
Erdas Imagine
Unsupervised Classification
Maximal Likelihood (1)
Maximal Likelihood (2)
Supervised Classification (3)
Python Script
Image Grabbing
Google Earth
Image Overlay
8. Limitations
Uncertainties
Resolution
9. Significance and Justification
10. Expected Results
11. Acknowledgements
12. Bibliography
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 2 / 46
3. Research Problem
Research problem focuses on studying dynamics of spatial distribution of the
seagrass meadows with a case study of P. oceanica, using aerial and satellite
imagery over the 10-years period. Characteristics of the spectral reflectance of
seagrass enables its discrimination from other seafloor types. Raster images
processing using RS methods is suitable for seagrass mapping. Current MSc
research is based on various sources of data: fieldwork in-situ measurements,
satellite imagery, aerial imagery and GIS layers (maps of Crete). Technically,
research is based on using GIS and RS methods: ENVI and ArcGIS software.
Fig. 1. Crete Island: general overview
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 3 / 46
4. Seagrass: Facts
The most important facts about seagrass:
The endemic Mediterranean seagrass, P. oceanica is a main species
in marine coastal environment of Greece:
the largest
the most widespread
homogeneous
dense “mattes” forming meadows between 5-40 m
.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 4 / 46
5. Fieldwork Area: Overview
Seagrass sampling has been performed at two stations at a depth of 4 meters, in
the following selected areas:
1. Ligaria beach (Agia Pelagia district), 36◦
20’N 22◦
59’E
2. Xerokampos, 35◦
12’N 26◦
18’E
Heraklion Bay: satellite imagery of the study area. Study area: locations of
measurements. Source: Google Earth.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 5 / 46
6. General Objectives
The general research objectives of the MSc research includes GIS
and environmental analysis:
Mapping the extent of the spatial distribution of seagrass P.
oceanica along the northern coast of Crete
Monitoring environmental changes in seagrass meadows in the
selected fieldwork sites (Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos) over the
10-year period (2000-2010)
The research is based on three types of the data:
1. satellite
2. aerial images
3. fieldwork measurements
using methods of the remote sensing and GIS analysis.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 6 / 46
7. Specific Objectives
Technical objectives include the following points:
To apply aerial images from the Google Earth as well as
broadband remote sensing imagery Landsat TM , MSS, ETM+,
Ikonos, SPOT images for the seagrass monitoring along the
Cretan coasts.
To use supervised classification for the thematic mapping of the
seagrass distribution
Assessment of accuracy of seagrass mapping using GIS & RS
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 7 / 46
9. Research Questions
Mapping of spatial distribution of the seagrass using broadband RS
data:
to study properties of spectral ref lectance P.oceanica and
detect exact areas of its location along the Cretan coast
to detect dynamic in changes of P.oceanica seagrass
distribution along Crete during the past 10 years using series of
Landsat TM, MSS satellite images for 2000-2010
to study the heterogeneity of the seafloor
is there any difference between the spectral ref lectance in
diverse species of seagrasses (P.oceanica, Zostera, Cymodecea,
Halophila, Ruppia, etc)?
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 9 / 46
10. Research Goals
Underwater videometric measurements (UVM) for the up-scaling
mapping of meadows and mattes
mapping P.oceanica at different scales:
small-scaled mapping (ca 1: 30 000) of seagrass meadows,
based on satellite imagery and aerial photographs
large-scaled mattes mapping (ca 1: 1 000 or 1: 2 000) of
seagrass mattes, based on the UVM (more detailed)
using the RS UVM for the mapping of P.oceanica on the
mattes scale level and compare the results of the images
classifications on the meadows scale level
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 10 / 46
11. Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis
A statistical testing is to compare spectral responses of different seagrass types, if they
are spectrally distinct and at least one pair is statistically different at every spectral
band. Hypothesis Ho: seagrass aquatic vegetation types are not spectrally distinct,
which means Ho: µ1 = µ2 = µ3... == µn. The alternative Hypothesis Ha claims the
opposite statement: seagrass aquatic vegetation types are spectrally distinct, Ho:
µ1 = µ2 = µ3... == µn
ANOVA
Another research question is to find out, whether there are changes in spatial distribution
of the seagrass. Hypothesis Ho: there are no changes between its spatial distributions.
Hypothesis Ha: the areas have reduced their area, i.e. how has seagrass distribution
changed during the research period of 10 years? The hypothesis testing is done by
ANOVA statistical test. The purpose of ANOVA is to visualize spectral differences
between the seagrass species and their spatial distribution. The key hypotheses to prove
whether the results are correct. The distribution of the spectral responses at every
spectral band is assumed to be normal and equality of the statistical variances.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 11 / 46
12. Data Sources
Data sources: primary and secondary. The research is based on the following
data sources: Primary source – data collected during the fieldwork :
Underwater videometric measurements of the Olympus cameras made
during the ship route: 9 total routes in the selected areas of the research
places, resulting in series of consequent images, completely covering the
area under the boat path.
Underwater imagery received by the Olympus cameras
Secondary – source data:
1. Imagery. Aerial imagery from the Google Earth Satellite images from the
open sources (mostly Landsat)
2. Maps. Detailed road map covering Crete island Raster map consisted of
satellite images (mosaic), whole Crete Topographic detailed map of Crete
island
3. Results of measurements. Data of the previous measurements received
during the last year fieldwork, to analyse whether P.Oceanica is spectrally
distinct from other sea floor types, using the differences in the spectral
signatures on the graphs in a WASI, the Water Colour Simulator software.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 12 / 46
13. Data Types
Data types:
1. Satellite images from the open sources (Landsat TM)
2. Aerial images, Google Earth
3. In-situ observations of the seagrass in selected spots for the validation of
the results, using measurement frame and underwater videographic
measurements of 3 cameras Olympus ST 8000 made during the boat route
(9 total in the selected areas of the research places) resulting in series of
consequent images, completely covering the area under the boat path
4. Arc GIS vector layers of Crete island and surroundings (.shp files)
5. Georeferenced raster maps covering the whole area of Crete island: road
map, mosaic of satellite images and topographic map
6. Data of the previous measurements received during the last year fieldwork,
to analyse whether P.Oceanica is spectrally distinct from other sea floor
types, using the differences in the spectral signatures on the graphs in a
WASI, the Water Colour Simulator software.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 13 / 46
14. Data Collection
Overview of the data collected during the fieldwork. Data types:
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 14 / 46
15. Fieldwork: Ligaria Beach
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 15 / 46
16. Study Area: Map
Map of the locations of the video measurements and GPS tracklogs, Ligaria
Locations of measurements
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 16 / 46
18. Olympus ST 8000
Footage
The series of images of the underwater
videographic measurements for further
analysis and classification according to
differences in the structure, colour, texture
and shapes of the depicted objects, in order
to receive information about the seafloor
cover types.
Measurements
Several boat routes, in a direction parallel
to the coast with videometric measurements
and photographs taken along the path.
Spot measurements in the selected
locations: frame, data on density, amount of
leaves per shoot and other health indicators.
Olympus ST 8000 camera. Source: Google
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 18 / 46
19. Videographic Measurements
The transect sampling method. Advantages:
Simplicity, objectivity and ease of comparison
Boat path covers the research area in most
complete way
Several (5-7) routes of the boat in each
sampling site perpendicular to the coast line,
150-200 m long each
1-2 routes parallel the coastline
9 measurements total
Underwater video cameras:
the underwater videographic measurements of
the seafloor.
a series of consequent overlapping images of
the seafloor under the boat path.
Adjustment of three cameras for the measurements
of depths. Source: courtesy of V. Venus.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 19 / 46
20. Underwater Measurements (1)
Examples of the underwater measurements:
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 20 / 46
21. Underwater Measurements (2)
Examples of the results of the underwater measurements.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 21 / 46
22. Devices
Measurement devices. Some examples of the results of the
underwater measurements (continue).
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 22 / 46
23. Seafloor Types
Selected snapshots of the video recordings: different seafloor types, Ligaria beach, Crete
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 23 / 46
24. Upscaling
Up-scaling: matte vs meadows
Seagrass meadows (left) and seagrass mattes (right)
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 24 / 46
25. WASI
WASI: RS reflectance; concentration of
phytoplankton at depths 0.5 - 8.0 m.
WASI (Water Color Simulator) software.
WASI is used to simulate changes in water
color, caused by presence of P. oceanica and
other factors.
WASI helps to perform color discrimination
and spectral reflectance of water under
various environmental conditions which
influence its color, namely :
Different bottom depths,
Concentration of suspended particles
in water column
Water temperature,
Sun angle
Concentration of Gelbstoff (colored
dissolved organic matter)
Concentration of phytoplankton
Aerosol scattering
Exponent of backscattering by small
particles
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 25 / 46
26. Color Discrimination
WASI water colour simulator; Concentration
of Gelbstoff at depths 0.5 - 8.0 m.
WASI water colour simulator software -
II From all different parameters for the
simulation of the P.oceanica spectrum,
the most valuable and important are the
following three:
bottom depths,
sun angle at zenith
concentration of Gelbstoff
(coloured dissolved organic
matter)
The concentration of Gelbstoff is a
primary factor affecting the absorption
on incident sunlight in coastal and
estuarine waters. Changes in these
parameters affects the accuracy of the
seagrass mapping.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 26 / 46
27. Graphics
Plots of bottom reflectance (right) and remote sensing reflectance (left).
The calculations are done for the spectrum 400-800 nm, covering the most important
part of the RS spectrum:
1. Blue-green 0.45 - 0.5µm
2. Green 0.5 - 0.6µm
3. Red 0.6 - 0.7 µm
4. Red-NIR 0.7 - 0.8µm
Remote sensing reflectance, depth 0.5-8.0 m. Bottom reflectance depth 0.5-8.0 m
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 27 / 46
28. Bottom Reflectance
Bottom reflectance of P.oceanica
WASI models of bottom reflectance are used to
calculate reflectance and radiance spectra in shallow
waters.
Data of reflectance of P.oceanica, silt and green algae
macrophyte, are read from the specific file (bottom.r)
of the WASI documentation
Data of reflectance of P.oceanica, silt and green algae
macrophyte, are read from the specific file (bottom.r)
of the WASI documentation
RS of seagrass underwater measurement at various
depths measured by a remote operated vehicle (ROV),
equipped with a SPECTRIX sensors.
Figure: Bottom reflectance of P.oceanica, 550 nm;
depth 0.5-8.0 m (upper). Figure taken from: Farmer
(2005). Bottom Albedo Derivations Using
Hyperspectral Spectrometry and Multispectral Video
(lower)
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 28 / 46
30. Landsat TM
Previews of the selected Landsat satellite images: Crete Island
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 30 / 46
31. Erdas Imagine
Supervised classification in Erdas Imagine. Areas of seagrass mattes within the image,
various in colour and form of mattes were classified as types of the seagrass (below,
screenshot of the classification of areas): Example of Bali area, northern Crete
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 31 / 46
32. Unsupervised Classification
Unsupervised classification, Agia Pelagia. Raster layer read into the ArcGIS project
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 32 / 46
33. Maximal Likelihood (1)
Results of the Supervised Classification (Maximal Likelihood, Erdas Imagine)
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 33 / 46
34. Maximal Likelihood (2)
Results of the Supervised Classification (Maximal Likelihood, Erdas Imagine)
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 34 / 46
36. Python Script
Google Earth images grabbing and
stitching - I.
The aerial imagery has been
downloaded using Python
scrip from the Google Earth
using script visualized left
(written on Python by Mr.
W. Nieuwenhuis).
The script file gdal merg.py
tool was used to stitch the
tiles into one big image.
Example of Google grabbing
process.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 36 / 46
37. Image Grabbing
Google Earth images grabbing and stitching - II. After downloading, the size of the
images was reduced, converted from .tif to .ecw format, using following script command
of FWTools2.4.7 (example):
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 37 / 46
38. Google Earth
Google Earth images grabbing and stitching - III. Images downloaded from Google Earth
using grabbing process (Crete, different areas):
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 38 / 46
39. Image Overlay
Google Earth images of the northern coast of Crete Island integrated
into the ArcGIS as layers. Google images read into GIS project.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 39 / 46
40. Uncertainties
Limitations of seagrass mapping - I. Seagrass mapping has certain difficulties and some
limitations:
Uncertainties of the spectral signature of the seagrass
Uncertainties during the classification process: noises, errors, misclassified pixels
Technical difficulties of underwater measurements comparing to terrain areas
Availability of necessary data, including up-to-date imagery
Uncertainties & errors can be caused by techniques used in data capture
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 40 / 46
41. Resolution
Limitations of seagrass mapping - II.
Bad resolution
Different reflectance of the seagrasses due to
the form, position and health of separate
leaves
Spots & noises on the images
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 41 / 46
42. Significance and Justification
Precise, correct and up-to-date information about the seagrass
distribution over the coasts is necessary for the sustainable
conservation of marine environment. Accurate mapping of the
seagrasses meadows enables
evaluating current distribution of the seagrass
analysis of the effects of environmental settings and geographic
locations on the seagrass distribution
analysis of its dynamics and changes over time
estimations of the degree of the deterioration aimed at coastal
management
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 42 / 46
43. Expected Results
The research work is expected to have following results :
Over the northern coasts of Crete: thematic maps showing
seafloor types and seagrass P.oceanica spatial distribution along
the coasts of Crete
Within the fieldwork locations, Ligaria beach: monitoring the
environmental changes, based on the classification of the
satellite and aerial imagery and fieldwork video camera footage
Within the fieldwork locations : maps of the sea floor cover
types, based on the fieldwork measurements and UVM
Results of the WASI spectral analysis illustrating graphs of the
spectral reflectance of different sea floor types (sand,
P.oceanica, rocky, etc) at various depths (0.5-4 m), based on
the results of 20.
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 43 / 46
44. Thanks
Thank you for attention !
Acknowledgement:
Current research has been funded by the
Erasmus Mundus Scholarship
Grant No. GEM-L0022/2009/EW,
for author’s MSc studies (09/2009 - 03/2011).
Polina Lemenkova Mid-Term Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece 11/2010 44 / 46
45. Bibliography I
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