Current presentation summarizes spatial analysis studies of Taipei urban growth using ENVI GIS based image classification. The presentation consists in two parts. The first part describes the city, urban and social settings and gives a brie history of the development in 20th century. The second part is focused don the GIS based technical description of the algorithms of image analysis: classification of the multi-temporal Landsat TM series of the selected stud area of Taipei, Taiwan. Methodology aims at spatio-temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990-2005). Research objective: application of geoinformatic tools, remote sensing data and application of methodology to spatial analysis for urban studies, a case study of Taipei. Current presentation consists in 2 parts: 1) Overview of the environmental research problem, urbanization and characteristics of Taipei. Consequences of urban sprawl for the global cities, such as Taipei; 2) Detailed technical description of the GIS part: remote sensing data capture, pre-processing, algorithm processing, image classification and spatial analysis. The spatial analysis performed by means of GIS ENVI enabled to use satellite images for social and urban studies. The spatio-temporal analysis was applied to Landsat TM images taken at 1990 and 2005. Built-in functions of the mathematical algorithms (K-means) enabled to process raster Landsat TM images and to derive information from them.
Understanding Spatiotemporal Forms, Triggers and Consequences of Urban Dynami...Universität Salzburg
Current research is focused on analysis of the urban dynamics in Taipei urban landscapes, Taiwan. It describes recent trends and directions in the urban city sprawl, urban growth and city sprawl affects ecosystems. Consequences of human impacts include various factors among others: landscape degradation, changes in land cover and land use types, decrease in biodiversity richness within the city, deforestation, urbanization, and wetlands destruction, decrease in species, losses of rare and extinct species. The research discussed land cover/use problem in the rapidly development city. Because of the concentrated population density and environmental pressure within the limited geographic space and resources, the city of Taipei deals with specific urban environmental problems.
Implications of Present Land Use Plan on Urban Growth and Environmental Susta...Agboola Paul
Land use, urban development, and environmental sustainability have become an interesting research arena as urban development would change the city landscape as well as generate environmental degradation. This paper looks at the missing link between land use planning and urban growth, and its implications for environmental sustainability in a selected sub-Saharan Africa city of Kaduna, Nigeria. We assessed urban growth from historical GIS data of the city to evaluate the urban expansion. At the same time, regression analysis was used to established relationship between carbon emission and traffic volume in the city.
TS2-5: Jie Jiang from Japan Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyJawad Haqbeen
Session Chair: Kyota Hashimoto
Session Theme: Online Discussion and Cooperation
Session Number: 2
Paper No: 6
Session and Talk No: TS2-5
Type: Full
Co-authors: Jie Jiang, Nagai Yukari, Yuizono Takaya and Yang Yu
Title: Research on New Quantitative Methods to Understand the Vitality of Urban Public Space
Urban planning processes in lagos executive summaryIsmaila Aro
The publication is the result of a year long research process led by Fabulous Urban, Zurich, with local experts and final year students’ examining the relation between urban policies, urban interventions, the role of governance and the different actors in Lagos. The publication looks at four case studies with detailed overviews, graphics and analysis demonstrating that strategic adjustments in the overall politics and policies guiding the urban development of Lagos are needed to reach out to all Lagos residents who is at the center of the urban and economic development
Understanding Spatiotemporal Forms, Triggers and Consequences of Urban Dynami...Universität Salzburg
Current research is focused on analysis of the urban dynamics in Taipei urban landscapes, Taiwan. It describes recent trends and directions in the urban city sprawl, urban growth and city sprawl affects ecosystems. Consequences of human impacts include various factors among others: landscape degradation, changes in land cover and land use types, decrease in biodiversity richness within the city, deforestation, urbanization, and wetlands destruction, decrease in species, losses of rare and extinct species. The research discussed land cover/use problem in the rapidly development city. Because of the concentrated population density and environmental pressure within the limited geographic space and resources, the city of Taipei deals with specific urban environmental problems.
Implications of Present Land Use Plan on Urban Growth and Environmental Susta...Agboola Paul
Land use, urban development, and environmental sustainability have become an interesting research arena as urban development would change the city landscape as well as generate environmental degradation. This paper looks at the missing link between land use planning and urban growth, and its implications for environmental sustainability in a selected sub-Saharan Africa city of Kaduna, Nigeria. We assessed urban growth from historical GIS data of the city to evaluate the urban expansion. At the same time, regression analysis was used to established relationship between carbon emission and traffic volume in the city.
TS2-5: Jie Jiang from Japan Advanced Institute of Science and TechnologyJawad Haqbeen
Session Chair: Kyota Hashimoto
Session Theme: Online Discussion and Cooperation
Session Number: 2
Paper No: 6
Session and Talk No: TS2-5
Type: Full
Co-authors: Jie Jiang, Nagai Yukari, Yuizono Takaya and Yang Yu
Title: Research on New Quantitative Methods to Understand the Vitality of Urban Public Space
Urban planning processes in lagos executive summaryIsmaila Aro
The publication is the result of a year long research process led by Fabulous Urban, Zurich, with local experts and final year students’ examining the relation between urban policies, urban interventions, the role of governance and the different actors in Lagos. The publication looks at four case studies with detailed overviews, graphics and analysis demonstrating that strategic adjustments in the overall politics and policies guiding the urban development of Lagos are needed to reach out to all Lagos residents who is at the center of the urban and economic development
Land use planning: Panacea a Sustainable Lagos MegacitySamuel Dekolo
There is a trajectory between land use planning and sustainable development. Both concepts tend to deliberately use available societal resources in a rational way in order to meet future desired needs and aspirations. However, the lack of land use planning of megacities in developing countries has brought about various environmental and economic consequences which cannot be overlooked. The sprawling nature of the Lagos megacity is very alarming and to achieve sustainability, there is need to strike a balance between the spatial needs for human activities and available land through sustainable land use planning which is constant. This paper examines the theoretical underpinnings of land use planning, which seems to be dislocated from existing planning practice and emphasize the need for a holistic approach which transcends the traditional land use planning in order to achieve sustainable development.
Dimension of Land Use Conversion in Ado-Ekiti Metropolisijceronline
Over the years land use has ever been dynamics due to many factors such as economics, environmental, socio- political, legal among others. In Ado-Ekiti metropolis, due to urbanization the quantum of developable land available continue to decrease daily, hence the high rate of land use conversion. This paper examined land use pattern in Ado- Ekiti and then identified the direction of land use conversion in the study area. Primary data were collected with questionnaire administered on 76 individual property owners who have their properties converted. It was discovered that all the identified properties were originally meant for residential use. The results showed that land use conversion from residential-commercial (68%) was identified followed by residential-institutional (16%), residential-recreational (12%), while residential-others (4%). This study concluded that going by the rate at which residential properties are been converted to other uses in Ado-Ekiti metropolis in the recent time, may lead to serious housing shortage. The implication of this is that house rents will continue to rise to the extent that, low and even medium income earners may not be able to afford accommodation within the study area, unless urgent government intervention.
A B S T R A C T
The typological features of university campus areas are shaped according to their locations in the city. Campuses in city centers carry great potentials for students’ cultural, intellectual and artistic activities, especially for those from faculty of architecture and design, with close relations to the city. In big metropolitan cities, it is hard to reserve land for campuses therefore they emerge as vertical settlements. On the other hand, campuses built on the periphery mainly feature horizontal planning characteristics due to availability of land. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for measuring architecture students’ aesthetic experience of vertical and horizontal campuses in relation to sense of place theory. Recently, emerging technologies in cognitive science, such as brain imaging techniques, activity maps, sensory maps, cognitive mapping and photo-projective method etc., have enabled advanced measurement of aesthetic experience. In this exploratory research, using ‘photo-projective method’, students will be asked to interpret and draw ‘cognitive maps’ of the places that they are happy to be (defined place) or to see (landscape) on the campus. Based on students’ impressions and experiences, it will be possible to compare aesthetic experience on vertical and horizontal campus. Thus, a comprehensive approach for improving campus design according to users’ aesthetic experiences and sense of place rather than building technology, law, development and finance driven obligations will be introduced.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-2
Urban spaces reflect the reality of city life, like a mirror. This research aims to examine and analyze the advanced aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces by assessing the current situation and highlighting the role of creativity in developing these spaces. To clarify the research scope, Şişhane Park in İstanbul, Turkey was studied to define the requirements of creative standards, evaluate these competencies and choose the appropriate architectural style and urban furniture. In addition, to learn ways of preserving those elements for longer life. The analytical descriptive approach was the research method utilized in order to arrive at a set of results that ascertain the reality of the aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces, and the reflection of the contemporary role in developing these spaces, which can contribute to addressing weaknesses and bolster the strength points in the formation of public urban spaces around the world.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 67-86.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-7
www.ijcua.com
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Green space suitability evaluation for urban resilience convertedShiva Pokhrel
The Kathmandu Metropolitan City is one of the fastest growing capital cities around. Excessive unplanned urban growth in the city leads to negative impacts on urban environments, publics, and communities. Metropolitan administrators and planners have been facing with impenetrability in making available of green space due to the unplanned urban growth tendency. The paper evaluates suitable sites for urban green space development using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based multi-criteria analysis methods with geographical information systems (GIS). Various spatial datasets were obtained from several organizations and further processed on the GIS environment for suitable site evaluation. After the analytical hierarchy process of a pairwise comparison matrix was created and criteria weights were calculated for different factors. Variables taken for this study are school point data, health facility's location data, emergency service's locations, water bodies, emergency road network data, land use/land cover data, population data, distance to existing park, and slope. The unit of a study is a metropolitan city. Evaluations demonstrate the spatial distribution of different not suitable areas, less suitable , moderate suitable, and highly suitable area respectively, of the 4.47 %, 7.19 % of the area are high and moderate suitable area, while the largest area 78.87 % is less suitable and 9.47 % are not suitable for the development of green open space. This finding could contribute a planner for spatial planning of green space development in KMC.
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
A B S T R A C T
The "architecture without architect" in Cappadocia has always been fairy due to its volcanic stone formations and transforming silhouettes. In 1973, French architect Jack Avizou highlighted the essence of cave houses as vernacular building types and their potentials for local tourism beyond conventional notions of architectural heritage. Upon completing restoration of cave houses in Uçhisar and transforming them to boutique hotels, he was nominated for Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2010. On the other hand,
Aga Khan Award winner Turkish architect Turgut Cansever, had also been advising for Argos Hotel project in Uçhisar since 1996. He gave importance to the concept of "protection" and preserved vernacular identity and characteristics despite the demands of tourism sector. This paper aims to explore Avizou and Cansever’s design solutions in Uçhisar’s local context. Building / interior design elements and spatial relations in interiors will be analyzed with cluster analysis and ranked according to levels of novelty. Hence, achievement of creativity through transformation, combination and variation of original designs, will be displayed. Understanding Avizou’s and Cansever’s visions on revitalization and adaptive re-use is substantial since, their creativity shall be a source of inspiration for future sustainable tourism and building practices in local and global context.
Journal Of CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 37-50.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-4
www.ijcua.com
Rational Planning concepts and relation with the sustainable concepts is explained with appropriate detail case studies from over the world. Indian scenario is then over-viewed..
Sustainability in Historic Urban Environments:
Effect of gentrification in the process of sustainable urban revitalization
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey
E mail: rokhsaneh.rahbarianyazd@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(1), 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.25034/1761.1(1)1-9
Land use planning: Panacea a Sustainable Lagos MegacitySamuel Dekolo
There is a trajectory between land use planning and sustainable development. Both concepts tend to deliberately use available societal resources in a rational way in order to meet future desired needs and aspirations. However, the lack of land use planning of megacities in developing countries has brought about various environmental and economic consequences which cannot be overlooked. The sprawling nature of the Lagos megacity is very alarming and to achieve sustainability, there is need to strike a balance between the spatial needs for human activities and available land through sustainable land use planning which is constant. This paper examines the theoretical underpinnings of land use planning, which seems to be dislocated from existing planning practice and emphasize the need for a holistic approach which transcends the traditional land use planning in order to achieve sustainable development.
Dimension of Land Use Conversion in Ado-Ekiti Metropolisijceronline
Over the years land use has ever been dynamics due to many factors such as economics, environmental, socio- political, legal among others. In Ado-Ekiti metropolis, due to urbanization the quantum of developable land available continue to decrease daily, hence the high rate of land use conversion. This paper examined land use pattern in Ado- Ekiti and then identified the direction of land use conversion in the study area. Primary data were collected with questionnaire administered on 76 individual property owners who have their properties converted. It was discovered that all the identified properties were originally meant for residential use. The results showed that land use conversion from residential-commercial (68%) was identified followed by residential-institutional (16%), residential-recreational (12%), while residential-others (4%). This study concluded that going by the rate at which residential properties are been converted to other uses in Ado-Ekiti metropolis in the recent time, may lead to serious housing shortage. The implication of this is that house rents will continue to rise to the extent that, low and even medium income earners may not be able to afford accommodation within the study area, unless urgent government intervention.
A B S T R A C T
The typological features of university campus areas are shaped according to their locations in the city. Campuses in city centers carry great potentials for students’ cultural, intellectual and artistic activities, especially for those from faculty of architecture and design, with close relations to the city. In big metropolitan cities, it is hard to reserve land for campuses therefore they emerge as vertical settlements. On the other hand, campuses built on the periphery mainly feature horizontal planning characteristics due to availability of land. The aim of this paper is to develop an approach for measuring architecture students’ aesthetic experience of vertical and horizontal campuses in relation to sense of place theory. Recently, emerging technologies in cognitive science, such as brain imaging techniques, activity maps, sensory maps, cognitive mapping and photo-projective method etc., have enabled advanced measurement of aesthetic experience. In this exploratory research, using ‘photo-projective method’, students will be asked to interpret and draw ‘cognitive maps’ of the places that they are happy to be (defined place) or to see (landscape) on the campus. Based on students’ impressions and experiences, it will be possible to compare aesthetic experience on vertical and horizontal campus. Thus, a comprehensive approach for improving campus design according to users’ aesthetic experiences and sense of place rather than building technology, law, development and finance driven obligations will be introduced.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 13-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-2
Urban spaces reflect the reality of city life, like a mirror. This research aims to examine and analyze the advanced aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces by assessing the current situation and highlighting the role of creativity in developing these spaces. To clarify the research scope, Şişhane Park in İstanbul, Turkey was studied to define the requirements of creative standards, evaluate these competencies and choose the appropriate architectural style and urban furniture. In addition, to learn ways of preserving those elements for longer life. The analytical descriptive approach was the research method utilized in order to arrive at a set of results that ascertain the reality of the aesthetic, functional, and environmental performance of urban public spaces, and the reflection of the contemporary role in developing these spaces, which can contribute to addressing weaknesses and bolster the strength points in the formation of public urban spaces around the world.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 67-86.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-7
www.ijcua.com
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Green space suitability evaluation for urban resilience convertedShiva Pokhrel
The Kathmandu Metropolitan City is one of the fastest growing capital cities around. Excessive unplanned urban growth in the city leads to negative impacts on urban environments, publics, and communities. Metropolitan administrators and planners have been facing with impenetrability in making available of green space due to the unplanned urban growth tendency. The paper evaluates suitable sites for urban green space development using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) based multi-criteria analysis methods with geographical information systems (GIS). Various spatial datasets were obtained from several organizations and further processed on the GIS environment for suitable site evaluation. After the analytical hierarchy process of a pairwise comparison matrix was created and criteria weights were calculated for different factors. Variables taken for this study are school point data, health facility's location data, emergency service's locations, water bodies, emergency road network data, land use/land cover data, population data, distance to existing park, and slope. The unit of a study is a metropolitan city. Evaluations demonstrate the spatial distribution of different not suitable areas, less suitable , moderate suitable, and highly suitable area respectively, of the 4.47 %, 7.19 % of the area are high and moderate suitable area, while the largest area 78.87 % is less suitable and 9.47 % are not suitable for the development of green open space. This finding could contribute a planner for spatial planning of green space development in KMC.
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
A B S T R A C T
The "architecture without architect" in Cappadocia has always been fairy due to its volcanic stone formations and transforming silhouettes. In 1973, French architect Jack Avizou highlighted the essence of cave houses as vernacular building types and their potentials for local tourism beyond conventional notions of architectural heritage. Upon completing restoration of cave houses in Uçhisar and transforming them to boutique hotels, he was nominated for Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2010. On the other hand,
Aga Khan Award winner Turkish architect Turgut Cansever, had also been advising for Argos Hotel project in Uçhisar since 1996. He gave importance to the concept of "protection" and preserved vernacular identity and characteristics despite the demands of tourism sector. This paper aims to explore Avizou and Cansever’s design solutions in Uçhisar’s local context. Building / interior design elements and spatial relations in interiors will be analyzed with cluster analysis and ranked according to levels of novelty. Hence, achievement of creativity through transformation, combination and variation of original designs, will be displayed. Understanding Avizou’s and Cansever’s visions on revitalization and adaptive re-use is substantial since, their creativity shall be a source of inspiration for future sustainable tourism and building practices in local and global context.
Journal Of CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2020), 4(2), 37-50.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2020.v4n2-4
www.ijcua.com
Rational Planning concepts and relation with the sustainable concepts is explained with appropriate detail case studies from over the world. Indian scenario is then over-viewed..
Sustainability in Historic Urban Environments:
Effect of gentrification in the process of sustainable urban revitalization
Dr. Rokhsaneh Rahbarianyazd
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey
E mail: rokhsaneh.rahbarianyazd@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
Considering three- dimensional process of sustainability (physical- economical and social), the aim of conservation for making historic urban environment sustainable should be matched with these dimensions. Therefore, earlier conservation policies have progressed from a simple and restrictive concern with preservation to an increased concern for revitalization and enhancement. This means a physical revitalization may be short-lived and un-sustained. Within the process of revitalization, historic environments become the main locations of gentrification induced by urban revitalization which may involve social cost. Accordingly, this paper develops theoretical concepts on “sustainability in historic urban environment” with a particular emphasis on social issue in terms of gentrification. Also with the result derived from theoretical parts concludes that social changes through gentrification contribute to sustain the historic environments.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(1), 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.25034/1761.1(1)1-9
Bringing Geospatial Analysis to the Social Studies: an Assessment of the City...Universität Salzburg
Current poster presents an example of Landsat TM image processing using ENVI GIS. Research area: Taipei, Taiwan. Located on the north of the island, Taipei is Taiwan’s core urban, political and economic center; population >2.6 M continuing to expand affecting urban landscapes. Research aim: spatio- temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990- 2005) Research objective: application of GIS methodology and remote sens- ing data to spatial analysis for a case study of Taipei. Data: Landsat TM images taken from the USGS. Software: ENVI GIS. Workflow includes following steps: 1) Preliminary processing 2) Creation color composites 3) Classification using K-means algorithm 4) Mapping using classification results 5) Accuracy assessment. The preliminary data processing includes image contrast stretching, which is useful as by default, ENVI displays images with a 2\% linear contrast stretch. For better contrast the histogram equalization contrast stretch was applied to the image in order to enhance the visual quality. The analysis of landscape changes was performed by geospatial analysis. 2 satellite images Landsat TM were processed and classified using ENVI GIS. Result of classification: areas occupied by different land cover types were calculated and analyzed. It has been detected that different parts of the city of Taipei were developing with different rate and intensity. 3 different residential types of the city were recognized and mapped. The results demonstrated following outcomes: 1) intensive urban development of the city of Taipei; 2) decline of green areas and natural spaces and, on the contrary, increase in anthropogenic urban spaces; 3) not parallel urban development in different districts of the city of Taipei during the 15-year period of 1990-2005.
A B S T R A C T
The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships. There are two main objectives of this study: (i) to study the neighbourhood’s associated challenges through the size, growth, and land use distribution, and (ii) to investigate the perceived inhabitants’ activities pattern within the neighbourhood. The objectives are explored through a morphological and GIS-based land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in South-west, Nigeria. The town is studied in three transformation phases, dating back to five decades using ArcGIS version 10.3. The 1st phase spanned between the year 1910 to 1959, while the 2nd and 3rd phases ran through the year 1960 to 1999, and year 2000 to 2015 respectively. The exploration in this study is to document the diverse neighbourhood challenges, features, and prospects, which remain uninvestigated in the case study area for the past years. The first finding revealed that some challenges needed to be resolved in a bid to meet the residents’ current basic needs. The second finding indicated that the rural settlements in Nigeria emanated from the residents’ adaptation to the environmental conditions, cum transformation through human activities. Meanwhile, the third finding established that the human settlements evolved in connection to the local socio-economic, recreation and religious virtues of the traditional marketplace (Oja). In conclusion, human historical and social influences play a significant role in ameliorating the challenges associated with the spatial developments of the settlements. The implication of the study becomes vital to the major stakeholders and professionals in the built environment on the significance of enhancing the sustainable communities in Nigeria.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2018) 2(2), 106-121. Doi:10.25034/ijcua.2018.3675
www.ijcua.com
Morphological and GIS-based land use Analysis: A Critical Exploration of a Rural Neighborhood
*Dr.OLUWAGBEMIGA PAUL AGBOOLA1,Dr.MOHDHISYAMRASIDI2,Dr.ISMAIL SAID3, MA. SAMSON OLUTAYO ABOGAN4,MA.ADEBAMBO STEPHEN ADEJUWON5
1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B.1011, Esa-Oke. Osun State. Nigeria.
2,3Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia, Postcode 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor. Malaysia.
4,5Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Osun State College of Technology, P.M.B. 1011, Esa-Oke. Osun-State. Nigeria.
1E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com , 2E mail:hisyamrasidi@gmail.com , 3E mail:ismailbinsaid@gmail.com , 4E mail: agbofavour41@yahoo.com
A B S T R A C T
The significance of neighbourhood in hosting a group of dwellings units and possessing adequate communal facilities could not be overemphasized in the study of people and place relationships. There are two main objectives of this study: (i) to study the neighbourhood’s associated challenges through the size, growth, and land use distribution, and (ii) to investigate the perceived inhabitants’ activities pattern within the neighbourhood. The objectives are explored through a morphological and GIS-based land use analysis of a rural neighbourhood in South-west, Nigeria. The town is studied in three transformation phases, dating back to five decades using ArcGIS version 10.3. The 1st phase spanned between the year 1910 to 1959, while the 2nd and 3rd phases ran through the year 1960 to 1999, and year 2000 to 2015 respectively. The exploration in this study is to document the diverse neighbourhood challenges, features, and prospects, which remain uninvestigated in the case study area for the past years. The first finding revealed that some challenges needed to be resolved in a bid to meet the residents’ current basic needs. The second finding indicated that the rural settlements in Nigeria emanated from the residents’ adaptation to the environmental conditions, cum transformation through human activities. Meanwhile, the third finding established that the human settlements evolved in connection to the local socio-economic, recreation and religious virtues of the traditional marketplace (Oja). In conclusion, human historical and social influences play a significant role in ameliorating the challenges associated with the spatial developments of the settlements. The implication of the study becomes vital to the major stakeholders and professionals in the built environment on the significance of enhancing the sustainable communities in Nigeria.
Detecting Urban Change of Salem City of Tamil Nadu, India from 1990 to 2010 U...drboon
Unplanned city growth is an indicator of rapid industrialization, which usually reduces the quality of the environmental health of a region - sometimes disastrously. Monitoring provides the planners and decision - makers with required information about the current state of development and the nature of changes that have occurred. The study on development of urban lands and the changes in the land use and land cover in Salem city, Tamil Nadu has been monitored by using IRS LISSII III(1991)and IRS-LISS III 2010) satellite data, the Town and Country Planning map(1994) and Survey of India Topo-sheets (1972) with limited field checks. This study highlights the changes in urban development. Mapping of the urban changes in the study area have been interpreted in view of developing urban land with different classes.
Identification and Monitoring the Change of Land Use Pattern Using Remote Sen...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Dhaka is one of the fastest growing megacities of the world with a dense population over 15 million.
Being the capital of a developing country like Bangladesh, it is experiencing multi-dimensional problems such
as over urbanization, traffic congestion, water logging, solid waste disposal, black smoke from brick kilns and
industrial emissions, sound pollution, pollution of water bodies by industrial discharge and the newly added
calamity, building collapse. Dhaka is a sheer example of having poor legislative actions, inefficient
management and lack of public awareness, which leads the urbanization to an unplanned and resource
consuming development. This paper presents an integrated study of urbanization trends in Dhaka City,
Bangladesh, by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). This study explores
the land use change pattern of Dhaka City Corporation over 1990-2010, through interactive supervised land
cover classification using Landsat images by ArcGIS 10. The remotely detected land use/cover change from
1990 to 2010 shows that Dhaka is gradually changing as vegetative cover and open spaces have been
transformed into building areas, low land and water bodies into reclaimed built up lands. These changes are
mainly governed by unplanned urban expansion.
Keywords - ArcGIS 10.0, Dhaka City Corporation, GIS, Land Use Pattern, Remote Sensing
Analysis of the Landscape Services in Çankırı, Ilgaz RegionAI Publications
The mutual relationship between man and nature brings multiple characters, functions and benefits to the landscape. Landscape services are crucial for the social and economic development and vital activities of human beings. Landscapes produce goods and services in the industry needs as well as that are directly needed by the individual in the cities and in the countryside. In this study, Çankırı, Ilgaz Region landscape services are analysed and defined in multifunctional way which are based on the basin scale. Then, qualitative and quantitative surveys were conducted to determine the priorities and significance for the Ilgaz Region and the priority services were identified.
Urban Form and Land use Transformations in the High Mountain Town of Martadi ...Premier Publishers
Martadi, a small high mountain town has been transforming into a semi-urban position in recent years. This paper examines the form and land-use transformations by analyzing existing conditions and their potential expansion by collecting primary and secondary data through field observation and consultations/interactions with locals and analyzing the historical images/maps of the area. This paper shows that the high mountain town grew spatially and functionally outward from its core area transforming its morphology. Increasing population, increasing constructional activities, and infrastructure development in pace with urbanization are the reasons to get the transformations of such towns. With increasing local and regional connectivity, increasing trend of new building construction and reshaping of traditional buildings into modern ones, the rapid outward expansion of the town, increasing road networks and other facilities may lead to urban transformation of such high mountain towns in the future. Several modern constructions have been observed and Martadi is becoming one of the centers of economic activities in the region. Rapid conversion of agriculture, barren, and bushland into residential and the construction of infrastructure found high to make the urban transformation. The town can grow further in the future through intervention planning policies and guidelines.
Land Consumption, Ecosystem Services and Urban Planning Policies: Preliminary...IEREK Press
In the contemporaneity, the issues of land or soil consumption and of the protection of areas that, within the urban areas, provide ecosystem services (ESs) is becoming increasingly important also in relationof the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. The concept of "Ecosystem Service" appears, in this respect, a fruitful support to define the land consumption effects on the loss of functionality and of settlement quality. Following this considerations the paper presents the first results of a research developed in Tuscany and commissioned by the Regional Government. The research aims to measure the loss of ESs in connection with land use / land cover transformations, and to verify the contribution of soil consumption to these variations. The research use methodologies for elaborating of the geographical data required for territorial governance, LUCL 2010/2016 and Land Cover Flow (LCF) model and the theoretical model of the “Capacity matrix” to provide ecosystem services.
Accurate and rapid big spatial data processing by scripting cartographic algo...Universität Salzburg
Accurate and rapid big spatial data processing by scripting cartographic algorithms: advanced seafloor mapping of the deep-sea trenches along the margins of the Pacific Ocean
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Universität Salzburg
Research focuses on monitoring landscapes downgrading in specific conditions of Arctic ecosystems with cold climate conditions (marshes, permafrost, high humidity and moisture). Specific case study: cryogenic landslides typical for cold environments with permafrost. Area: Yamal Peninsula. Aim: analysis of the environmental changes caused by cryogenic landslides in northern land- scapes affecting sensitive Arctic ecosystems. Thaw of the permafrost layer causes destruction of the ground soil layer and activates cryogenic landslide processes. After disaster, vegetation coverage needs a long time to recover, due to the sensitivity of the specific northern environment, and land cover types change. ILWIS GIS was used to process 2 satellite images Landsat TM taken at 1988 and 2011, to assess spatiotemporal changes in the land cover types. Research shown ILWIS GIS based spatial analysis for environmental mapping.
Detection of Vegetation Coverage in Urban Agglomeration of Brussels by NDVI I...Universität Salzburg
Detection of vegetation coverage in urban agglomeration of Brussels by NDVI indicator using eCognition software and remote sensing measurements Lemenkova Polina Introduction The study area encompasses selected regions of the Brussels municipality, Belgium. In the past years the city of Brussels is experiencing intensification of the density of building structures. Unlike in some other European cities, where the most evident problem is urbanization and expansion of the city margins to the suburbia, the urban structure Brussels is the intensification of the buildings density in the city centre and the existing dwelling districts. Thus, the city structure tends to become more intense and dense, due to the process of filling the empty spaces in the urban patterns and high level housing. Another example of urban processes in Brussels is reorganisation of the industrial areas. At the same time, monitoring vegetation areas is essential for environmental sustainability of the capital city. The lack of the green spaces may cause ecological instability and increase atmospheric pollution. For studies of the specific problems of the Brussels city the remote sensing data (raster image) was used together with NDVI function, in order to detect areas covered by city parks. Acknowledgement: Current work has been supported by Bourse d'excellence, Service de Bourse d' ́ etude, Wallonie-Bruxelles International for research stay of Polina Lemenkova at l'Université libre de Bruxelles.
Investigation of the Lake Victoria Region (Africa: Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda)Universität Salzburg
This poster is a student assignment for a course 'GISA 02 GIS: Geographical Information Systems - Advanced Course 0701', a part of the MSc studies. It presents an ArcGIS based spatial analysis of the Victoria Lake region including environmental, biological, social and economic characteristics of the region. The methodology includes data organizing and management in ArcGIS 9.3. Operations and technique: ArcGIS Spatial Analyst. Project architecture: ArcCatalog. Spatial referencing and re-projection: ArcToolbox. Data include DEMs: elevations (USGS). 2 tiles of the USGS DEM, Land cover data (raster), Population data: UNEP, ArcGIS vector.shp files of administrative boundaries fof Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya. Data preprocessing include following data preparation. Initial vector data: UNEP .shp. Spatial reference properties: Africa Albers Equal Area Conic projection, standard parallels 20 and -23, central meridian 25 and Datum WGS-84, Projection GEOGRAPHIC, Spheroid CLARKE1866. Data conversion from ASCII text data format to raster using ArcToolbox / Conversion Tools / ASCII to Raster (Climate precipitation data). Data were projected, processed and several layer formatting and overlays were created. Mapping was created using ArcMap. Victoria Lake has unique environment, important role in the economy of countries supporting 25 M people through fish catchment reaching up to 90-270$ per capita per annum. Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda control 6%, 49% and 45% of the lake surface. Lake catchment provides livelihood of 1/3 of the population of 3 countries with agricultural economy supported by fishing and agriculture (tea and coffee plantations).
Interpretation of Landscape Values, Typology and Quality Using Methods of Spa...Universität Salzburg
The main result of this work consists in determined ecological significant areas of habitats that are under protection´s system of Natura 2000 Sites. The patches quantification of habitats is the partial result that influences process of determination of ecological significance. The interpretative process examines land cover patches by the set of landscape metrics for the area, size, density and shape (NP, PD, MPS, PSSD and MSI). The output values could express a spatial processes in the landscape, such as perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage or attrition. The final ecological significance of the study area-Sitno Natura 2000 site-is at degree 3, what means that the area is represented by moderately significant land cover patches-habitats. It indicates the same value as the one at the initial level. According to the value of the ecological significance, the study area has been diversified into three zones, where each one indicates specific level of conservation. The zones and the final degree of the ecological significance of habitats are retroactively compared to historical and cultural human development that started in this area as early as in 1st century BC. Theoretically, such a long period of intense human impacts on the local environment should completely destroy natural environment. Nevertheless, this area demonstrates rather good natural ecosystems conditions and well functioning ecological processes within the habitats. The human impact is now observed only in small range of size not more than 1,50% from total area of Sitno Natura 2000 Site. It can be explained, first, by low population density within the study area comparing to other EU areas, secondly, by accurate usage of the living area by the local population in general, and thirdly, by high resilience of the elements of landscapes towards any human impacts.
Mapping Land Cover Changes Using Landsat TM: a Case Study of Yamal Ecosystems...Universität Salzburg
This poster presents image processing by ILWIS GIS. It demonstrates changes in land cover types in tundra landscapes (Yamal) since 1988 to 2011. The research method is supervised classification (Minimal Distance) of the Landsat TM scenes. The new approach of the current work is application of ILWIS GIS and RS tools for Arctic, Bovanenkovo region. The poster demonstrates techniques of the remote sensing data processing by ILWIS GIS.
Economic assessment of landslide risk for the Waidhofen a.d. Ybbs region, Alp...Universität Salzburg
The research focuses on the monetary estimation of the possible losses caused by landslides. Estimation of the economic damages is performed using existing simplified methodologies. Calculations were based on real estate and market price of the elements at risk. While assessing potential damage of landslides confusion arises due to these factors. 1. First, the temporal probability of the landslides occurrence is highly difficult to assess: it can only be estimated based on the reliable and obtainable data. This includes historical data continuously reporting the occurrence of the landslides. 2. Secondly, difficulties arise by estimation of the indirect losses and partially damaged objects. The amount of the damages can be assessed based on elements vulnerability, which is very uncertain to estimate exactly. Thus, the vulnerability may differ depending on object location, individual characteristics and external factors. 3. The term “landslide” is not differentiated between debris flows and shallow or rotational landslides. This is an important source for uncertainty, as movement characteristics of these landslides are different. 4. Confusing over different method approaches in the risk assessment may generate various results: difference in magnitude and occurrence of landslides, risk perception and vulnerability assessment. The estimation of landslide risk should be based on complex investigations. The data about landslide probability should be gained from monitoring programmes. The elements at risk are defined based on spatial analysis and infrastructure inventory. The vulnerability estimation should include census data and social questionnaire. The real-life situations may vary depending on the exact price of the individual object.
Current poster presents a student assignment for the CHRIS/PROBA image processing by ENVI GIS. Study Area: Thorney Island, Chichester harbour (UK): unique wetland environment, a place for rare bird colonies. Quality of CHRIS images is affected by two types of noises: vertical noise (vertical stripes; can be corrected by comparing values of neighbouring pixels) and horizontal noise (easy to detect and correct using the horizontal profile of each file. Correction of noises can be made through DIELMO 3D Methodology. PROBA (Project for On-Board Autonomy) and CHRIS (Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) image was taken with characteristics: 18 bands, 07/10/2004, 17m ground resolution. To obtain a good-quality natural-coloured image of wetlands a need: nadir-taken colour CHRIS image with bands combination of corresponding spectral channels was selected and processed. Comparing images taken at +55° dgr (47A2_41) and nadir images (479F_41) right Images taken at the nadir are of good quality, while those at different angles have defects: Images taken at +36° dgr (47A0_41), left and nadir images (479F_41) right. Images taken at +36° and-36° (CHRIS 47A0_41 and CHRIS 47A1_41) both have inverted direction. Several bands were tried, processed and visualized. Spectral bands assessed and visually compared. This is a student poster as a part of MSc studies, University of Southampton.
Current poster presents a student assignment on Course: 'GEOG6038 Calibration and Validation of Earth Observation Data'. Study aim is image classification using ENVI GIS and remote sensing data aimed at national park area classification. Study area is Páramo National Park in Ecuador is known for its unique natural resources in high altitude grasslands. The ecosystems of Páramo consist mostly of rare species and are the key protected area for exceptionally high endemism. ENVI software enablesd to make an analysis of the area in 9 (nine) working steps and to produce a map based on 2 criteria: vegetation amount and altitude. Methodology includes following steps: 1) True-colour composite of the ETM+ image, bands 3,2,1; 2) Image contrast enhancement (Enhance-Gaussian); 3) SRTM-Data Upload to derive elevation model; 4) 3D surface visualization; 5) Calculating Greenness Index; 6) Creation Vegetation Layer ROI; 7) Creating Altitude Layer Zones by “Intersect Regions” for each pair of ROIs. Final altitude zones are: Lowland Vegetation (1-2500m), Subparamo Vegetation (2501-3500), Paramo Vegetation (3501-4100) and Superparamo Vegetation (4101 – 5000). These zones are shown on the map in different colors (yellow, beige, two greens) ; 8) Mapping and Design; 9) 3D-Mapping and DEM. The research was done as part of MSc studies at the University of Southampton, UK, autumn 2009.
Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, GreeceUniversität Salzburg
Job interview for the Research Training Group (RTG) Baltic TRANSCOAST. topic ’B1: Impact of nutrient emissions from land on communities of macrophytes’. This research is presented at the job interview in the University of Rostock. Originally based on author's MSc thesis (2009-2011) summarizing research in marine observations using remote sensing and GIS methods. Study object is seagrass Posidonia oceanic (P. oceanica) along the coast of Crete, Greece. The most important facts about seagrass: endemic Mediterranean seagrass, P. oceanica is a main species in marine coastal environment of Greece. P. oceanica is the largest, the most widespread, homogeneous, dense “mattes” forming meadows between 5-40 m in Mediterranean Sea. Seagrass is a component of coastal ecosystems of high importance for the marine life, playing important functions in the marine environment. Seagrasses are subjects to external factors and therefore have environmental vulnerability. The study area is located in General research area: Island of Crete, Greece. Seagrass sampling will be performed at three stations at a depth of 6-7 m: Heraklio, Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos, Crete Island, Greece. The general research objectives of the MSc research includes GIS and environmental analysis: 1) Mapping the extent of the spatial distribution of seagrass P. oceanica along the northern coast of Crete; 2) Monitoring environmental changes in seagrass meadows in the selected fieldwork sites (Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos) over the 10-year period (2000-2010). There are various multi-sources data proposed for using in spatial analysis. data of the previous measurements received during the last year fieldwork, to analyze whether P.oceanica is spectrally distinct from other sea floor types, using differences in the spectral signatures on the graphs in a WASI, the Water Color Simulator software. Other data include satellite images from the open sources (Landsat TM), aerial images, Google Earth; underwater videographic measurements of 3 cameras Olympus ST 8000 made during the ship route (20 total in the selected areas of the research places) resulting in series of consequent images, covering area under the boat path; in-situ measurements of the seagrass in selected spots, using measurement frame and other devices for marine biological research for the validation of the results. Arc GIS vector layers of Crete island and surroundings (.shp files). Hypothesis testis is performed by ANOVA, SPSS. The results of WASI spectral analysis illustrating graphs of the spectral reflectance of different sea floor types (sand, P.oceanica, rocky, etc) at various depths (0.5-4 m), based on the results of 20. Precise, correct and up-to-date information about the seagrass distribution over the coasts is necessary for the sustainable conservation of marine environment.
Why Should We Stand for Geothermal Energy ? Example of the Negative Impacts o...Universität Salzburg
Geothermal energy is a clean, environmentally friendly, renewable resource that provides energy around the world. Heat flowing constantly from the interior of the Earth ensure to be an inexhaustible supply of energy. However, existing traditional sources of energy, such as oil and gas are still popular nowadays. Current paper gives an example of environmentally danger of these sources of energy. The given example of oil and gas operations within the shelf and the coast of the Barents Sea and Pechora Sea causes contamination of waters by phenol and its accumulation in the bottom sediments and life tissues of the marine habitants. At the same time, ecosystems of the south-eastern part of the Barents Sea and Pechora Sea are characterized by their high biodiversity and high level of primary production. The last one is the fundamental biological characteristics for the marine ecosystems meaning the formation of the organic substance in the water by the chlorophyll-contains organisms: phytoplankton. The primary production plays an exceptional role in the functionality of the marine ecosystem's components. Therefore, presentation gives some brief ideas on the importance of the 'green', eco-friendly sources of energy and a need for the constant development in the environmental protection of our planet. The presentation was given at the International Conference 'Geoenergy' in Grozny (Chechnya), Russia, 19 June 2015.
This presentation introduces research on using geoinformation technologies for education at universities. A case study is ArcGIS 9.1. Specifically, it presents a methodology of effective teaching of a group of students based on ArcGIS. Several ArcGIS modules are presented and their functionality reviewed and highlighted: ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, ArcScene, ModelBuilder, ArcMap, ArcCatalog. Technical questions of how to better explain students data processing, data converting and modelling using ArcGIS are discussed and better pedagogical solutions are proposed. The presentation also briefly reviews the advantages of using ArcGIS by different groups of students studying at various specializations: geomorphology, cadaster, hydrology, economic geography. In this way it is stressed that using a highly functional GIS software such as ArcGIS should be learned not only by cartographers but also to wider audience of students. Presented at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Educational Studies as a graduation works for additional qualification 'University Teacher', Moscow, Russia, 2007. The presentation is given in Russian language with a TOC summary in English.
How could obligation chain be structured along cross-border gas supply for...Universität Salzburg
Research points: to measure components and linkages of legal obligations undertaken by the actors involving cross-border gas supply chain; to investigate possibility to establish a legal structure for promoting security of gas supply chain; to examine consequences of gas supply chain for government and companies; to analyze legal structures (international-domestic-contract law): entitlement vs. state responsibility as requirements for functioning/enforcing obligation chain.
The seminar presentation demonstrates research on land cover analysis in western Estonia. Study area is Pärnu region located on the western part of the country, along the coasts of Baltic Sea. The region is a valuable environmental part and a unique recreational area of Estonia. The presentation consists of two parts. The fist part presents technical workflow of the image processing by means of GIS and Lansat TM satellite imagery. Methodology is base don Arc GIS 10.0 and IDRISI GIS Andes 15.0 for image processing. The aim is to detect land cover changes using image classification by 'ISOCLUST'. Raster images processing and classification was applied for Landsat TM two images. The ISOCLUST is an unsupervised classification method in IDRISI GIS. It performs image processing workflow in semi-automatically regime. Results include 16 land cover types typical for the study area classified and visualized on the images. In 2006 the urban area became larger than in 1992 (land cover class "3" on the histogram. This can be explained by various reasons. Changes in land cover types in selected Estonian landscapes are shown on the statistical histograms on 1992 and 2006. The second part presents social analysis of the current development of tourism and recreation on Baltic Sea coasts with discussion of new directions and perspectives. Notable natural settings include mild marine climate condition and precious coniferous forests. Presentation briefly discusses historical development of the tourism in the country and gives directions on its modern development caused by active socio-economic changes since 1990s. The research is methodologically based on the author's fieldwork in the study area, literature review and analysis of the statistical graphs of the socio-economic data. The study presents photos of the Estonian landscapes.
Rural Sustainability and Management of Natural Resources in Tian Shan Region,...Universität Salzburg
Current presentation introduces an analysis of the land use and current environmental situation of the Tian Shan region. Tian Shan (the ’Celestial Mountains’) is the largest high mountain systems (800,000 km2) in the World. geopolitically, Tian Shan is located in the heart of Central Asia. It crosses five densely populated countries: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Tian Shan regions has unique ecosystems, Shrenk mountain forests and endemic species. Tian Shan is composed by large, isolated mountains, surrounded by the Tarim desert basin of north-western China, Lake Issyk Kul and deserts of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Tian Shan region is outstanding for the richness of natural resources, landscapes and ecosystems. Rare species: ca 70\% of species (both animal and plants) have specific south Asian distribution, typical for steppe and desert ecosystems. The ecosystems include numerous protected and rare species (over 4000 wild species), relicts and endemics, unique coniferous forests, rich biodiversity. The slopes of the Tian Shan mountains at altitudes 2000 to 3000m are mostly covered by precious coniferous forests of Schrenk’s Spruce (Picea schrenkiana), recorded in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. At the same time, the region has environmental problems such as overgrazing, deforestation, decreased species composition, soil depletion and erosion, desertification and land degradation. Current presentation demonstrates and discusses these problems.
Mapping Agricultural Lands by Means of GIS for Monitoring Use of Natural Reso...Universität Salzburg
The presentation demonstrates a technical case study of the image processing by ILWIS GIS. Study area is located in the southwestern, agricultural part of Hungary (Mecsek Hills foothill area). The landscapes of the Mecsek region represent a unique part of the Hungarian environment belonging to the Carpathian basin. However, changes in the land cover types were detected recently caused by various environmental reasons. Study aim was to compare changes in the land cover types and landscape dynamics. 3 Landsat TM images have a temporary gap of 14 years (1992-2006). The gap aimed to assess vegetation changes in the summer months (June). The study includes following methodological steps: 1) Data collection: 3 Landsat TM images; 2) Data import and conversion. 3) Data preprocessing: scenes of 1992, 1999 and 2006. 4) Making color composites from 3 Landsat TM spectral channels (multi-band layers). 5) Image segmentation and classification (clustering). 6) GIS mapping and spatial analysis. 7) Google Earth snapshot verification. 8) Results interpretation. Results analysis shown changes in the selected area detected by ILWIS GIS image classification.
Seagrass Mapping and Monitoring Along the Coasts of Crete, GreeceUniversität Salzburg
This research proposal introduces MSc thesis research. Study object is seagrass Posidonia oceanic (P. oceanica) along the coast of Crete, Greece. The most important facts about seagrass: endemic Mediterranean seagrass, P. oceanica is a main species in marine coastal environment of Greece. P. oceanica is the largest, the most widespread, homogeneous, dense “mattes” forming meadows between 5-40 m in Mediterranean Sea. Seagrass is a component of coastal ecosystems of high importance for the marine life, playing important functions in the marine environment. Seagrasses are subjects to external factors and therefore have environmental vulnerability. The study area is located in General research area: Island of Crete, Greece. Seagrass sampling will be performed at three stations at a depth of 6-7 m: Heraklio, Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos, Crete Island, Greece. The general research objectives of the MSc research includes GIS and environmental analysis: 1) Mapping the extent of the spatial distribution of seagrass P. oceanica along the northern coast of Crete; 2) Monitoring environmental changes in seagrass meadows in the selected fieldwork sites (Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos) over the 10-year period (2000-2010). There are various multi-sources data proposed for using in spatial analysis. data of the previous measurements received during the last year fieldwork, to analyze whether P.oceanica is spectrally distinct from other sea floor types, using the differences in the spectral signatures on the graphs in a WASI, the Water Color Simulator software. Other data include satellite images from the open sources (Landsat TM), aerial images, Google Earth; underwater videographic measurements of 3 cameras Olympus ST 8000 made during the ship route (ca 20 total in the selected areas of the research places) resulting in series of consequent images, completely covering the area under the boat path; in-situ measurements of the seagrass in selected spots, using measurement frame and other devices for marine biological research for the validation of the results. Arc GIS vector layers of Crete island and surroundings (.shp files). Hypothesis testis is formulated for the proposed research, questions defined, methods prepared and planned. The research work is expected to have following results : Over the northern coasts of Crete: thematic maps showing seafloor types and seagrass P.oceanica spatial distribution along the coasts of Crete. Within the fieldwork locations, Ligaria beach: monitoring the environmental changes, based on the classification of the satellite and aerial imagery and fieldwork video camera footage. Within the fieldwork locations : maps of the sea floor cover types, based on the fieldwork measurements and UVM. Results of the WASI spectral analysis illustrating graphs of the spectral reflectance of different sea floor types (sand, P.oceanica, rocky, etc) at various depths (0.5-4 m), based on the results of 20.Precise, correct and up-to-date information about th
Data Sharing, Distribution and Updating Using Social Coding Community Github ...Universität Salzburg
The presentation introduces using LaTeX and GitHub for data sharing, distribution and updating in graduate research. The questions of using, advantages and functionality of GitHub, a web-service for hosting (i.e. serving and maintenance) of IT-projects online, are discussed and screenshots of the projects are presented. The main advantages in using GitHub consists in the fact that Github allows control latest changes, discuss and discuss work with students, post comments into the text using syntax coloring add online comments. This enables to effectively collaborate for a group of students of to supervise a research thesis. Technical illustrations of the git config command of GitHub area presented. Command ’git init’ is an initiation of the project from scratch. Command ’git add files’ - selecting all files for the project. (texts, tables, graphs, maps, figures). Advantages of LaTeX for thesis writing consists in its a built-in flexible system of bibliographic cross-referencing in the list of references, which enables making automatic linking to the bib sources, as well as updating links. Examples of structuring text in a thesis by LaTeX and GitHub are presented. Mark up language was used to highlight text when writing codes with a high level of nesting, allowing to quickly navigate over the work. The presentation has a technical and methodological character and introduces using IT tools, GitHub and LaTeX in academic environments.
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Seagrass Mapping and Monitoring Along the Coasts of Crete, Greece. MSc Thesis...Universität Salzburg
Current presentation introduces a MSc thesis defense. The research focuses on the P. oceanica, an endemic species of the seagrass in Mediterranean Sea. Study area is Crete Island, Greece. The goal of this study is to analyse optical properties of the seagrass P. oceanica and other seafloor types (carbonate sand), and to apply remote sensing techniques for seagrass mapping in the selected locations of northern Crete. Analyzing spectral reflectance of the P. oceanica and other seafloor cover types by means of tools Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) using Water Color Simulator (WASI). Other technical tools included ArcGIS and Erdas Imagine GIS software, Gretle for plotting and statistical analysis, SPSS for ANOVA based Hypothesis testing. Data include spectral measurements of the seagrass optical properties by Trios-RAMSES (Hyperspectral radiometers for measuring optical properties of water), Google Earth aerial images, Landsat TM scenes. Fieldwork measurements were done using iPAQ data and GPS records, SCUBA equipment. Optical properties of the water columns were tested : spectral reflectance, radiance, irradiance. Characteristics reflect current chemical content and physical specifics of the water with and without sediments. Results of this research proved that P. oceanica is spectrally distinct from other seafloor types (carbonate sand) at varying environmental conditions, as well as from other seagrass species (Thalassia testudinum). The RTM software is a useful tool for analyzing spectral signatures of various seafloor types enabling simulations of data received from the broadband and narrowband remote sensors. Application of the RS data from the broadband sensors is highly advantageous for the seagrass mapping. Spectral discrimination of P. oceanica from other seafloor cover types is possible at diverse and changing environmental conditions (water column height). Maps, graphics and imagery are provided. Current presentation contains 72 slides. Defended at University of Twente, Faculty of Earth Observation and Geoinformation (ITC), Enschede, Overijssel Province, the Netherlands on March 8, 2011.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei area, Taiwan
1. Using K-means algorithm classifier for
urban landscapes classification in
Taipei area, Taiwan
Seminar at
National Taiwan University (NTU)
Taipei, Taiwan, China
Polina Lemenkova †
May 22, 2013
†pauline.lemenkova@gmail.com
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 1 / 41
2. Table of Content
1. Summary
2. Human Factors
3. Land Cover/Use Types
4. Taipei
Urban Area
Urbanization
Regional Differences: Urban Space
5. Ecosystems
Functions
Structure
6. Urbanization
Urbanization: Trends
Urbanization: Consequences
7. Statistics
8. Environment
9. Techniques
10. Data
Landsat TM Images
Preliminary Data Processing
11. Methods
K-means Algorithm
K-Means Clustering
K-means Classification: ENVI GIS
Land Cover Types
ENVI GIS Classification by K-means Method
Combining Classes
Creating Region Of Interest (ROI)
Subset Data via ROI
Regional Division of Taipei
Statistics of Change Detection
Post-Classification Data Processing
Statistical Processing
Computed Areas of the Land Cover Types
12. Results
13. Conclusions
14. Discussion
15. Thanks
16. Literature
17. Bibliography
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 2 / 41
3. Summary
Study area: overlay of the Landsat TM image with
vector map of Taiwan Island and elevation contours.
ArcGIS visualization.
Research Area
Taipei urban landscapes, Taiwan R.O.C.
Research Aim
Apatio-temporal analysis of urban dynamics in
study area during 15 years (1990-2005)
Research Objective
Application of geoinformatic tools, remote
sensing data for urban studies of Taipei
Research Methodology
GIS based spatial analysis
Study area is located in Taiwan R.O.C., Taipei
city capital area.
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 3 / 41
4. Study Area
Location
Taipei is located on the north of the Taiwan Island
Significance
Taipei is the Taiwan’s core urban political & economic center
Characteristics
◦ Taipei: favorable topographic location, climatic and geographic settings
◦ Advantageous conditions for habitation here during centuries.
Examples
Geographic Settings
◦ Geomorphology: Taipei is characterized by flat relief and several rivers of Tamsui basin
with alluvial soils.
◦ Physical geography: Natural borders of the city are formed by surrounding mountains
and hills (Tsou & Cheng, 2013).
◦ Geology: Rich sediments from the upstream area maintain soils fertility, creating
favorable resources for agricultural activities (Huang et al., 2001).
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 4 / 41
5. Human Activities Affecting Landscapes
View of from Taipei-101 skyscraper
(Taipei World Financial Center),
Photo: author, 2013.
Urban growth and city sprawl affects ecosystems.
Consequences of human impacts include:
◦ landscape degradation
◦ changes in land cover and land use types
◦ decrease in biodiversity richness within the city
◦ deforestation, urbanization, and wetlands destruction
(Chen and Lin, 2013)
◦ decrease in species, losses of rare and extinct species
(McKinney, 2006; Shochat et al., 2004; Ramachandra et
al., 2012)
In turn, modified land use types:
◦ affect hydrological components in the surrounding
watersheds
◦ cause changes of the land use patterns
◦ change primary descriptors of the landscape patterns:
composition, configuration, connectivity, variety (Lin et al.,
2007)
◦ modify abundance of patch types within a landscape
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6. Land Cover vs Land Use Types: Conceptual Difference
Land Cover
Land cover data documents how much of a region is covered by forests, wetlands, impervious
surfaces, agriculture, and other land and water types. Water types include wetlands or open
water.
Land Use
Land Use shows just how people use the landscape – whether for development, conservation,
or mixed uses. The different types of land cover can be managed or used quite differently.
Examples
Land Cover vs Land Use
◦ Land cover can be determined by analyzing satellite and aerial imagery.
◦ Land use cannot be determined from satellite imagery.
◦ Land cover maps provide information to enable interpreting current landscape.
This research focused on study of land cover types in Taipei using GIS & RS.
To highlight dynamics in the land cover types, multi-temporal RS images for several different
years were taken and compared. With this information, past situation was evaluated and
insight into the effects of urban sprawl in Taipei area are made.
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7. Taipei: Urban Area
Population
A Taipei population living within an area of 271.8 𝑘𝑚2, density of 9566 persons/𝑘𝑚2, which is
higher than for most of Asia’s other major cities (Tsou & Cheng, 2013).
Function
Located on the north of the Taiwan Island, Taipei is the country’s core urban political and
economic center with population reaching over 2.6 M and continuing to expand within the
metropolitan region.
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8. Taipei: Urbanization
Concentrated population density and environmental pressure within the limited geographic
space and resources => metropolis as Taipei deal with specific urban environmental
problems.
Examples
Consequences of urbanization
1. transformation in structure of natural landscapes
2. simplification of species, changes in landscape composition
3. disconnected and disrupted components within the hydrological systems, fragmentation
of natural habitats
4. changes in land cover types: forests, river deltas, meadows, native grasslands, wetlands
=> human-modified agricultural or built-up areas
5. new areas consist of large amounts of impervious surfaces, covered by concrete blocks,
asphalt pavement, bricks, buildings
6. significantly altered aboveground net primary productivity
7. changes in soil respiration rates, compared to natural ecosystems (Kaye et al., 2005)
8. air pollution and decreased water quality (Huang et al., 2001)
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9. Regional Differences: Urban Space
Limitation of Land Resources
Uncontrolled urbanization =>
Gradual limitation of the land and water resources =>
Insufficient infrastructure within the city =>
Development of densely concentrated mixed land use types.
Land Use Types
About 45% of the Taipei city is categorized as restricted with regard to availability and usage
due to its topography (Tsou and Cheng, 2013).
Only 14% (46.30 km2) is available for further development (residential and commercial).
Land Cover Types
Urban landscapes are composed of areas of various shape and size, water bodies, human
built-up quarters and hilly mountainous areas
Examples
Urbanization Nowadays, new Taipei city face consists of built-up new apartments, buildings,
office centers and residential areas, re-structured districts.
This process is reinforced by the average structure age of the buildings and modernization
(Lin and Jhen, 2009).
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10. Urban Ecosystems: Functions
Complex Structure
Urban ecosystems have highly complex composing structure and functioning.
Urban landscapes have the highest level of ecosystems hierarchy.
Energy
Energy flows and density reach the most intensity in the cities comparing to natural and
semi-natural ecosystems
Examples
Typical functions of urban ecosystems: Cultural, supporting, regulating services => core
criteria for measurement of the environmental quality of the urban areas (Flores et al., 1998).
Complexity of these functions consists in various aspects of urban landscapes (Bonaiuto et
al., 2003):
◦ spatial (architecture and planning space)
◦ organization and access to green spaces within the city)
◦ human (i.e. people and social interrelations)
◦ functional (recreational, commercial, transport services and welfare)
◦ contextual aspects (life style and environmental health)
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11. Urban structure: a simplified flowchart
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12. Urbanization: Trends
Population
In the past decades, the process of urbanization became more and more notable in the world.
About half of the world’s population will reside in urban areas and cities by 2000 (Huang et
al., 1998).
Importance
World’s global cities (e.g. New York, London, Tokyo, Taipei, Paris, Seoul, Moscow, Hong
Kong, Singapore, etc.) are the key engines of the human development and global
cooperation. The importance of capitals: economies drivers; play key role in national and
regional economies of countries (Scott, 2000; Hsu, 2005; Sassen, 2001).
Examples
Functions of capitals in the modern World
(a) control resources and information
(b) attract major material and economic forces
(c) trigger human activities
(d) attract financial investments for further development
(e) involve informational knowledge centers and strategies
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13. Urbanization: Consequences
Global cities, such as Taipei, have to face specific environmental problems, due to the
concentrated human density and environmental pressure within the limited geographic space
and resources. Consequences of urbanization:
* transformation in structure of natural landscapes: e.g. simplification of species, changes
in landscape composition, disconnected and disrupted components within the
hydrological systems, fragmentation of natural habitats
* changes in land cover types: e.g., from forests, river deltas, meadows, native grasslands,
wetlands, or agricultural areas, towards anthropogenic affected built-up areas which
consist of large amounts of impervious surfaces, covered by concrete blocks, asphalt
pavement, bricks, buildings
* significantly altered aboveground net primary productivity
* serious changes in soil respiration rates, compared to natural ecosystems (Kaye et al.,
2005)
* air pollution and decreased water quality (Huang et al., 2001)
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14. Taipei: comparison with other major cities
Taipei Population
Taipei metropolitan area population =
2,618,772 people
including Taipei, New Taipei and Keelung =
6,900,273 people
Taiwan Population
Taiwan population (for the whole country)
according to the last two censuses:
◦ year 1990: 20.393,628;
◦ year 2000: 22.226,879.;
◦ year 2012: 23,315,822.
Source: Number of Villages, Neighborhoods,
Households and Resident Population.
MOI Statistical Information Service.
Retrieved: 2 January 2013.
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15. Environment
Industrialization
Human-driven effects on the environment and landscapes of Taipei agglomeration consist in
high industrialization and urbanization. The spatiotemporal pattern of landscape diversity
changed within Taipei metropolitan region between 1971 and 2005.
Urbanization
Rapid urbanization affects interrelations between natural and urban ecosystems, changes
their structure, size and shape, which gradually became a serious environmental problem.
Thus, in Taipei, natural, typical land cover types are being gradually transformed into
human-affected artificial surfaces (Hung et al., 2010).
Examples
Increase of built-up areas: Analysis of the landscape biogeographic characteristics of the
urban forests shows that species diversity, composition and richness, spatial variability is
done by Jim and Chen, 2008. According to their findings, the Taipei’s urban the built-up areas
with space limitations have the lowest biodiversity level, while parks accommodate the
highest biodiversity level, as represented by native species.
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16. Techniques
ENVI GIS
The research was performed using ENVI GIS software using Landsat TM images for years
1990 and 2005.
K-means Algorithm
The landscapes in the study area at two multi-temporal Landsat TM images were classified
using "K-means" algorithm. Different land use types were identified and classified. The area
covered by each land cover class is compared for years 1990 and 2005 and dynamics
analyzed.
Land Cover Types
Changes in the selected land cover types were analyzed and human impacts on the natural
landscapes detected. Classified land cover types were compared at both maps of land cover
types for the years 1990 and 2005.
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17. Data
Source
Data: two Landsat TM imagery taken from the USGS website.
Temporal comparison
Study period: imagery for summer periods of 1999-2005
Examples
Spatial Comparison Selected territory focused on 3 different areas: comparison of three
districts of southern area of Taipei, Taiwan, along the Tamsui river
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18. Landsat TM 1990
Landsat TM image (1990). Bands 1-7 (fragment). Color composites (ENVI)
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19. Landsat TM 2005
Landsat TM image (2005). Bands 1-7 (fragment). Color composites (ENVI)
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20. Preliminary Data Processing
◦ Preliminary data processing: image contrast stretching.
◦ By default, ENVI displays images with a 2% linear contrast stretch.
◦ Histogram equalization contrast stretch was applied to the images in order to enhance
the visual quality (better contrast)
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21. Methods
Methods used in the current work include
following steps:
◦ Data capture
◦ Color composition from 3 bands
◦ Defining Region of Interest (ROI)
◦ Selecting 3 areas within the city
◦ Image classification
◦ Combining classes
◦ Re-classification
◦ Post-processing
◦ Spatial analysis
◦ Defining 3 different areas of Taipei city
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22. K-means Algorithm
K-means algorithm procedure has 3 steps:
◦ Choosing the initial centroids for defined number of land classes
◦ Assignation of each pixel to the nearest centroid which represent certain land cover class
◦ Creating new centroids by taking the mean value of all pixels assigned to each previous
land cover class (i.e. centroid).
Looping between the other steps 2 and 3:
The difference between the old and the new centroids is ’inertia’.
The algorithm repeats (loops) steps until the ’inertia’ is less than a threshold.
It smoothes iteratively the allocation of pixels until the centroids do not move significantly.
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23. K-Means Clustering
K-Means classification: general idea.
K-Means: a mathematical approach:
𝐽(𝑋, 𝐶) =
∑𝑛
𝑖=0
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜇𝑗 ∈𝐶
(||𝑥𝑗 − 𝜇𝑖||2)
◦ K-means is a flat clustering algorithm
which is often used in classification
techniques.
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 23 / 41
24. K-Means Clustering
K-Means classification: general idea.
K-Means: a mathematical approach:
𝐽(𝑋, 𝐶) =
∑𝑛
𝑖=0
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜇𝑗 ∈𝐶
(||𝑥𝑗 − 𝜇𝑖||2)
◦ K-means is a flat clustering algorithm
which is often used in classification
techniques.
◦ The objective of K- means: to minimize
the average squared Euclidean distance
between the cluster centers (the means).
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 23 / 41
25. K-Means Clustering
K-Means classification: general idea.
K-Means: a mathematical approach:
𝐽(𝑋, 𝐶) =
∑𝑛
𝑖=0
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜇𝑗 ∈𝐶
(||𝑥𝑗 − 𝜇𝑖||2)
◦ K-means is a flat clustering algorithm
which is often used in classification
techniques.
◦ The objective of K- means: to minimize
the average squared Euclidean distance
between the cluster centers (the means).
◦ K-means analysis allocates pixels into
various clusters by defining the
mathematical centroids of all clusters -
groups of pixel with similar values of
spectral reflectance, or digital number
(DNs)
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 23 / 41
26. K-Means Clustering
K-Means classification: general idea.
K-Means: a mathematical approach:
𝐽(𝑋, 𝐶) =
∑𝑛
𝑖=0
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜇𝑗 ∈𝐶
(||𝑥𝑗 − 𝜇𝑖||2)
◦ K-means is a flat clustering algorithm
which is often used in classification
techniques.
◦ The objective of K- means: to minimize
the average squared Euclidean distance
between the cluster centers (the means).
◦ K-means analysis allocates pixels into
various clusters by defining the
mathematical centroids of all clusters -
groups of pixel with similar values of
spectral reflectance, or digital number
(DNs)
◦ K-means separates raster pixels in n
clusters (groups of equal variance) by
minimizing the ‘inertia’ criterion.
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 23 / 41
27. K-means Classification by Means of ENVI GIS
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28. Land Cover Types
Classification of the land cover types in the city:
◦ Forests
◦ Urban areas – 2 (roads)
◦ Grasslands
◦ Open fields (little or no vegetation)
◦ Water areas
◦ Urban vegetation – 1 (bushes)
◦ Cultivated lands
◦ Agricultural facilities
◦ Urban vegetation –2 (parks and squares)
◦ Urban areas -2 (built-up surfaces)
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 25 / 41
29. ENVI GIS Classification by K-means Method
1990 Landsat TM scene classification (fragment). Random color visualization
2005 Landsat TM scene classification (fragment). Random color visualization
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31. Creating Region Of Interest (ROI)
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32. Subset Data via ROI
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33. Regional Division of Taipei City
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 30 / 41
34. Statistics of Change Detection: Process
Process workflow:
◦ Change detection
statistics
◦ Setting options of
process
◦ Choice of ’Initial Stage’
image
◦ Choice of ’Final Stage’
Image
◦ Defining equivalent
classes
◦ Defining pixel size for
area statistics
◦ Change detection
statistics output
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 31 / 41
36. Statistical Processing
◦ Left: Getis Ord G statistics - measures concentration of the emergency values (highest
or lowest) for the land cover classes
◦ Center: Geary statistics - measures spatial dependance and autocorrelation of pixels.
◦ Right: Moran statistics - measures spatial features similarity values based on pixels
location and values
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 33 / 41
37. Computed Areas of the Land Cover Types
Results: ROI has changes in land cover classes: 1. class “urban areas” increased
from 16.9% in 1990 to 21.8% in
2005
2. class “urban vegetation”
decreased from 3.1% in 1990 to
2.9% in 2005
3. class “forests” decreased from
62.4% in 1990 to 60.8% in 2005
4. class “grasslands” decreased
from 15.6% in 1990 to 10.3% in
2005
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38. Results: Regions I, II and III
Three regions of Taipei have differences in the land cover types:
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 35 / 41
39. Conclusions
Comparison of regions I, II and III:
◦ Region I: located on the left bank of
Tamsui river, agricultural area. It has
significant changes in the land cover
types since 1990s.
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 36 / 41
40. Conclusions
Comparison of regions I, II and III:
◦ Region I: located on the left bank of
Tamsui river, agricultural area. It has
significant changes in the land cover
types since 1990s.
◦ Region II is the core, old city area is the
most stable region. It has the least
changes: this area is already
industrialized for a long time.
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 36 / 41
41. Conclusions
Comparison of regions I, II and III:
◦ Region I: located on the left bank of
Tamsui river, agricultural area. It has
significant changes in the land cover
types since 1990s.
◦ Region II is the core, old city area is the
most stable region. It has the least
changes: this area is already
industrialized for a long time.
◦ Region III is an area located southwards
from the core city. It has undergone
notable changes caused by intensive
relocation of the population to the Taipei
area after 1980s. This is regions is
dynamically developing since 1990s.
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 36 / 41
42. Discussion
◦ Spatial analysis performed by ENVI GIS enabled to process satellite images for urban
studies.
◦ Spatio-temporal analysis was applied to Landsat TM images taken at 1990 and 2005:
◦ Built-in functions of the mathematical K-means algorithm enabled to classify Landsat TM
images and to derive information on land cover types.
◦ Image classification was used to analyze land cover changes in Taipei which includes
built-up areas and natural green areas.
◦ Results of image processing and spatial analysis show changes in structure, shape and
configuration of urban landscapes in Taipei since 1990
◦ Areas occupied by human activities increased, while natural landscapes undergone
modifications.
◦ Changes in urban landscapes of Taipei are caused by the increased relocation of
population, urbanization and occupied lands for urban needs.
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43. Thanks
Thank you for attention !
Acknowledgement:
Current work has been supported by the
Taiwan Ministry of Education Short Term Research Award (STRA)
for author’s 2-month research stay (April-May 2013) at
National Taiwan University (NTU),
Department of Geography.
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45. Bibliography I
Author’s publications on Cartography, Mapping, Geography, Environment, GIS and Landscape Studies:
1 K. Gohl, G. Eagles, G. B. Udintsev, R. D. Larter, G. Uenzelmann-Neben, H. W. Schenke, P. Lemenkova, J. Grobys, N. Parsiegla, P. Schlueter,
T. Deen, G. Kuhn, and C. D. Hillenbrand, “Tectonic and Sedimentary Processes of the West Antarctic Margin of the Amundsen Sea Embayment and
Pine Island Bay”, in 2nd Open Science Conference 29th SCAR on ’Antarctica in the Earth System’ (2006), https://www.scar.org/events/.
2 K. Gohl, G. Uenzelmann-Neben, G. Eagles, A. Fahl, T. Feigl, J. Grobys, J. Just, V. Leinweber, N. Lensch, C. Mayr, N. Parsiegla, N. Rackebrandt,
P. Schloter, S. Suckro, K. Zimmermann, S. Gauger, H. Bohlmann, G. L. Netzeband, and P. Lemenkova, Crustal and Sedimentary Structures and
Geodynamic Evolution of the West Antarctic Continental Margin and Pine Island Bay, (Bremerhaven, Germany, 2006),
https://epic.Alfred%20Wegener%20Institute.de/29852/1/PE_75.pdf.
3 M. Klauˇco, B. Gregorová, U. Stankov, V. Markovi´c, and P. Lemenkova, “Determination of ecological significance based on geostatistical
assessment: a case study from the Slovak Natura 2000 protected area”, Central European Journal of Geosciences 5, 28–42, ISSN: 1896-1517
(2013),
https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/geo.2013.5.issue-1/s13533-012-0120-0/s13533-012-0120-0.xml?format=INT.
4 G. Kuhn, C. Hass, M. Kober, M. Petitat, T. Feigl, C. D. Hillenbrand, S. Kruger, M. Forwick, S. Gauger, and P. Lemenkova, The response of
quaternary climatic cycles in the South-East Pacific: development of the opal belt and dynamics behavior of the West Antarctic ice sheet,
(Bremerhaven, Germany, 2006), https://epic.Alfred%20Wegener%20Institute.de/29852/1/PE_75.pdf.
5 P. Lemenkova, “Monitoring changes in agricultural landscapes of Central Europe, Hungary: application of ILWIS GIS for image processing”, in
Geoinformatics: theoretical and applied aspects, Proceedings of 12th International Conference (2013).
6 P. Lemenkova, “Geospatial Technology for Land Cover Analysis”, Middle East and Africa (MEA) Geospatial Digest (2013),
https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/geospatial-technology-for-land-cover-analysis/, e-magazine (periodical).
7 P. Lemenkova, “Impacts of Climate Change on Landscapes in Central Europe, Hungary”, in Current Problems of Ecology, Ecological monitoring
and management of natural protection, Proceedings of 8th International Conference, Vol. 2 (2012), pp. 134–136,
https://elib.grsu.by/katalog/173327-393652.pdf.
8 P. Lemenkova, “Water Supply and Usage in Central Asia, Tian Shan Basin”, in Civil eng., architecture & environmental protection, Phidac-2012,
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium for Doctoral studies in the Fields of Civil Engineering, Architecture & Environmental Protection,
edited by Z. Grdic and G. Toplicic-Curcic (Sept. 2012), pp. 331–338, ISBN: 978-86-88601-05-4.
9 P. Lemenkova, “Seagrass Mapping and Monitoring Along the Coasts of Crete, Greece”, M.Sc. Thesis (University of Twente, Faculty of Earth
Observation and Geoinformation (ITC), Enschede, Netherands, Mar. 8, 2011), 158 pp., https://thesiscommons.org/p4h9v.
Polina Lemenkova Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Taipei. 22/05/2013 40 / 41
46. Bibliography II
10P. Lemenkova, “Using ArcGIS in Teaching Geosciences”, Russian, B.Sc. Thesis (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Educational
Studies, Moscow, Russia, June 5, 2007), 58 pp., https://thesiscommons.org/nmjgz.
11P. Lemenkova, Ecological and Geographical Mapping of the Baltic Sea Region in the Gulf of Finland, Russian, Moscow, Russia: Lomonosov
Moscow State University, Mar. 30, 2002, https://zenodo.org/record/2574447, Term Paper.
12P. Lemenkova and I. Elek, “Clustering Algorithm in ILWIS GIS for Classification of Landsat TM Scenes: a Case Study of Mecsek Hills Region,
Hungary”, in Geosciences and environment, Near-surface geophysics, Proceedings 3rd International Conference, edited by S. Komatina-Petrovic
(2012).
13P. Lemenkova, B. Forbes, and T. Kumpula, “Mapping Land Cover Changes Using Landsat TM: A Case Study of Yamal Ecosystems, Arctic Russia”,
in Geoinformatics: theoretical and applied aspects, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference (2012),
https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=24527736.
14H. W. Schenke and P. Lemenkova, “Zur Frage der Meeresboden-Kartographie: Die Nutzung von AutoTrace Digitizer für die Vektorisierung der
Bathymetrischen Daten in der Petschora-See”, German, Hydrographische Nachrichten 25, 16–21, ISSN: 0934-7747 (2008).
15I. Suetova, L. Ushakova, and P. Lemenkova, “Geoecological Mapping of the Barents Sea Using GIS”, in Digital cartography & gis for sustainable
development of territories, Proceedings of the International Cartographic Conference (2005), https://icaci.org/icc2005/.
16I. Suetova, L. Ushakova, and P. Lemenkova, “Geoinformation mapping of the Barents and Pechora Seas”, Geography and Natural Resources 4,
edited by V. A. Snytko, 138–142, ISSN: 1875-3728 (2005),
http://www.izdatgeo.ru/journal.php?action=output&id=3&lang_num=2&id_dop=68.
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