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Fundamentals aquatic-web

The document provides an overview of aquatic remote sensing, focusing on remote sensing principles, aquatic optics, and the various NASA satellite resources available for monitoring water quality and other aquatic parameters. It details the advantages of remote sensing, including synoptic coverage and the ability to observe remote locations, as well as the types of data products generated from satellite observations. Additionally, it discusses satellite capabilities, processing levels, and applications related to water quality assessment and ecosystem health.

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@ National Aeronautics and Space Administration ARSET Applied Remote Sensing Training http://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov NASAARSET Fundamentals of Aquatic Remote Sensing Sherry L. Palacios, Ph.D. www.nasa.gov
Course Objective • Provide an overview of aquatic optics, the remote sensing of water targets, and NASA Earth observation resources available for aquatic applications. Credit: NASA/USGS Landsat; Geoscience Australis National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 2
Agenda • • • Light and Water Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery and • • NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools Phytoplankton Bloom in the Arabian Sea Credit: N. Kuring, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85718 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 3
Why Do We Observe from Space? To Understand Earth’s Processes on a Global Scale SeaWiFS Chlorophyll Credit: OBPG, NASA Goddard National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 4
Advantages of Remote Sensing of Aquatic Environments • • • Synoptic coverage Temporal frequency needed to capture dynamic aquatic processes Observations of remote ocean locations, infrequently accessed by sea-based platforms National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 5
Light and Water
Agenda • Light and Water – How light propagates through the atmosphere and water column, and back to sensor – Constituents of the water column and their inherent optical properties Fundamentals of Remote Sensing• • Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools and • • Phytoplankton Bloom in the Arabian Sea Credit: N. Kuring, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85718 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 7
First, an Aquatic Optics Primer… The Electromagnetic Spectrum National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 8
How Light Interacts with Water Defining Remote Sensing Reflectance (Rrs) – or ‘Ocean Color’ Inherent Optical Properties a = absorption by… phytoplankton (ph) non-algal particles (nap) colored dissolved organic water (w) matter (CDOM)aph aw aCDOM a b = scattering in forward (f) and backward (b) directions nap bb bfFluorescence National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 9
How Light Interacts with Water Defining Remote Sensing Reflectance (Rrs) – or ‘Ocean Color’ Inherent Optical Properties a = absorption b = scattering Rrs Ed Lw Lu Apparent Optical Properties Lw = water leaving radiance Lu = upwelling radiance aph aw aCDOM anap bb E = downwelling irradiance = remote sensing (rs) reflectance d Rrs bfFluorescence National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 10
Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) and the ‘Color’ of Water Light absorption (a) by photoplankton (ph), non-algal particles (nap), water (w), and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) a = aph + anap + aCDOM + aw Light scattering (b) by particles in forward and backward (bb) direction b = bf + bb (bf) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 11
Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) and the ‘Color’ of Water chlorophyll water CDOM nap/ sediments National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 12
Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) and the ‘Color’ of Water Visible Near IR chlorophyll 0.025 sediments 0.02 water 0.015 CDOM 0.01 CDOM water0.005 nap/ sediments 0 400 500 600 Wavelength 700 (nm) 800 900 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 13 Rrs(sr-1) chlorophyll
Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs) and the ‘Color’ of Water Visible Near IR• The typical human eye has color- detecting receptors that at: sense light 0.025 – – – 420-440 534-555 564-580 nm nm nm ‘blue’ ‘green’ ‘red’ 0.02 0.015 • Water with high chlorophyll content looks green because it reflects 0.01 strongly in the green part spectrum of the 0.005 0 400 500 600 Wavelength 700 (nm) 800 900 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 14 Rrs(sr-1) chlorophyll
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing
Agenda • • Light and Water Fundamentals of Remote Sensing – – Spatial, Temporal, Spectral Resolution NASA Satellites and Sensors for Aquatic Applications Image “Correction” Satellite Data Processing Levels – – • Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools and • • Phytoplankton Bloom in the Arabian Sea Credit: N. Kuring, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85718 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 16
Types of Resolution Spatial Resolution Temporal Resolution Spectral Resolution • • Decided by its pixel Pixel: smallest unit size • How frequently a satellite • Ability of a sensor to define fine wavelength intervals Finer spectral channels enable observes the same area of the Earthmeasured by a sensor • remote sensing of different of the atmosphere *Credit: Natural Resources Canada parts National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 17 Satellite (Sensor) Spatial Resolution Temporal Resolution Spectral Bands Landsat 8 (OLI) 15 m, 30 m 16 day revisit 9 bands (blue-green, green, red, near IR, shortwave and thermal IR) Terra,Aqua (MODIS) 250 m – 1 km 2 times per day 36 bands (red, blue, IR, NIR, MIR)
How Do Overview We Observe From Space? of Active & Passive Remote Sensing • Satellites measure: carry instruments and sensors to – – reflected solar radiation emitted infrared and microwave radiation National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 18
Data Collection by Satellites Atmosphere • • • Clouds Aerosols Gases Earth’s Surface • • • Snow/Ice Land (land Water use, vegetation) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 19
Remote Sensing of Water Bodies Reflected Solar Radiation (~color of water) • • Measured by satellite sensors Used to derive the properties of optically- active water constituents Coccolithophore Bloom, Norway National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 20 • Contaminants • Pathogens • Suspended Sediments • Algae • Colored Dissolved Organic Matter • Detrital Organic Matter • Submerged or floating vegetation • Oil
Remote Sensing of Water Bodies Emitted Thermal Radiation • Used to derive the surface temperature of water bodies MARACOOS, ORB Lab, courtesy M. Oliver Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramNational Aeronautics and Space Administration 21 8-day average SST
NASA Satellites and Sensors for Aquatic Applications
Overview of NASA Satellites & Sensors for Water Quality Monitoring • Currently several satellites observe water surface properties in: – – – A the open ocean coastal oceans and estuaries many inland lakes number of water quality parameters are• operationally available from these satellites – e.g. temperature, chlorophyll-a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 23
NASA Satellites & Sensors for Ocean and Coastal Systems • Chlorophyll-a Concentration • Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (5/2002 - present) • Temperature National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 24 Satellite Sensor Parameter Landsat Series (7/1972 - present) • Thematic Mapper (TM) • Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) • Operational Land Imager (OLI) • Spectral Reflectance Terra (12/1999 - present) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) • Spectral Reflectance • Temperature (CDOM) • Turbidity • Euphotic Depth Aqua Terra (12/1999 – present) Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) • Spectral Reflectance
NASA Satellites & Sensors for Ocean and Coastal Systems • Chlorophyll Concentration • Spectral Remote Sensing National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 25 Satellite Sensor Parameter National Polar Partnership (NPP) (11/2011-present) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) • Spectral Reflectance International Space Station Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) (2009 – 2014) • Spectral Radiance Reflectance Plankton, Aerosols, Clouds, ocean Ecosystems (PACE) (proposed for 2022 or 2023) Ocean Color Instrument • Spectral Reflectance • Optional Polarimeter being considered
Landsat Satellites and Sensors http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ • • • • • • Near-polar orbit 10 a.m. equator crossing Global coverage July 1972 – present time 16 day revisit Sensors: time – – – – – MSS TM ETM+ OLI TIRS National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 26
Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/landsat/l7.html (ETM+) • Flying on-board Landsat 7 polar orbiting satellites Spatial Coverage and Resolution: – Global, swath 185 km – Spatial Resolution: 15 m, 30 m, 60 m Temporal Coverage and Resolution – April 15, 1999 – present – 16 day revisit time Spectral Bands – 8 bands (major bands include: blue-green, green, red, reflected and thermal IR, and panchromatic) • • • • Spectral Bands – – – Bands 1-5, 7: m m 30 m Band Band 6: 8: 60 15 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 27
• Spectral Bands – Bands 1-7, 9: 30m – Band 8: 15m Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) http://landsat.usgs.gov/landsat8.php; http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/?p=5779 • Flying on-board Landsat 8 (Landsat Data Continuity Mission – LDCM) polar orbiting satellite Spatial Coverage & Resolution: – Global, Swath 185 km – Spatial Resolution: 15 m, 30 m Temporal Coverage & Resolution: – February 11, 2013 – present – 16 day revisit time Spectral Bands – 9 bands (major bands include blue-green, red, near IR, shortwave and thermal IR, panchromatic) • • • National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 28 Visible Near- Short-wavelength Thermal-wavelength Infrared infrared infrared
Terra and Aqua http://terra.nasa.gov/; http://aqua.nasa.gov/ Terra Aqua • • • • • Polar orbit, 10:30 a.m. equator Global Coverage December 18, 1999 – present 1-2 observations per day Sensors: crossing time • • • • • Polar orbit, 1:30 p.m. equator crossing time Global Coverage May 4, 2002 – present 1-2 observations per day Sensors: – ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS, MOPITT – AIRS, AMSU, CERES, MODIS,AMSR-E National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 29
MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov • • On board Terra and Aqua Designed for land, atmosphere, cryosphere observations Spectral Bands ocean, and • 36 bands (red, blue, IR, NIR, MIR) – – – Bands Bands Bands 1-2: 250 m 3-7: 500 m• Spatial Coverage and Resolution: – Global, Swath: 2,330 km – Spatial Resolution Varies: 250 m, 1 km 8-16: 1000 m 500 m, • Temporal Coverage – 2000 – present – 2 times per day and Resolution: Image Credit: http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 30
National Polar Partnership (NPP) http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP • • • • • • Polar orbit 1:30 p.m. equator crossing time Global coverage November 21, 2011 – present 1-2 observations Sensors: per day – – – – – VIIRS ATMS CrlS OMPS CERCES NASA/NOAA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 31
Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer http://npp.gsfc.nasa.gov/viirs.html Suite (VIIRS) • • Flying on-board NPP, polar-orbiting satellite Designed to collect measurements of clouds, aerosols, ocean color, surface temperature, fires, and albedo Spatial Coverage and Resolution: – Global, swath width: 3,040 km • • Spectral Bands – Spatial resolution: 375 m Temporal Coverage – October 2011 – present – 2 times per day – 750 m – 15 bands (major bands include visible, red, • blue, green, short, middle, and long-wave IR) Ocean Color Bands 1-7: 0.402 - 0.682 μm Sea Surface Temperature Bands 12-13: 3.660 - 4.128 μm – – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 32
Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) http://hico.coas.oregonstate.edu/; http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cms/data/hico • Partnership with U.S. Naval Research Lab, Office of Naval Research, and NASA Oregon State University, • • • • Active 2009 – 2014 aboard the International Space Station (ISS) 380 nm to 960 nm at 5.7 nm spectral resolution m290 spatial resolution Targeted data collection Davis, C. O. (n.d.). The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO): Sensor and Data Processing Overview [PDF]. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 33
Plankton, Aerosol, Clouds, http://pace.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Ocean Ecosystem (PACE) • • • • Polar orbiting, 2-day revisit High spectral resolution 1 km ground sample distance Optional polarimeter being considered for cloud and aerosol study and atmospheric correction Anticipated launch 2022 to aid in • National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 34
Image “Correction”
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 36 0 400 800 90 Remote Sensing of Water Bodies 0.025 0.02 Near IR 0.015 0.01 0.005 500 600 700 0 Colored Dissolved Wavelength (nm) Organic Phytoplankton Suspended sedimentsDetrital particles Rrs(sr-1) Matter
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 37 L (λ) t L (λ) r L (λ) a t(λ,θ).L (λ) w t(λ,θ).L (λ) wc T(λ,θ)(λ).L (λ) g Atmospheric Correction >90% <10% 400 500 600 700 800 900 Radiance (µW.cm−2 .sr−1 .nm−1 ) Top-of atmosphere 9 8 7 6 5 4 Water 3 2 1 0 Wavelength (nm)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 38 Water-leaving radiance Downwelling Irradiance Lw(l) Ed (l,0+) Field spectroradiometer
@ National Aeronautics and Space Administration ARSET Applied Remote Sensing Training http://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov NASAARSET www.nasa.gov Top-of atmosphere Water Atmospheric Correction >90% <10% Atmospheric correction
Satellite Data Processing Levels
Levels of Data Processing http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cms/products • Level 0: unprocessed instrument data at full resolution, rawest format available Level 1A: reconstructed and unprocessed instrument data at full resolution • • • • Level Level Level 1B: L1A data with instrument/radiometric calibrations applied 2: Derived geophysical variables at same resolution as L1 data 3: L2 projected onto a well defined spatial grid over a well-defined time period Level 4: model output or results from analyses of lower level data – e.g., Primary Productivity • National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 41
1: d Data Processing Levels Harder to Use Easier to Use National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 42 L4: Model output: derived variables L3: Gridded and quality controlled L2: Products derived from L1B L Geolocate and calibrated L0: Raw instrument data
Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products and Their Uses
Agenda • • • Light and Water Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery and • • NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools Phytoplankton Bloom in the Arabian Sea Credit: N. Kuring, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85718 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 44
What Can We Observe from Space? Ocean Properties Derived from Remote Sensing Imagery biogeochemical cycling ecosystem health biogeochemistry, temperature flux salt flux National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 45 Observation Application Chlorophyll-a Phytoplankton biomass, primary productivity, Water Turbidity Water quality, human and ecosystem health Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) Water quality, biogeochemical cycling, human and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Currents, primary productivity, climate studies, Surface winds Currents, mixing, air-sea flux of gases Salinity Mixing, air-sea flux of gases, geostrophic currents,
Chlorophyll-a from Remote Sensing Reflectance (Rrs) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 46 Surface Remote Sensing Reflectance
Rrs at Different Chlorophyll-a Concentrations 1 2 3 4 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 47 Surface Remote Sensing Reflectance
Chlorophyll-a Estimates Estimations are a function of the ratios of Rrs values Example: Ratio 10.0 of Rrs value at 486 nm and 550 nm 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 In situ Chl a (mg 10.0 m-3) Algorithm description: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cms/atbd/chlor_a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 48 VIIRSChla Surface Remote Sensing Reflectance
Chlorophyll-a from Space National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 49 MODIS chlorophyll-a Northern Hemisphere Spring 2014
Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery
Agenda • • • Light and Water Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery and • – – – Worldview OceanColor Web Data Browsers Other Data Access Tools • NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools Phytoplankton Bloom in the Arabian Sea Credit: N. Kuring, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85718 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 51
NASA Worldview https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/ • Interactive web-based tool for browsing satellite imagery Imagery is generally available within four hours of observation Daily imagery from May 2012 to present Data can be downloaded • • • • Image output in JPEG, PNG, and KML formats GeoTIFF, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 52
ov/cms/dataaccess NASA OceanColor Web – http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.g Data Access • • • • • Level 1 & 2 Browser Level 3 Browser Direct Data Access Data File Search SeaBASS Field Data National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 53
NASA OceanColor Web – Level 1 & 2 Browser http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/browse.pl National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 54
Some Other Data Access Tools • NOAA CoastWatch – http://coastwatch.noaa.gov/ NASA Giovanni – http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/ USGS Earth Explorer • • – http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 55
NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools
NASA OceanColor Web http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/ • OceanColor Web is supported by the Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) at NASA Goddard • OBPG’s duties include collection, processing, calibration, validation, archive, and distribution of ocean-related data products from missions a large number of satellite National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 57
SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) http://seadas.gsfc.nasa.gov/ • Image analysis package for the processing, display, analysis, & quality control of ocean color data Originally developed for SeaWiFS, but supports most U.S. and international ocean color missions Online tutorials, help pages, and an active user community in the Ocean Color Forum • • • Attentive & friendly support NASA Goddard team based at National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 58
Online Tutorials and Webinars for http://seadas.gsfc.nasa.gov/tutorial/ SeaDAS • Strongly recommend completing all of the on-demand tutorials listed on this webpage SeaDAS supports a wide variety of satellite sensors so your investment in learning it will be time well spent • • Check out this SeaDAS webinar from 15, 2016: June – https://earthdata.nasa.gov/user- resources/webinars-and-tutorials National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 59
Interested in a More In-Depth Understanding of Aquatic Optics Remote Sensing Imagery? and • For a more solid foundation in aquatic optics: – Ocean Optics Web Book: http://www.oceanopticsbook.info/ – IOCCG Summer Lecture Series, 2016: http://ioccg.org/what-we-do/training-and- education/ioccg-summer-lecture-series-2016/#lectures • For remote sensing imagery information, data access, and processing tools: – NASA’s OceanColor Web: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cms National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 60
Summary • Light and Water – How light propagates through the atmosphere and water column, and back to sensor • Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery and • – – – Worldview OceanColor Web Other Data Access Tools – Constituents of the water column inherent optical properties Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and their • • NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools – – Spatial, Temporal, Spectral Resolution NASA Satellites and Sensors for Aquatic Applications Image “Correction” Satellite Data Processing Levels – SeaDAS – – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 61
@ National Aeronautics and Space Administration ARSET Applied Remote Sensing Training http://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov NASAARSET Thank you! http://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov/webinars/fundamentals-remote-sensing www.nasa.gov

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Fundamentals aquatic-web

  • 1.
    @ National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration ARSET Applied Remote Sensing Training http://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov NASAARSET Fundamentals of Aquatic Remote Sensing Sherry L. Palacios, Ph.D. www.nasa.gov
  • 2.
    Course Objective • Providean overview of aquatic optics, the remote sensing of water targets, and NASA Earth observation resources available for aquatic applications. Credit: NASA/USGS Landsat; Geoscience Australis National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 2
  • 3.
    Agenda • • • Light and Water Fundamentalsof Remote Sensing Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery and • • NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools Phytoplankton Bloom in the Arabian Sea Credit: N. Kuring, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85718 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 3
  • 4.
    Why Do WeObserve from Space? To Understand Earth’s Processes on a Global Scale SeaWiFS Chlorophyll Credit: OBPG, NASA Goddard National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 4
  • 5.
    Advantages of RemoteSensing of Aquatic Environments • • • Synoptic coverage Temporal frequency needed to capture dynamic aquatic processes Observations of remote ocean locations, infrequently accessed by sea-based platforms National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 5
  • 6.
  • 7.
    Agenda • Light andWater – How light propagates through the atmosphere and water column, and back to sensor – Constituents of the water column and their inherent optical properties Fundamentals of Remote Sensing• • Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools and • • Phytoplankton Bloom in the Arabian Sea Credit: N. Kuring, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85718 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 7
  • 8.
    First, an AquaticOptics Primer… The Electromagnetic Spectrum National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 8
  • 9.
    How Light Interactswith Water Defining Remote Sensing Reflectance (Rrs) – or ‘Ocean Color’ Inherent Optical Properties a = absorption by… phytoplankton (ph) non-algal particles (nap) colored dissolved organic water (w) matter (CDOM)aph aw aCDOM a b = scattering in forward (f) and backward (b) directions nap bb bfFluorescence National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 9
  • 10.
    How Light Interactswith Water Defining Remote Sensing Reflectance (Rrs) – or ‘Ocean Color’ Inherent Optical Properties a = absorption b = scattering Rrs Ed Lw Lu Apparent Optical Properties Lw = water leaving radiance Lu = upwelling radiance aph aw aCDOM anap bb E = downwelling irradiance = remote sensing (rs) reflectance d Rrs bfFluorescence National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 10
  • 11.
    Inherent Optical Properties(IOPs) and the ‘Color’ of Water Light absorption (a) by photoplankton (ph), non-algal particles (nap), water (w), and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) a = aph + anap + aCDOM + aw Light scattering (b) by particles in forward and backward (bb) direction b = bf + bb (bf) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 11
  • 12.
    Inherent Optical Properties(IOPs) and the ‘Color’ of Water chlorophyll water CDOM nap/ sediments National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 12
  • 13.
    Inherent Optical Properties(IOPs) and the ‘Color’ of Water Visible Near IR chlorophyll 0.025 sediments 0.02 water 0.015 CDOM 0.01 CDOM water0.005 nap/ sediments 0 400 500 600 Wavelength 700 (nm) 800 900 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 13 Rrs(sr-1) chlorophyll
  • 14.
    Inherent Optical Properties(IOPs) and the ‘Color’ of Water Visible Near IR• The typical human eye has color- detecting receptors that at: sense light 0.025 – – – 420-440 534-555 564-580 nm nm nm ‘blue’ ‘green’ ‘red’ 0.02 0.015 • Water with high chlorophyll content looks green because it reflects 0.01 strongly in the green part spectrum of the 0.005 0 400 500 600 Wavelength 700 (nm) 800 900 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 14 Rrs(sr-1) chlorophyll
  • 15.
  • 16.
    Agenda • • Light and Water Fundamentalsof Remote Sensing – – Spatial, Temporal, Spectral Resolution NASA Satellites and Sensors for Aquatic Applications Image “Correction” Satellite Data Processing Levels – – • Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools and • • Phytoplankton Bloom in the Arabian Sea Credit: N. Kuring, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85718 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 16
  • 17.
    Types of Resolution SpatialResolution Temporal Resolution Spectral Resolution • • Decided by its pixel Pixel: smallest unit size • How frequently a satellite • Ability of a sensor to define fine wavelength intervals Finer spectral channels enable observes the same area of the Earthmeasured by a sensor • remote sensing of different of the atmosphere *Credit: Natural Resources Canada parts National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 17 Satellite (Sensor) Spatial Resolution Temporal Resolution Spectral Bands Landsat 8 (OLI) 15 m, 30 m 16 day revisit 9 bands (blue-green, green, red, near IR, shortwave and thermal IR) Terra,Aqua (MODIS) 250 m – 1 km 2 times per day 36 bands (red, blue, IR, NIR, MIR)
  • 18.
    How Do Overview We ObserveFrom Space? of Active & Passive Remote Sensing • Satellites measure: carry instruments and sensors to – – reflected solar radiation emitted infrared and microwave radiation National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 18
  • 19.
    Data Collection bySatellites Atmosphere • • • Clouds Aerosols Gases Earth’s Surface • • • Snow/Ice Land (land Water use, vegetation) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 19
  • 20.
    Remote Sensing ofWater Bodies Reflected Solar Radiation (~color of water) • • Measured by satellite sensors Used to derive the properties of optically- active water constituents Coccolithophore Bloom, Norway National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 20 • Contaminants • Pathogens • Suspended Sediments • Algae • Colored Dissolved Organic Matter • Detrital Organic Matter • Submerged or floating vegetation • Oil
  • 21.
    Remote Sensing ofWater Bodies Emitted Thermal Radiation • Used to derive the surface temperature of water bodies MARACOOS, ORB Lab, courtesy M. Oliver Applied Remote Sensing Training ProgramNational Aeronautics and Space Administration 21 8-day average SST
  • 22.
    NASA Satellites andSensors for Aquatic Applications
  • 23.
    Overview of NASASatellites & Sensors for Water Quality Monitoring • Currently several satellites observe water surface properties in: – – – A the open ocean coastal oceans and estuaries many inland lakes number of water quality parameters are• operationally available from these satellites – e.g. temperature, chlorophyll-a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 23
  • 24.
    NASA Satellites &Sensors for Ocean and Coastal Systems • Chlorophyll-a Concentration • Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (5/2002 - present) • Temperature National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 24 Satellite Sensor Parameter Landsat Series (7/1972 - present) • Thematic Mapper (TM) • Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) • Operational Land Imager (OLI) • Spectral Reflectance Terra (12/1999 - present) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) • Spectral Reflectance • Temperature (CDOM) • Turbidity • Euphotic Depth Aqua Terra (12/1999 – present) Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) • Spectral Reflectance
  • 25.
    NASA Satellites &Sensors for Ocean and Coastal Systems • Chlorophyll Concentration • Spectral Remote Sensing National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 25 Satellite Sensor Parameter National Polar Partnership (NPP) (11/2011-present) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) • Spectral Reflectance International Space Station Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) (2009 – 2014) • Spectral Radiance Reflectance Plankton, Aerosols, Clouds, ocean Ecosystems (PACE) (proposed for 2022 or 2023) Ocean Color Instrument • Spectral Reflectance • Optional Polarimeter being considered
  • 26.
    Landsat Satellites andSensors http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ • • • • • • Near-polar orbit 10 a.m. equator crossing Global coverage July 1972 – present time 16 day revisit Sensors: time – – – – – MSS TM ETM+ OLI TIRS National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 26
  • 27.
    Landsat-7 Enhanced ThematicMapper http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/landsat/l7.html (ETM+) • Flying on-board Landsat 7 polar orbiting satellites Spatial Coverage and Resolution: – Global, swath 185 km – Spatial Resolution: 15 m, 30 m, 60 m Temporal Coverage and Resolution – April 15, 1999 – present – 16 day revisit time Spectral Bands – 8 bands (major bands include: blue-green, green, red, reflected and thermal IR, and panchromatic) • • • • Spectral Bands – – – Bands 1-5, 7: m m 30 m Band Band 6: 8: 60 15 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 27
  • 28.
    • Spectral Bands –Bands 1-7, 9: 30m – Band 8: 15m Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) http://landsat.usgs.gov/landsat8.php; http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/?p=5779 • Flying on-board Landsat 8 (Landsat Data Continuity Mission – LDCM) polar orbiting satellite Spatial Coverage & Resolution: – Global, Swath 185 km – Spatial Resolution: 15 m, 30 m Temporal Coverage & Resolution: – February 11, 2013 – present – 16 day revisit time Spectral Bands – 9 bands (major bands include blue-green, red, near IR, shortwave and thermal IR, panchromatic) • • • National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 28 Visible Near- Short-wavelength Thermal-wavelength Infrared infrared infrared
  • 29.
    Terra and Aqua http://terra.nasa.gov/;http://aqua.nasa.gov/ Terra Aqua • • • • • Polar orbit, 10:30 a.m. equator Global Coverage December 18, 1999 – present 1-2 observations per day Sensors: crossing time • • • • • Polar orbit, 1:30 p.m. equator crossing time Global Coverage May 4, 2002 – present 1-2 observations per day Sensors: – ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS, MOPITT – AIRS, AMSU, CERES, MODIS,AMSR-E National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 29
  • 30.
    MODerate Resolution ImagingSpectroradiometer (MODIS) http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov • • On board Terra and Aqua Designed for land, atmosphere, cryosphere observations Spectral Bands ocean, and • 36 bands (red, blue, IR, NIR, MIR) – – – Bands Bands Bands 1-2: 250 m 3-7: 500 m• Spatial Coverage and Resolution: – Global, Swath: 2,330 km – Spatial Resolution Varies: 250 m, 1 km 8-16: 1000 m 500 m, • Temporal Coverage – 2000 – present – 2 times per day and Resolution: Image Credit: http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 30
  • 31.
    National Polar Partnership(NPP) http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/NPP • • • • • • Polar orbit 1:30 p.m. equator crossing time Global coverage November 21, 2011 – present 1-2 observations Sensors: per day – – – – – VIIRS ATMS CrlS OMPS CERCES NASA/NOAA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 31
  • 32.
    Visible Infrared ImagingRadiometer http://npp.gsfc.nasa.gov/viirs.html Suite (VIIRS) • • Flying on-board NPP, polar-orbiting satellite Designed to collect measurements of clouds, aerosols, ocean color, surface temperature, fires, and albedo Spatial Coverage and Resolution: – Global, swath width: 3,040 km • • Spectral Bands – Spatial resolution: 375 m Temporal Coverage – October 2011 – present – 2 times per day – 750 m – 15 bands (major bands include visible, red, • blue, green, short, middle, and long-wave IR) Ocean Color Bands 1-7: 0.402 - 0.682 μm Sea Surface Temperature Bands 12-13: 3.660 - 4.128 μm – – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 32
  • 33.
    Hyperspectral Imager forthe Coastal Ocean (HICO) http://hico.coas.oregonstate.edu/; http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cms/data/hico • Partnership with U.S. Naval Research Lab, Office of Naval Research, and NASA Oregon State University, • • • • Active 2009 – 2014 aboard the International Space Station (ISS) 380 nm to 960 nm at 5.7 nm spectral resolution m290 spatial resolution Targeted data collection Davis, C. O. (n.d.). The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO): Sensor and Data Processing Overview [PDF]. International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 33
  • 34.
    Plankton, Aerosol, Clouds, http://pace.gsfc.nasa.gov/ OceanEcosystem (PACE) • • • • Polar orbiting, 2-day revisit High spectral resolution 1 km ground sample distance Optional polarimeter being considered for cloud and aerosol study and atmospheric correction Anticipated launch 2022 to aid in • National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 34
  • 35.
  • 36.
    National Aeronautics andSpace Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 36 0 400 800 90 Remote Sensing of Water Bodies 0.025 0.02 Near IR 0.015 0.01 0.005 500 600 700 0 Colored Dissolved Wavelength (nm) Organic Phytoplankton Suspended sedimentsDetrital particles Rrs(sr-1) Matter
  • 37.
    National Aeronautics andSpace Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 37 L (λ) t L (λ) r L (λ) a t(λ,θ).L (λ) w t(λ,θ).L (λ) wc T(λ,θ)(λ).L (λ) g Atmospheric Correction >90% <10% 400 500 600 700 800 900 Radiance (µW.cm−2 .sr−1 .nm−1 ) Top-of atmosphere 9 8 7 6 5 4 Water 3 2 1 0 Wavelength (nm)
  • 38.
    National Aeronautics andSpace Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 38 Water-leaving radiance Downwelling Irradiance Lw(l) Ed (l,0+) Field spectroradiometer
  • 39.
    @ National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration ARSET Applied Remote Sensing Training http://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov NASAARSET www.nasa.gov Top-of atmosphere Water Atmospheric Correction >90% <10% Atmospheric correction
  • 40.
  • 41.
    Levels of DataProcessing http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cms/products • Level 0: unprocessed instrument data at full resolution, rawest format available Level 1A: reconstructed and unprocessed instrument data at full resolution • • • • Level Level Level 1B: L1A data with instrument/radiometric calibrations applied 2: Derived geophysical variables at same resolution as L1 data 3: L2 projected onto a well defined spatial grid over a well-defined time period Level 4: model output or results from analyses of lower level data – e.g., Primary Productivity • National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 41
  • 42.
    1: d Data ProcessingLevels Harder to Use Easier to Use National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 42 L4: Model output: derived variables L3: Gridded and quality controlled L2: Products derived from L1B L Geolocate and calibrated L0: Raw instrument data
  • 43.
    Aquatic Remote Sensing DataProducts and Their Uses
  • 44.
    Agenda • • • Light and Water Fundamentalsof Remote Sensing Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery and • • NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools Phytoplankton Bloom in the Arabian Sea Credit: N. Kuring, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85718 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 44
  • 45.
    What Can WeObserve from Space? Ocean Properties Derived from Remote Sensing Imagery biogeochemical cycling ecosystem health biogeochemistry, temperature flux salt flux National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 45 Observation Application Chlorophyll-a Phytoplankton biomass, primary productivity, Water Turbidity Water quality, human and ecosystem health Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) Water quality, biogeochemical cycling, human and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Currents, primary productivity, climate studies, Surface winds Currents, mixing, air-sea flux of gases Salinity Mixing, air-sea flux of gases, geostrophic currents,
  • 46.
    Chlorophyll-a from RemoteSensing Reflectance (Rrs) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 46 Surface Remote Sensing Reflectance
  • 47.
    Rrs at DifferentChlorophyll-a Concentrations 1 2 3 4 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 47 Surface Remote Sensing Reflectance
  • 48.
    Chlorophyll-a Estimates Estimations area function of the ratios of Rrs values Example: Ratio 10.0 of Rrs value at 486 nm and 550 nm 1.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 In situ Chl a (mg 10.0 m-3) Algorithm description: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cms/atbd/chlor_a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 48 VIIRSChla Surface Remote Sensing Reflectance
  • 49.
    Chlorophyll-a from Space NationalAeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 49 MODIS chlorophyll-a Northern Hemisphere Spring 2014
  • 50.
  • 51.
    Agenda • • • Light and Water Fundamentalsof Remote Sensing Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery and • – – – Worldview OceanColor Web Data Browsers Other Data Access Tools • NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools Phytoplankton Bloom in the Arabian Sea Credit: N. Kuring, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=85718 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 51
  • 52.
    NASA Worldview https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/ • Interactiveweb-based tool for browsing satellite imagery Imagery is generally available within four hours of observation Daily imagery from May 2012 to present Data can be downloaded • • • • Image output in JPEG, PNG, and KML formats GeoTIFF, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 52
  • 53.
    ov/cms/dataaccess NASA OceanColor Web– http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.g Data Access • • • • • Level 1 & 2 Browser Level 3 Browser Direct Data Access Data File Search SeaBASS Field Data National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 53
  • 54.
    NASA OceanColor Web– Level 1 & 2 Browser http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/browse.pl National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 54
  • 55.
    Some Other DataAccess Tools • NOAA CoastWatch – http://coastwatch.noaa.gov/ NASA Giovanni – http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/ USGS Earth Explorer • • – http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 55
  • 56.
    NASA Satellite DataProcessing Tools
  • 57.
    NASA OceanColor Web http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/ •OceanColor Web is supported by the Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG) at NASA Goddard • OBPG’s duties include collection, processing, calibration, validation, archive, and distribution of ocean-related data products from missions a large number of satellite National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 57
  • 58.
    SeaWiFS Data AnalysisSystem (SeaDAS) http://seadas.gsfc.nasa.gov/ • Image analysis package for the processing, display, analysis, & quality control of ocean color data Originally developed for SeaWiFS, but supports most U.S. and international ocean color missions Online tutorials, help pages, and an active user community in the Ocean Color Forum • • • Attentive & friendly support NASA Goddard team based at National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 58
  • 59.
    Online Tutorials andWebinars for http://seadas.gsfc.nasa.gov/tutorial/ SeaDAS • Strongly recommend completing all of the on-demand tutorials listed on this webpage SeaDAS supports a wide variety of satellite sensors so your investment in learning it will be time well spent • • Check out this SeaDAS webinar from 15, 2016: June – https://earthdata.nasa.gov/user- resources/webinars-and-tutorials National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 59
  • 60.
    Interested in aMore In-Depth Understanding of Aquatic Optics Remote Sensing Imagery? and • For a more solid foundation in aquatic optics: – Ocean Optics Web Book: http://www.oceanopticsbook.info/ – IOCCG Summer Lecture Series, 2016: http://ioccg.org/what-we-do/training-and- education/ioccg-summer-lecture-series-2016/#lectures • For remote sensing imagery information, data access, and processing tools: – NASA’s OceanColor Web: http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cms National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 60
  • 61.
    Summary • Light andWater – How light propagates through the atmosphere and water column, and back to sensor • Aquatic Remote Sensing Data Products Their Uses Accessing NASA Satellite Imagery and • – – – Worldview OceanColor Web Other Data Access Tools – Constituents of the water column inherent optical properties Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and their • • NASA Satellite Data Processing Tools – – Spatial, Temporal, Spectral Resolution NASA Satellites and Sensors for Aquatic Applications Image “Correction” Satellite Data Processing Levels – SeaDAS – – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied Remote Sensing Training Program 61
  • 62.
    @ National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration ARSET Applied Remote Sensing Training http://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov NASAARSET Thank you! http://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov/webinars/fundamentals-remote-sensing www.nasa.gov