Current poster presents a student assignment on Course: 'GEOG6038 Calibration and Validation of Earth Observation Data'. Study aim is image classification using ENVI GIS and remote sensing data aimed at national park area classification. Study area is Páramo National Park in Ecuador is known for its unique natural resources in high altitude grasslands. The ecosystems of Páramo consist mostly of rare species and are the key protected area for exceptionally high endemism. ENVI software enablesd to make an analysis of the area in 9 (nine) working steps and to produce a map based on 2 criteria: vegetation amount and altitude. Methodology includes following steps: 1) True-colour composite of the ETM+ image, bands 3,2,1; 2) Image contrast enhancement (Enhance-Gaussian); 3) SRTM-Data Upload to derive elevation model; 4) 3D surface visualization; 5) Calculating Greenness Index; 6) Creation Vegetation Layer ROI; 7) Creating Altitude Layer Zones by “Intersect Regions” for each pair of ROIs. Final altitude zones are: Lowland Vegetation (1-2500m), Subparamo Vegetation (2501-3500), Paramo Vegetation (3501-4100) and Superparamo Vegetation (4101 – 5000). These zones are shown on the map in different colors (yellow, beige, two greens) ; 8) Mapping and Design; 9) 3D-Mapping and DEM. The research was done as part of MSc studies at the University of Southampton, UK, autumn 2009.
Soil Classification Using Image Processing and Modified SVM Classifierijtsrd
Recently the use of soil classification has gained more and more importance and recent direction in research works indicates that image classification of images for soil information is the preferred choice. Various methods for image classification have been developed based on different theories or models. In this study, three of these methods Maximum Likelihood classification MLC , Sub pixel classification SP and Support Vector machine SVM are used to classify a soil image into seven soil classes and the results compared. MLC and SVM are hard classification methods but SP is a soft classification. Hardening of soft classifications for accuracy determination leads to loss of information and the accuracy may not necessary represent the strength of class membership. Therefore, in the comparison of the methods, the top 20 compositions per soil class of the SP were used instead. Results from the classification, indicated that output from SP was generally poor although it performs well with soils such as forest that are homogeneous in character. Of the two hard classifiers, SVM gave a better output than MLC. Priyanka Dewangan | Vaibhav Dedhe "Soil Classification Using Image Processing and Modified SVM Classifier" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18489.pdf
Land Cover maps supply information about the physical material at the surface of the Earth (i.e. grass, trees, bare ground, asphalt, water, etc.). Usually they are 2D representations so to present variability of land covers about latitude and longitude or other type of earth coordinates. Possibility to link this variability to the terrain elevation is very useful because it permits to investigate probable correlations between the type of physical material at the surface and the relief. This paper is aimed to describe the approach to be followed to obtain 3D visualizations of land cover maps in GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. Particularly Corine Land Cover vector files concerning Campania Region (Italy) are considered: transformed raster files are overlapped to DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with adequate resolution and 3D visualizations of them are obtained using GIS tool. The resulting models are discussed in terms of their possible use to support scientific studies on Campania Land Cover.
Soil Classification Using Image Processing and Modified SVM Classifierijtsrd
Recently the use of soil classification has gained more and more importance and recent direction in research works indicates that image classification of images for soil information is the preferred choice. Various methods for image classification have been developed based on different theories or models. In this study, three of these methods Maximum Likelihood classification MLC , Sub pixel classification SP and Support Vector machine SVM are used to classify a soil image into seven soil classes and the results compared. MLC and SVM are hard classification methods but SP is a soft classification. Hardening of soft classifications for accuracy determination leads to loss of information and the accuracy may not necessary represent the strength of class membership. Therefore, in the comparison of the methods, the top 20 compositions per soil class of the SP were used instead. Results from the classification, indicated that output from SP was generally poor although it performs well with soils such as forest that are homogeneous in character. Of the two hard classifiers, SVM gave a better output than MLC. Priyanka Dewangan | Vaibhav Dedhe "Soil Classification Using Image Processing and Modified SVM Classifier" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18489.pdf
Land Cover maps supply information about the physical material at the surface of the Earth (i.e. grass, trees, bare ground, asphalt, water, etc.). Usually they are 2D representations so to present variability of land covers about latitude and longitude or other type of earth coordinates. Possibility to link this variability to the terrain elevation is very useful because it permits to investigate probable correlations between the type of physical material at the surface and the relief. This paper is aimed to describe the approach to be followed to obtain 3D visualizations of land cover maps in GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. Particularly Corine Land Cover vector files concerning Campania Region (Italy) are considered: transformed raster files are overlapped to DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with adequate resolution and 3D visualizations of them are obtained using GIS tool. The resulting models are discussed in terms of their possible use to support scientific studies on Campania Land Cover.
Urban Land Cover Change Detection Analysis and Modelling Spatio-Temporal Grow...Bayes Ahmed
This is my final Mater thesis presentation. The thesis defense was held on March' 07, 2011 at 15:30 in the seminar room of Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castellón, Spain.
High Performance Computing for Satellite Image Processing and Analyzing – A ...Editor IJCATR
High Performance Computing (HPC) is the recently developed technology in the field of computer science, which evolved
due to meet increasing demands for processing speed and analysing/processing huge size of data sets. HPC brings together several
technologies such as computer architecture, algorithm, programs and system software under one canopy to solve/handle advanced
complex problems quickly and effectively. It is a crucial element today to gather and process large amount of satellite (remote sensing)
data which is the need of an hour. In this paper, we review recent development in HPC technology (Parallel, Distributed and Cluster
Computing) for satellite data processing and analysing. We attempt to discuss the fundamentals of High Performance Computing
(HPC) for satellite data processing and analysing, in a way which is easy to understand without much previous background. We sketch
the various HPC approach such as Parallel, Distributed & Cluster Computing and subsequent satellite data processing & analysing
methods like geo-referencing, image mosaicking, image classification, image fusion and Morphological/neural approach for hyperspectral satellite data. Collective, these works deliver a snapshot, tables and algorithms of the recent developments in those sectors and
offer a thoughtful perspective of the potential and promising challenges of satellite data processing and analysing using HPC
paradigms.
Satellite image processing is a technique to enhance raw images received from cameras or sensors placed on satellites, space probes and aircrafts or pictures taken in normal day to day life in various applications. The process of creating thematic maps as spatial distribution of particular information. These are structured by Spectral Bands. These have constant density and when they overlap their densities get added. It performs image analysis on multiple scale images and catches the comprehensive information of system for different application. Examples of themes are soil, vegetation, water-depth and air. The supervising of such critical events requires a huge volume of surveillance data and extremely powerful real time processing for infrastructure
Spatial analysis for the assessment of the environmental changes in the lands...Universität Salzburg
Presented research is focused on the spatial analysis aimed at the assessment of the environmental changes in the landscapes of Izmir surroundings, Turkey. Methods include Landsat TM images classification using Erdas Imagine, clustering segmentation and classification, verification via the Google Earth and GIS Mapping. Tme span is 13-years (1987-2000). Images were taken from the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) Earth Science Data Interface. The selected area of Izmir has the most diverse landscape structure and high heterogeneity of the land cover types. Accuracy results computed. Kappa statistics for the image 2000: 0.7843, for the image 1987: 0.7923. The classification of the image 1987: accuracy 81.25%, 2000: 80,47%. The results indicate changes in land cover types affected by human activities, i.e. increased agricultural areas. Results include following findings. 1987: croplands (wheat) covered 71% of the today’s area (2000): 2382 vs. 3345 ha. Increase in barley cropland areas is noticeable as well: 1149 ha in 1987 vs. 4423 ha in 2000. Sparsely vegetated areas now also occupy more areas : 5914 ha in 2000 against 859 ha in 1987. Natural vegetation, decreased, which can be explained by the expansion of the agricultural lands. 1987: coppice areas covered 5500 ha while later on there are only 700 ha in this land type.
Introduction Petrel Course (UAB-2014)
This course has been prepared as an introduction of Petrel software (Schlumberger, www.software.slb.com/products/platform/Pages/petrel.aspx), an application which allows the modeling and visualization of reservoirs, since the exploration stage until production, integrating geological and geophysical data, geological modeling (structural and stratigraphic frameworks), well planning, or property modeling ( petrophysical or petrological) among other possibilities.
The course will be focused mainly in the understanding and utilization of workflows aimed to build geological models based on superficial data (at the outcrop scale) but also with seismic data. The course contents have been subdivided in 5 modules each one developed through the combination of short explanations and practical exercises.
The duration of the course covers more or less 10h divided in three sessions. The starting data will be in the first week of December.
This course will be oriented mainly for the PhD and master students ascribed at the Geologic department of the UAB. For logistic reasons the maximum number of places for each torn are 9. The course is free from the Department members but the external interested will have to make a symbolic payment.
Those interested send an e-mail to the Doctor Griera (albert.griera@uab.cat).
The course will be imparted by Marc Diviu (Msc. Geology and Geophysics of reservoirs).
To the question of the environmental education: how Landsat TM, ETM+ and MSS ...Universität Salzburg
The emphasis of this research is to demonstrate application of Landsat satellite imagery as a major resource for student and educational research. Landsat images are highly useful and strongly recommended for educational purposes as they are provided free of charge and timely regular geospatial data with 30-m resolution covering any places of the Earth. The case study describes mapping land cover types in ecosystems. It details how exactly satellite images can be used for geospatial research step by step. In the current research I used orthorectified Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), MSS and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) data in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF) acquired over the area of Bovanenkovo region, Yamal. The images cover study area for different time periods. The choice of Landsat data application for land cover mapping is explained by its 30-m high spatial resolution, well-known advantages of application of the Landsat scenes in research and cartography, almost 40 year old history of the image record, successful distribution and open availability. Landsat scenes were selected for the pair analysis: Landsat TM scenes for 1988-08-07 and 2011-07-14 and Landsat ETM+, 2001. The research methodology is based spatial analysis tools of the open source GIS software: Quantum GIS and ILWIS GIS. The images were georeferenced, preprocessed and imported to ILWIS from .img into ILWIS .mpr raster map format (ASCII) using GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) in main ILWIS. Minimal Distance method was sued to classify images. After converting, each image contained collection of 7 Landsat raster bands, as well as theirs metadata stored in Map List (.mpl) file, information about georeference (.grf) and coordinate system in .csy file. To visualize spectral information from the Landsat image, a color composite map has been created using combination of three raster images of the individual bands. Supervised classification of the raster imagery includes image analysis aimed at recognizing class membership for each pixel. The respective pixels are selected in Sample Set Editor, ILWIS GIS. The research method used in current research is supervised classification, which enabled to assign land cover classes by adjusting classification parameters and thresholds in DN values of spectral signature of pixels. The principle of Minimum Distance method, used for pixels classification is based on the calculating of shortest straight-line distance in Euclidian coordinate system from each pixel’s DN to the pattern pixels of land cover classes.
Feature Extraction from the Satellite Image Gray Color and Knowledge Discove...IJMER
Satellite take images of the Earth in selected spectral bands that are in both the visible and
the infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Many Satellites provide three types of Satellite
Images. These Images are Visible Satellite Image, Infrared Satellite Image, and Water Vapor Satellite
Image. These images are important for different reasons, and, in some cases, all three are needed to
accurately interpret atmospheric conditions. These Satellite images contain different types of cloud. This
paper shows cloud feature extraction using Histogram. A table that shows cloud existence in different
image is created, called Association table in which Y represents cloud is exist and N represent not exist.
Association rule mining is applied to this table to make relations between different clouds and discover
the knowledge about cloud existence.
IEEE 2014 DOTNET IMAGE PROCESSING PROJECTS Image classification using multisc...IEEEBEBTECHSTUDENTPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09666155510, 09849539085 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Seagrass Mapping and Monitoring Along the Coasts of Crete, GreeceUniversität Salzburg
This research proposal introduces MSc thesis research. Study object is seagrass Posidonia oceanic (P. oceanica) along the coast of Crete, Greece. The most important facts about seagrass: endemic Mediterranean seagrass, P. oceanica is a main species in marine coastal environment of Greece. P. oceanica is the largest, the most widespread, homogeneous, dense “mattes” forming meadows between 5-40 m in Mediterranean Sea. Seagrass is a component of coastal ecosystems of high importance for the marine life, playing important functions in the marine environment. Seagrasses are subjects to external factors and therefore have environmental vulnerability. The study area is located in General research area: Island of Crete, Greece. Seagrass sampling will be performed at three stations at a depth of 6-7 m: Heraklio, Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos, Crete Island, Greece. The general research objectives of the MSc research includes GIS and environmental analysis: 1) Mapping the extent of the spatial distribution of seagrass P. oceanica along the northern coast of Crete; 2) Monitoring environmental changes in seagrass meadows in the selected fieldwork sites (Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos) over the 10-year period (2000-2010). There are various multi-sources data proposed for using in spatial analysis. data of the previous measurements received during the last year fieldwork, to analyze whether P.oceanica is spectrally distinct from other sea floor types, using the differences in the spectral signatures on the graphs in a WASI, the Water Color Simulator software. Other data include satellite images from the open sources (Landsat TM), aerial images, Google Earth; underwater videographic measurements of 3 cameras Olympus ST 8000 made during the ship route (ca 20 total in the selected areas of the research places) resulting in series of consequent images, completely covering the area under the boat path; in-situ measurements of the seagrass in selected spots, using measurement frame and other devices for marine biological research for the validation of the results. Arc GIS vector layers of Crete island and surroundings (.shp files). Hypothesis testis is formulated for the proposed research, questions defined, methods prepared and planned. The research work is expected to have following results : Over the northern coasts of Crete: thematic maps showing seafloor types and seagrass P.oceanica spatial distribution along the coasts of Crete. Within the fieldwork locations, Ligaria beach: monitoring the environmental changes, based on the classification of the satellite and aerial imagery and fieldwork video camera footage. Within the fieldwork locations : maps of the sea floor cover types, based on the fieldwork measurements and UVM. Results of the WASI spectral analysis illustrating graphs of the spectral reflectance of different sea floor types (sand, P.oceanica, rocky, etc) at various depths (0.5-4 m), based on the results of 20.Precise, correct and up-to-date information about th
Geospatial Data Acquisition Using Unmanned Aerial SystemsIEREK Press
The Rivers State University campus in Portharcourt is one of the university campuses in the city of Portharcourt,
Nigeria covering over 21 square kilometers and housing a variety of academic, residential, administrative and other
support buildings. The University Campus has seen significant transformation in recent years, including the
rehabilitation of old facilities, the construction of new academic facilities and the most recent update on the creation
of new collages, faculties and departments. The current view of the transformations done within the University
Campus is missing from several available maps of the university. Numerous facilities have been constructed on the
University Campus that are not represented on these maps as well as the qualities associated with these facilities.
Existing information on the various landscapes on the map is outdated and it needs to be streamlined in light of
recent changes to the University's facilities and departments. This research article aims to demonstrate the
effectiveness of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in geospatial data collection for physical planning and mapping of
infrastructures at the Rivers State University Port Harcourt campus by developing a UAS-based digital map and
tour guide for RSU's main campus covering all collages, faculties and departments and this offers visitors, staff and
students with location and attribute information within the campus.
Methodologically, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles were deployed to obtain current visible images of the campus
following the growth and increasing infrastructural development. At a flying height of 76.2m (250 ft), a DJI
Phantom 4 Pro UAS equipped with a 20-megapixel visible camera was flown around the campus, generating
imagery with 1.69cm spatial resolution per pixel. To obtain 3D modeling capabilities, visible imagery was acquired
using the flight-planning software DroneDeploy with a near nadir angle and 75 percent front and side overlap.
Vertical positions were linked to the World Geodetic System 1984 and horizontal positions to the 1984 World
Geodetic Datum universal transverse Mercator (UTM) (WGS 84). To match the UAS data, GCPs were transformed
to UTM zone 32 north.
Finally, dense point clouds, DSM, and an orthomosaic which is a geometrically corrected aerial image that provides
an accurate representation of an area and can be used to determine true distances, were among the UAS-derived
deliverables.
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Bringing Geospatial Analysis to the Social Studies: an Assessment of the City...Universität Salzburg
Current poster presents an example of Landsat TM image processing using ENVI GIS. Research area: Taipei, Taiwan. Located on the north of the island, Taipei is Taiwan’s core urban, political and economic center; population >2.6 M continuing to expand affecting urban landscapes. Research aim: spatio- temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990- 2005) Research objective: application of GIS methodology and remote sens- ing data to spatial analysis for a case study of Taipei. Data: Landsat TM images taken from the USGS. Software: ENVI GIS. Workflow includes following steps: 1) Preliminary processing 2) Creation color composites 3) Classification using K-means algorithm 4) Mapping using classification results 5) Accuracy assessment. The preliminary data processing includes image contrast stretching, which is useful as by default, ENVI displays images with a 2\% linear contrast stretch. For better contrast the histogram equalization contrast stretch was applied to the image in order to enhance the visual quality. The analysis of landscape changes was performed by geospatial analysis. 2 satellite images Landsat TM were processed and classified using ENVI GIS. Result of classification: areas occupied by different land cover types were calculated and analyzed. It has been detected that different parts of the city of Taipei were developing with different rate and intensity. 3 different residential types of the city were recognized and mapped. The results demonstrated following outcomes: 1) intensive urban development of the city of Taipei; 2) decline of green areas and natural spaces and, on the contrary, increase in anthropogenic urban spaces; 3) not parallel urban development in different districts of the city of Taipei during the 15-year period of 1990-2005.
Urban Land Cover Change Detection Analysis and Modelling Spatio-Temporal Grow...Bayes Ahmed
This is my final Mater thesis presentation. The thesis defense was held on March' 07, 2011 at 15:30 in the seminar room of Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castellón, Spain.
High Performance Computing for Satellite Image Processing and Analyzing – A ...Editor IJCATR
High Performance Computing (HPC) is the recently developed technology in the field of computer science, which evolved
due to meet increasing demands for processing speed and analysing/processing huge size of data sets. HPC brings together several
technologies such as computer architecture, algorithm, programs and system software under one canopy to solve/handle advanced
complex problems quickly and effectively. It is a crucial element today to gather and process large amount of satellite (remote sensing)
data which is the need of an hour. In this paper, we review recent development in HPC technology (Parallel, Distributed and Cluster
Computing) for satellite data processing and analysing. We attempt to discuss the fundamentals of High Performance Computing
(HPC) for satellite data processing and analysing, in a way which is easy to understand without much previous background. We sketch
the various HPC approach such as Parallel, Distributed & Cluster Computing and subsequent satellite data processing & analysing
methods like geo-referencing, image mosaicking, image classification, image fusion and Morphological/neural approach for hyperspectral satellite data. Collective, these works deliver a snapshot, tables and algorithms of the recent developments in those sectors and
offer a thoughtful perspective of the potential and promising challenges of satellite data processing and analysing using HPC
paradigms.
Satellite image processing is a technique to enhance raw images received from cameras or sensors placed on satellites, space probes and aircrafts or pictures taken in normal day to day life in various applications. The process of creating thematic maps as spatial distribution of particular information. These are structured by Spectral Bands. These have constant density and when they overlap their densities get added. It performs image analysis on multiple scale images and catches the comprehensive information of system for different application. Examples of themes are soil, vegetation, water-depth and air. The supervising of such critical events requires a huge volume of surveillance data and extremely powerful real time processing for infrastructure
Spatial analysis for the assessment of the environmental changes in the lands...Universität Salzburg
Presented research is focused on the spatial analysis aimed at the assessment of the environmental changes in the landscapes of Izmir surroundings, Turkey. Methods include Landsat TM images classification using Erdas Imagine, clustering segmentation and classification, verification via the Google Earth and GIS Mapping. Tme span is 13-years (1987-2000). Images were taken from the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) Earth Science Data Interface. The selected area of Izmir has the most diverse landscape structure and high heterogeneity of the land cover types. Accuracy results computed. Kappa statistics for the image 2000: 0.7843, for the image 1987: 0.7923. The classification of the image 1987: accuracy 81.25%, 2000: 80,47%. The results indicate changes in land cover types affected by human activities, i.e. increased agricultural areas. Results include following findings. 1987: croplands (wheat) covered 71% of the today’s area (2000): 2382 vs. 3345 ha. Increase in barley cropland areas is noticeable as well: 1149 ha in 1987 vs. 4423 ha in 2000. Sparsely vegetated areas now also occupy more areas : 5914 ha in 2000 against 859 ha in 1987. Natural vegetation, decreased, which can be explained by the expansion of the agricultural lands. 1987: coppice areas covered 5500 ha while later on there are only 700 ha in this land type.
Introduction Petrel Course (UAB-2014)
This course has been prepared as an introduction of Petrel software (Schlumberger, www.software.slb.com/products/platform/Pages/petrel.aspx), an application which allows the modeling and visualization of reservoirs, since the exploration stage until production, integrating geological and geophysical data, geological modeling (structural and stratigraphic frameworks), well planning, or property modeling ( petrophysical or petrological) among other possibilities.
The course will be focused mainly in the understanding and utilization of workflows aimed to build geological models based on superficial data (at the outcrop scale) but also with seismic data. The course contents have been subdivided in 5 modules each one developed through the combination of short explanations and practical exercises.
The duration of the course covers more or less 10h divided in three sessions. The starting data will be in the first week of December.
This course will be oriented mainly for the PhD and master students ascribed at the Geologic department of the UAB. For logistic reasons the maximum number of places for each torn are 9. The course is free from the Department members but the external interested will have to make a symbolic payment.
Those interested send an e-mail to the Doctor Griera (albert.griera@uab.cat).
The course will be imparted by Marc Diviu (Msc. Geology and Geophysics of reservoirs).
To the question of the environmental education: how Landsat TM, ETM+ and MSS ...Universität Salzburg
The emphasis of this research is to demonstrate application of Landsat satellite imagery as a major resource for student and educational research. Landsat images are highly useful and strongly recommended for educational purposes as they are provided free of charge and timely regular geospatial data with 30-m resolution covering any places of the Earth. The case study describes mapping land cover types in ecosystems. It details how exactly satellite images can be used for geospatial research step by step. In the current research I used orthorectified Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), MSS and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) data in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF) acquired over the area of Bovanenkovo region, Yamal. The images cover study area for different time periods. The choice of Landsat data application for land cover mapping is explained by its 30-m high spatial resolution, well-known advantages of application of the Landsat scenes in research and cartography, almost 40 year old history of the image record, successful distribution and open availability. Landsat scenes were selected for the pair analysis: Landsat TM scenes for 1988-08-07 and 2011-07-14 and Landsat ETM+, 2001. The research methodology is based spatial analysis tools of the open source GIS software: Quantum GIS and ILWIS GIS. The images were georeferenced, preprocessed and imported to ILWIS from .img into ILWIS .mpr raster map format (ASCII) using GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) in main ILWIS. Minimal Distance method was sued to classify images. After converting, each image contained collection of 7 Landsat raster bands, as well as theirs metadata stored in Map List (.mpl) file, information about georeference (.grf) and coordinate system in .csy file. To visualize spectral information from the Landsat image, a color composite map has been created using combination of three raster images of the individual bands. Supervised classification of the raster imagery includes image analysis aimed at recognizing class membership for each pixel. The respective pixels are selected in Sample Set Editor, ILWIS GIS. The research method used in current research is supervised classification, which enabled to assign land cover classes by adjusting classification parameters and thresholds in DN values of spectral signature of pixels. The principle of Minimum Distance method, used for pixels classification is based on the calculating of shortest straight-line distance in Euclidian coordinate system from each pixel’s DN to the pattern pixels of land cover classes.
Feature Extraction from the Satellite Image Gray Color and Knowledge Discove...IJMER
Satellite take images of the Earth in selected spectral bands that are in both the visible and
the infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Many Satellites provide three types of Satellite
Images. These Images are Visible Satellite Image, Infrared Satellite Image, and Water Vapor Satellite
Image. These images are important for different reasons, and, in some cases, all three are needed to
accurately interpret atmospheric conditions. These Satellite images contain different types of cloud. This
paper shows cloud feature extraction using Histogram. A table that shows cloud existence in different
image is created, called Association table in which Y represents cloud is exist and N represent not exist.
Association rule mining is applied to this table to make relations between different clouds and discover
the knowledge about cloud existence.
IEEE 2014 DOTNET IMAGE PROCESSING PROJECTS Image classification using multisc...IEEEBEBTECHSTUDENTPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09666155510, 09849539085 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.com-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
Seagrass Mapping and Monitoring Along the Coasts of Crete, GreeceUniversität Salzburg
This research proposal introduces MSc thesis research. Study object is seagrass Posidonia oceanic (P. oceanica) along the coast of Crete, Greece. The most important facts about seagrass: endemic Mediterranean seagrass, P. oceanica is a main species in marine coastal environment of Greece. P. oceanica is the largest, the most widespread, homogeneous, dense “mattes” forming meadows between 5-40 m in Mediterranean Sea. Seagrass is a component of coastal ecosystems of high importance for the marine life, playing important functions in the marine environment. Seagrasses are subjects to external factors and therefore have environmental vulnerability. The study area is located in General research area: Island of Crete, Greece. Seagrass sampling will be performed at three stations at a depth of 6-7 m: Heraklio, Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos, Crete Island, Greece. The general research objectives of the MSc research includes GIS and environmental analysis: 1) Mapping the extent of the spatial distribution of seagrass P. oceanica along the northern coast of Crete; 2) Monitoring environmental changes in seagrass meadows in the selected fieldwork sites (Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos) over the 10-year period (2000-2010). There are various multi-sources data proposed for using in spatial analysis. data of the previous measurements received during the last year fieldwork, to analyze whether P.oceanica is spectrally distinct from other sea floor types, using the differences in the spectral signatures on the graphs in a WASI, the Water Color Simulator software. Other data include satellite images from the open sources (Landsat TM), aerial images, Google Earth; underwater videographic measurements of 3 cameras Olympus ST 8000 made during the ship route (ca 20 total in the selected areas of the research places) resulting in series of consequent images, completely covering the area under the boat path; in-situ measurements of the seagrass in selected spots, using measurement frame and other devices for marine biological research for the validation of the results. Arc GIS vector layers of Crete island and surroundings (.shp files). Hypothesis testis is formulated for the proposed research, questions defined, methods prepared and planned. The research work is expected to have following results : Over the northern coasts of Crete: thematic maps showing seafloor types and seagrass P.oceanica spatial distribution along the coasts of Crete. Within the fieldwork locations, Ligaria beach: monitoring the environmental changes, based on the classification of the satellite and aerial imagery and fieldwork video camera footage. Within the fieldwork locations : maps of the sea floor cover types, based on the fieldwork measurements and UVM. Results of the WASI spectral analysis illustrating graphs of the spectral reflectance of different sea floor types (sand, P.oceanica, rocky, etc) at various depths (0.5-4 m), based on the results of 20.Precise, correct and up-to-date information about th
Geospatial Data Acquisition Using Unmanned Aerial SystemsIEREK Press
The Rivers State University campus in Portharcourt is one of the university campuses in the city of Portharcourt,
Nigeria covering over 21 square kilometers and housing a variety of academic, residential, administrative and other
support buildings. The University Campus has seen significant transformation in recent years, including the
rehabilitation of old facilities, the construction of new academic facilities and the most recent update on the creation
of new collages, faculties and departments. The current view of the transformations done within the University
Campus is missing from several available maps of the university. Numerous facilities have been constructed on the
University Campus that are not represented on these maps as well as the qualities associated with these facilities.
Existing information on the various landscapes on the map is outdated and it needs to be streamlined in light of
recent changes to the University's facilities and departments. This research article aims to demonstrate the
effectiveness of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in geospatial data collection for physical planning and mapping of
infrastructures at the Rivers State University Port Harcourt campus by developing a UAS-based digital map and
tour guide for RSU's main campus covering all collages, faculties and departments and this offers visitors, staff and
students with location and attribute information within the campus.
Methodologically, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles were deployed to obtain current visible images of the campus
following the growth and increasing infrastructural development. At a flying height of 76.2m (250 ft), a DJI
Phantom 4 Pro UAS equipped with a 20-megapixel visible camera was flown around the campus, generating
imagery with 1.69cm spatial resolution per pixel. To obtain 3D modeling capabilities, visible imagery was acquired
using the flight-planning software DroneDeploy with a near nadir angle and 75 percent front and side overlap.
Vertical positions were linked to the World Geodetic System 1984 and horizontal positions to the 1984 World
Geodetic Datum universal transverse Mercator (UTM) (WGS 84). To match the UAS data, GCPs were transformed
to UTM zone 32 north.
Finally, dense point clouds, DSM, and an orthomosaic which is a geometrically corrected aerial image that provides
an accurate representation of an area and can be used to determine true distances, were among the UAS-derived
deliverables.
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Bringing Geospatial Analysis to the Social Studies: an Assessment of the City...Universität Salzburg
Current poster presents an example of Landsat TM image processing using ENVI GIS. Research area: Taipei, Taiwan. Located on the north of the island, Taipei is Taiwan’s core urban, political and economic center; population >2.6 M continuing to expand affecting urban landscapes. Research aim: spatio- temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990- 2005) Research objective: application of GIS methodology and remote sens- ing data to spatial analysis for a case study of Taipei. Data: Landsat TM images taken from the USGS. Software: ENVI GIS. Workflow includes following steps: 1) Preliminary processing 2) Creation color composites 3) Classification using K-means algorithm 4) Mapping using classification results 5) Accuracy assessment. The preliminary data processing includes image contrast stretching, which is useful as by default, ENVI displays images with a 2\% linear contrast stretch. For better contrast the histogram equalization contrast stretch was applied to the image in order to enhance the visual quality. The analysis of landscape changes was performed by geospatial analysis. 2 satellite images Landsat TM were processed and classified using ENVI GIS. Result of classification: areas occupied by different land cover types were calculated and analyzed. It has been detected that different parts of the city of Taipei were developing with different rate and intensity. 3 different residential types of the city were recognized and mapped. The results demonstrated following outcomes: 1) intensive urban development of the city of Taipei; 2) decline of green areas and natural spaces and, on the contrary, increase in anthropogenic urban spaces; 3) not parallel urban development in different districts of the city of Taipei during the 15-year period of 1990-2005.
Cost-Effective Raster Image Processing for Geoecological Analysis Using “ISOC...Universität Salzburg
Current presentation demonstrates environmental analysis of the landscapes in Estonia, Eastern Europe. Methods include the use of Arc GIS 10.0 and IDRISI GIS Andes 15.0 for image processing. Research aim is o detect land cover changes using method of image classification 'ISOCLUST'. The raster processing GIS approach and classification was applied towards Landsat TM two images. The ISOCLUST is an unsupervised classification method in IDRISI GIS performs the most of the image processing workflow in semi-automatically regime. The study also reports photos of the Estonian landscapes. Results include 16 land cover types typical for the study area classified and visualized on the images. In 2006 the urban area became larger than in 1992 (land cover class "3" on the histogram. This can be explained by various reasons. Changes in land cover types in selected Estonian landscapes are shown on the statistical histograms on 1992 and 2006.
Innovations in the Geoscience Research: Classification of the Landsat TM Imag...Universität Salzburg
Current research presents application of the ILWIS GIS for satellite image processing and classification aimed at land cover types mapping. Two images were classified and analysed. Changes in land cover types were detected for the time 1988 - 2011. The study area covers selected example regions of North Russia. Supervised classification of the raster imagery aims at recognizing of the class membership for each pixel during image analysis. The results demonstrate application of the ILWIS GIS approach of technical processing of the raster images and recognizing classes of the land cover types. The The Minimal Distance Classifier was used as an approach. due to its applicability, logical methodology and precision. The supervised classification of the multi-spectral imagery has been performed using 'Classify' operator in ILWIS GIS applied to Landsat TM 1988, 2001 and 2011. This work has a technical character of GIS applications for remote sensing (RS) data processing. It reports ILWIS GIS approach of the RS data processing Landsat TM satellite image using unsupervised and supervised classification methods. The methods of ILWIS GIS are compared and the results described. Presented at the 8th International Conference 'Prospects for the Higher School Development', Grodno State Agrarian University (GGAU) Grodno, Belarus, May 28-29 2015.
Detection of Vegetation Coverage in Urban Agglomeration of Brussels by NDVI I...Universität Salzburg
Detection of vegetation coverage in urban agglomeration of Brussels by NDVI indicator using eCognition software and remote sensing measurements Lemenkova Polina Introduction The study area encompasses selected regions of the Brussels municipality, Belgium. In the past years the city of Brussels is experiencing intensification of the density of building structures. Unlike in some other European cities, where the most evident problem is urbanization and expansion of the city margins to the suburbia, the urban structure Brussels is the intensification of the buildings density in the city centre and the existing dwelling districts. Thus, the city structure tends to become more intense and dense, due to the process of filling the empty spaces in the urban patterns and high level housing. Another example of urban processes in Brussels is reorganisation of the industrial areas. At the same time, monitoring vegetation areas is essential for environmental sustainability of the capital city. The lack of the green spaces may cause ecological instability and increase atmospheric pollution. For studies of the specific problems of the Brussels city the remote sensing data (raster image) was used together with NDVI function, in order to detect areas covered by city parks. Acknowledgement: Current work has been supported by Bourse d'excellence, Service de Bourse d' ́ etude, Wallonie-Bruxelles International for research stay of Polina Lemenkova at l'Université libre de Bruxelles.
An Automatic Neural Networks System for Classifying Dust, Clouds, Water, and ...Waqas Tariq
This paper presents an automatic remotely sensed system that is designed to classify dust, clouds, water and vegetation features from red sea area. Thus provides the system to make the test and classification process without retraining again. This system can rebuild the architecture of the neural network (NN) according to a linear combination among the number of epochs, the number of neurons, training functions, activation functions, and the number of hidden layers. Theproposed system is trained on the features of the provided images using 13 training functions, and is designed to find the best networks that has the ability to have the best classification on data is not included in the training data.This system shows an excellent classification of test data that is collected from the training data. The performances of the best three training functionsare%99.82, %99.64 and %99.28for test data that is not included in the training data.Although, the proposed system was trained on data selected only from one image, this system shows correctly classification of the features in the all images. The designed system can be carried out on remotely sensed images for classifying other features.This system was applied on several sub-images to classify the specified features. The correct performance of classifying the features from the sub-images was calculated by applying the proposed system on some small sections that were selected from contiguous areas contained the features.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
Self-organzing maps in Earth Observation Data Cube AnalysisLorena Santos
Earth Observation (EO) Data Cubes infrastructures model
analysis-ready data generated from remote sensing images as multidimensional cubes (space, time and properties), especially for satellite image time series analysis. These infrastructures take advantage of big data technologies and methods to store, process and analyze the big amount of Earth observation satellite images freely available nowadays. Recently, EO Data Cubes infrastructures and satellite image time series analysis
have brought new opportunities and challenges for the Land Use and Cover Change (LUCC) monitoring over large areas. LUCC have caused a great impact on tropical ecosystems, increasing global greenhouse gases emissions and reducing the planet’s biodiversity. This paper presents the
utility of Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) neural network method in the
process to extract LUCC information from EO Data Cubes infrastructures, using image time series analysis. Most classification techniques to create LUCC maps from satellite image time series are based on supervised learning methods. In this context, SOM is used as a method to assess land use and cover samples and to evaluate which spectral bands and vegetation indexes are best suitable for the separability of land use and cover classes. A case study is described in this work and shows the potential of SOM in this application
Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is one of the
most active in the current research field of multimedia retrieval.
It retrieves the images from the large databases based on images
feature like color, texture and shape. In this paper, Image
retrieval based on multi feature fusion is achieved by color and
texture features as well as the similarity measures are
investigated. The work of color feature extraction is obtained by
using Quadratic Distance and texture features by using Pyramid
Structure Wavelet Transforms and Gray level co-occurrence
matrix. We are comparing all these methods for best image
retrieval
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Google Earth Web Service as a Support for GIS Mapping in Geospatial Research ...Universität Salzburg
The geospatial work has been performed using combination of the Google Earth imagery, Landsat TM images and Erdas Imagine GIS software. The advantage of utilizing Google Earth scenes with Landsat TM satellite imagery, along with GIS techniques and methods, for inventorying land cover types has been demonstrated for landscape studies. Combination of land cover type characteristics and landscape changes enabled to analyse landscape dynamics, as well as applicability of Google Earth service for thematic mapping. The used data included Landsat TM and ETM+ multi-band imagery covering area in Izmir, western Turkey. The image processing was per- formed using supervised classification in Erdas Imagine software. The Google Earth web service technologies were applied to test the accuracy of mapping via the available module of Erdas Imagine «Linking with Google Earth».
Accurate and rapid big spatial data processing by scripting cartographic algo...Universität Salzburg
Accurate and rapid big spatial data processing by scripting cartographic algorithms: advanced seafloor mapping of the deep-sea trenches along the margins of the Pacific Ocean
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Universität Salzburg
Research focuses on monitoring landscapes downgrading in specific conditions of Arctic ecosystems with cold climate conditions (marshes, permafrost, high humidity and moisture). Specific case study: cryogenic landslides typical for cold environments with permafrost. Area: Yamal Peninsula. Aim: analysis of the environmental changes caused by cryogenic landslides in northern land- scapes affecting sensitive Arctic ecosystems. Thaw of the permafrost layer causes destruction of the ground soil layer and activates cryogenic landslide processes. After disaster, vegetation coverage needs a long time to recover, due to the sensitivity of the specific northern environment, and land cover types change. ILWIS GIS was used to process 2 satellite images Landsat TM taken at 1988 and 2011, to assess spatiotemporal changes in the land cover types. Research shown ILWIS GIS based spatial analysis for environmental mapping.
Investigation of the Lake Victoria Region (Africa: Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda)Universität Salzburg
This poster is a student assignment for a course 'GISA 02 GIS: Geographical Information Systems - Advanced Course 0701', a part of the MSc studies. It presents an ArcGIS based spatial analysis of the Victoria Lake region including environmental, biological, social and economic characteristics of the region. The methodology includes data organizing and management in ArcGIS 9.3. Operations and technique: ArcGIS Spatial Analyst. Project architecture: ArcCatalog. Spatial referencing and re-projection: ArcToolbox. Data include DEMs: elevations (USGS). 2 tiles of the USGS DEM, Land cover data (raster), Population data: UNEP, ArcGIS vector.shp files of administrative boundaries fof Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya. Data preprocessing include following data preparation. Initial vector data: UNEP .shp. Spatial reference properties: Africa Albers Equal Area Conic projection, standard parallels 20 and -23, central meridian 25 and Datum WGS-84, Projection GEOGRAPHIC, Spheroid CLARKE1866. Data conversion from ASCII text data format to raster using ArcToolbox / Conversion Tools / ASCII to Raster (Climate precipitation data). Data were projected, processed and several layer formatting and overlays were created. Mapping was created using ArcMap. Victoria Lake has unique environment, important role in the economy of countries supporting 25 M people through fish catchment reaching up to 90-270$ per capita per annum. Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda control 6%, 49% and 45% of the lake surface. Lake catchment provides livelihood of 1/3 of the population of 3 countries with agricultural economy supported by fishing and agriculture (tea and coffee plantations).
Interpretation of Landscape Values, Typology and Quality Using Methods of Spa...Universität Salzburg
The main result of this work consists in determined ecological significant areas of habitats that are under protection´s system of Natura 2000 Sites. The patches quantification of habitats is the partial result that influences process of determination of ecological significance. The interpretative process examines land cover patches by the set of landscape metrics for the area, size, density and shape (NP, PD, MPS, PSSD and MSI). The output values could express a spatial processes in the landscape, such as perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage or attrition. The final ecological significance of the study area-Sitno Natura 2000 site-is at degree 3, what means that the area is represented by moderately significant land cover patches-habitats. It indicates the same value as the one at the initial level. According to the value of the ecological significance, the study area has been diversified into three zones, where each one indicates specific level of conservation. The zones and the final degree of the ecological significance of habitats are retroactively compared to historical and cultural human development that started in this area as early as in 1st century BC. Theoretically, such a long period of intense human impacts on the local environment should completely destroy natural environment. Nevertheless, this area demonstrates rather good natural ecosystems conditions and well functioning ecological processes within the habitats. The human impact is now observed only in small range of size not more than 1,50% from total area of Sitno Natura 2000 Site. It can be explained, first, by low population density within the study area comparing to other EU areas, secondly, by accurate usage of the living area by the local population in general, and thirdly, by high resilience of the elements of landscapes towards any human impacts.
Mapping Land Cover Changes Using Landsat TM: a Case Study of Yamal Ecosystems...Universität Salzburg
This poster presents image processing by ILWIS GIS. It demonstrates changes in land cover types in tundra landscapes (Yamal) since 1988 to 2011. The research method is supervised classification (Minimal Distance) of the Landsat TM scenes. The new approach of the current work is application of ILWIS GIS and RS tools for Arctic, Bovanenkovo region. The poster demonstrates techniques of the remote sensing data processing by ILWIS GIS.
Economic assessment of landslide risk for the Waidhofen a.d. Ybbs region, Alp...Universität Salzburg
The research focuses on the monetary estimation of the possible losses caused by landslides. Estimation of the economic damages is performed using existing simplified methodologies. Calculations were based on real estate and market price of the elements at risk. While assessing potential damage of landslides confusion arises due to these factors. 1. First, the temporal probability of the landslides occurrence is highly difficult to assess: it can only be estimated based on the reliable and obtainable data. This includes historical data continuously reporting the occurrence of the landslides. 2. Secondly, difficulties arise by estimation of the indirect losses and partially damaged objects. The amount of the damages can be assessed based on elements vulnerability, which is very uncertain to estimate exactly. Thus, the vulnerability may differ depending on object location, individual characteristics and external factors. 3. The term “landslide” is not differentiated between debris flows and shallow or rotational landslides. This is an important source for uncertainty, as movement characteristics of these landslides are different. 4. Confusing over different method approaches in the risk assessment may generate various results: difference in magnitude and occurrence of landslides, risk perception and vulnerability assessment. The estimation of landslide risk should be based on complex investigations. The data about landslide probability should be gained from monitoring programmes. The elements at risk are defined based on spatial analysis and infrastructure inventory. The vulnerability estimation should include census data and social questionnaire. The real-life situations may vary depending on the exact price of the individual object.
Current poster presents a student assignment for the CHRIS/PROBA image processing by ENVI GIS. Study Area: Thorney Island, Chichester harbour (UK): unique wetland environment, a place for rare bird colonies. Quality of CHRIS images is affected by two types of noises: vertical noise (vertical stripes; can be corrected by comparing values of neighbouring pixels) and horizontal noise (easy to detect and correct using the horizontal profile of each file. Correction of noises can be made through DIELMO 3D Methodology. PROBA (Project for On-Board Autonomy) and CHRIS (Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) image was taken with characteristics: 18 bands, 07/10/2004, 17m ground resolution. To obtain a good-quality natural-coloured image of wetlands a need: nadir-taken colour CHRIS image with bands combination of corresponding spectral channels was selected and processed. Comparing images taken at +55° dgr (47A2_41) and nadir images (479F_41) right Images taken at the nadir are of good quality, while those at different angles have defects: Images taken at +36° dgr (47A0_41), left and nadir images (479F_41) right. Images taken at +36° and-36° (CHRIS 47A0_41 and CHRIS 47A1_41) both have inverted direction. Several bands were tried, processed and visualized. Spectral bands assessed and visually compared. This is a student poster as a part of MSc studies, University of Southampton.
Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, GreeceUniversität Salzburg
Job interview for the Research Training Group (RTG) Baltic TRANSCOAST. topic ’B1: Impact of nutrient emissions from land on communities of macrophytes’. This research is presented at the job interview in the University of Rostock. Originally based on author's MSc thesis (2009-2011) summarizing research in marine observations using remote sensing and GIS methods. Study object is seagrass Posidonia oceanic (P. oceanica) along the coast of Crete, Greece. The most important facts about seagrass: endemic Mediterranean seagrass, P. oceanica is a main species in marine coastal environment of Greece. P. oceanica is the largest, the most widespread, homogeneous, dense “mattes” forming meadows between 5-40 m in Mediterranean Sea. Seagrass is a component of coastal ecosystems of high importance for the marine life, playing important functions in the marine environment. Seagrasses are subjects to external factors and therefore have environmental vulnerability. The study area is located in General research area: Island of Crete, Greece. Seagrass sampling will be performed at three stations at a depth of 6-7 m: Heraklio, Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos, Crete Island, Greece. The general research objectives of the MSc research includes GIS and environmental analysis: 1) Mapping the extent of the spatial distribution of seagrass P. oceanica along the northern coast of Crete; 2) Monitoring environmental changes in seagrass meadows in the selected fieldwork sites (Agia Pelagia, Xerokampos) over the 10-year period (2000-2010). There are various multi-sources data proposed for using in spatial analysis. data of the previous measurements received during the last year fieldwork, to analyze whether P.oceanica is spectrally distinct from other sea floor types, using differences in the spectral signatures on the graphs in a WASI, the Water Color Simulator software. Other data include satellite images from the open sources (Landsat TM), aerial images, Google Earth; underwater videographic measurements of 3 cameras Olympus ST 8000 made during the ship route (20 total in the selected areas of the research places) resulting in series of consequent images, covering area under the boat path; in-situ measurements of the seagrass in selected spots, using measurement frame and other devices for marine biological research for the validation of the results. Arc GIS vector layers of Crete island and surroundings (.shp files). Hypothesis testis is performed by ANOVA, SPSS. The results of WASI spectral analysis illustrating graphs of the spectral reflectance of different sea floor types (sand, P.oceanica, rocky, etc) at various depths (0.5-4 m), based on the results of 20. Precise, correct and up-to-date information about the seagrass distribution over the coasts is necessary for the sustainable conservation of marine environment.
Why Should We Stand for Geothermal Energy ? Example of the Negative Impacts o...Universität Salzburg
Geothermal energy is a clean, environmentally friendly, renewable resource that provides energy around the world. Heat flowing constantly from the interior of the Earth ensure to be an inexhaustible supply of energy. However, existing traditional sources of energy, such as oil and gas are still popular nowadays. Current paper gives an example of environmentally danger of these sources of energy. The given example of oil and gas operations within the shelf and the coast of the Barents Sea and Pechora Sea causes contamination of waters by phenol and its accumulation in the bottom sediments and life tissues of the marine habitants. At the same time, ecosystems of the south-eastern part of the Barents Sea and Pechora Sea are characterized by their high biodiversity and high level of primary production. The last one is the fundamental biological characteristics for the marine ecosystems meaning the formation of the organic substance in the water by the chlorophyll-contains organisms: phytoplankton. The primary production plays an exceptional role in the functionality of the marine ecosystem's components. Therefore, presentation gives some brief ideas on the importance of the 'green', eco-friendly sources of energy and a need for the constant development in the environmental protection of our planet. The presentation was given at the International Conference 'Geoenergy' in Grozny (Chechnya), Russia, 19 June 2015.
This presentation introduces research on using geoinformation technologies for education at universities. A case study is ArcGIS 9.1. Specifically, it presents a methodology of effective teaching of a group of students based on ArcGIS. Several ArcGIS modules are presented and their functionality reviewed and highlighted: ArcGIS Spatial Analyst, ArcScene, ModelBuilder, ArcMap, ArcCatalog. Technical questions of how to better explain students data processing, data converting and modelling using ArcGIS are discussed and better pedagogical solutions are proposed. The presentation also briefly reviews the advantages of using ArcGIS by different groups of students studying at various specializations: geomorphology, cadaster, hydrology, economic geography. In this way it is stressed that using a highly functional GIS software such as ArcGIS should be learned not only by cartographers but also to wider audience of students. Presented at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Educational Studies as a graduation works for additional qualification 'University Teacher', Moscow, Russia, 2007. The presentation is given in Russian language with a TOC summary in English.
How could obligation chain be structured along cross-border gas supply for...Universität Salzburg
Research points: to measure components and linkages of legal obligations undertaken by the actors involving cross-border gas supply chain; to investigate possibility to establish a legal structure for promoting security of gas supply chain; to examine consequences of gas supply chain for government and companies; to analyze legal structures (international-domestic-contract law): entitlement vs. state responsibility as requirements for functioning/enforcing obligation chain.
The seminar presentation demonstrates research on land cover analysis in western Estonia. Study area is Pärnu region located on the western part of the country, along the coasts of Baltic Sea. The region is a valuable environmental part and a unique recreational area of Estonia. The presentation consists of two parts. The fist part presents technical workflow of the image processing by means of GIS and Lansat TM satellite imagery. Methodology is base don Arc GIS 10.0 and IDRISI GIS Andes 15.0 for image processing. The aim is to detect land cover changes using image classification by 'ISOCLUST'. Raster images processing and classification was applied for Landsat TM two images. The ISOCLUST is an unsupervised classification method in IDRISI GIS. It performs image processing workflow in semi-automatically regime. Results include 16 land cover types typical for the study area classified and visualized on the images. In 2006 the urban area became larger than in 1992 (land cover class "3" on the histogram. This can be explained by various reasons. Changes in land cover types in selected Estonian landscapes are shown on the statistical histograms on 1992 and 2006. The second part presents social analysis of the current development of tourism and recreation on Baltic Sea coasts with discussion of new directions and perspectives. Notable natural settings include mild marine climate condition and precious coniferous forests. Presentation briefly discusses historical development of the tourism in the country and gives directions on its modern development caused by active socio-economic changes since 1990s. The research is methodologically based on the author's fieldwork in the study area, literature review and analysis of the statistical graphs of the socio-economic data. The study presents photos of the Estonian landscapes.
Using K-means algorithm classifier for urban landscapes classification in Tai...Universität Salzburg
Current presentation summarizes spatial analysis studies of Taipei urban growth using ENVI GIS based image classification. The presentation consists in two parts. The first part describes the city, urban and social settings and gives a brie history of the development in 20th century. The second part is focused don the GIS based technical description of the algorithms of image analysis: classification of the multi-temporal Landsat TM series of the selected stud area of Taipei, Taiwan. Methodology aims at spatio-temporal analysis of urban dynamics in study area during 15 years (1990-2005). Research objective: application of geoinformatic tools, remote sensing data and application of methodology to spatial analysis for urban studies, a case study of Taipei. Current presentation consists in 2 parts: 1) Overview of the environmental research problem, urbanization and characteristics of Taipei. Consequences of urban sprawl for the global cities, such as Taipei; 2) Detailed technical description of the GIS part: remote sensing data capture, pre-processing, algorithm processing, image classification and spatial analysis. The spatial analysis performed by means of GIS ENVI enabled to use satellite images for social and urban studies. The spatio-temporal analysis was applied to Landsat TM images taken at 1990 and 2005. Built-in functions of the mathematical algorithms (K-means) enabled to process raster Landsat TM images and to derive information from them.
Rural Sustainability and Management of Natural Resources in Tian Shan Region,...Universität Salzburg
Current presentation introduces an analysis of the land use and current environmental situation of the Tian Shan region. Tian Shan (the ’Celestial Mountains’) is the largest high mountain systems (800,000 km2) in the World. geopolitically, Tian Shan is located in the heart of Central Asia. It crosses five densely populated countries: China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Tian Shan regions has unique ecosystems, Shrenk mountain forests and endemic species. Tian Shan is composed by large, isolated mountains, surrounded by the Tarim desert basin of north-western China, Lake Issyk Kul and deserts of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Tian Shan region is outstanding for the richness of natural resources, landscapes and ecosystems. Rare species: ca 70\% of species (both animal and plants) have specific south Asian distribution, typical for steppe and desert ecosystems. The ecosystems include numerous protected and rare species (over 4000 wild species), relicts and endemics, unique coniferous forests, rich biodiversity. The slopes of the Tian Shan mountains at altitudes 2000 to 3000m are mostly covered by precious coniferous forests of Schrenk’s Spruce (Picea schrenkiana), recorded in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. At the same time, the region has environmental problems such as overgrazing, deforestation, decreased species composition, soil depletion and erosion, desertification and land degradation. Current presentation demonstrates and discusses these problems.
Mapping Agricultural Lands by Means of GIS for Monitoring Use of Natural Reso...Universität Salzburg
The presentation demonstrates a technical case study of the image processing by ILWIS GIS. Study area is located in the southwestern, agricultural part of Hungary (Mecsek Hills foothill area). The landscapes of the Mecsek region represent a unique part of the Hungarian environment belonging to the Carpathian basin. However, changes in the land cover types were detected recently caused by various environmental reasons. Study aim was to compare changes in the land cover types and landscape dynamics. 3 Landsat TM images have a temporary gap of 14 years (1992-2006). The gap aimed to assess vegetation changes in the summer months (June). The study includes following methodological steps: 1) Data collection: 3 Landsat TM images; 2) Data import and conversion. 3) Data preprocessing: scenes of 1992, 1999 and 2006. 4) Making color composites from 3 Landsat TM spectral channels (multi-band layers). 5) Image segmentation and classification (clustering). 6) GIS mapping and spatial analysis. 7) Google Earth snapshot verification. 8) Results interpretation. Results analysis shown changes in the selected area detected by ILWIS GIS image classification.
Data Sharing, Distribution and Updating Using Social Coding Community Github ...Universität Salzburg
The presentation introduces using LaTeX and GitHub for data sharing, distribution and updating in graduate research. The questions of using, advantages and functionality of GitHub, a web-service for hosting (i.e. serving and maintenance) of IT-projects online, are discussed and screenshots of the projects are presented. The main advantages in using GitHub consists in the fact that Github allows control latest changes, discuss and discuss work with students, post comments into the text using syntax coloring add online comments. This enables to effectively collaborate for a group of students of to supervise a research thesis. Technical illustrations of the git config command of GitHub area presented. Command ’git init’ is an initiation of the project from scratch. Command ’git add files’ - selecting all files for the project. (texts, tables, graphs, maps, figures). Advantages of LaTeX for thesis writing consists in its a built-in flexible system of bibliographic cross-referencing in the list of references, which enables making automatic linking to the bib sources, as well as updating links. Examples of structuring text in a thesis by LaTeX and GitHub are presented. Mark up language was used to highlight text when writing codes with a high level of nesting, allowing to quickly navigate over the work. The presentation has a technical and methodological character and introduces using IT tools, GitHub and LaTeX in academic environments.
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Seagrass Mapping and Monitoring Along the Coasts of Crete, Greece. MSc Thesis...Universität Salzburg
Current presentation introduces a MSc thesis defense. The research focuses on the P. oceanica, an endemic species of the seagrass in Mediterranean Sea. Study area is Crete Island, Greece. The goal of this study is to analyse optical properties of the seagrass P. oceanica and other seafloor types (carbonate sand), and to apply remote sensing techniques for seagrass mapping in the selected locations of northern Crete. Analyzing spectral reflectance of the P. oceanica and other seafloor cover types by means of tools Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) using Water Color Simulator (WASI). Other technical tools included ArcGIS and Erdas Imagine GIS software, Gretle for plotting and statistical analysis, SPSS for ANOVA based Hypothesis testing. Data include spectral measurements of the seagrass optical properties by Trios-RAMSES (Hyperspectral radiometers for measuring optical properties of water), Google Earth aerial images, Landsat TM scenes. Fieldwork measurements were done using iPAQ data and GPS records, SCUBA equipment. Optical properties of the water columns were tested : spectral reflectance, radiance, irradiance. Characteristics reflect current chemical content and physical specifics of the water with and without sediments. Results of this research proved that P. oceanica is spectrally distinct from other seafloor types (carbonate sand) at varying environmental conditions, as well as from other seagrass species (Thalassia testudinum). The RTM software is a useful tool for analyzing spectral signatures of various seafloor types enabling simulations of data received from the broadband and narrowband remote sensors. Application of the RS data from the broadband sensors is highly advantageous for the seagrass mapping. Spectral discrimination of P. oceanica from other seafloor cover types is possible at diverse and changing environmental conditions (water column height). Maps, graphics and imagery are provided. Current presentation contains 72 slides. Defended at University of Twente, Faculty of Earth Observation and Geoinformation (ITC), Enschede, Overijssel Province, the Netherlands on March 8, 2011.
Seagrass mapping and monitoring along the coast of Crete, Greece. Mid-Term Pr...Universität Salzburg
Research problem focuses on studying dynamics of spatial distribution of the seagrass meadows with a case study of P. oceanica, using aerial and satellite imagery over the 10-years period. Characteristics of the spectral reflectance of seagrass enables its discrimination from other seafloor types. Raster images processing using RS methods is suitable for seagrass mapping. Current MSc research is based on various sources of data: fieldwork in-situ measurements, satellite imagery, aerial imagery and GIS layers (maps of Crete). Technically, research is based on using GIS and RS methods: ENVI and ArcGIS software.
Modelling Landscape Changes and Detecting Land Cover Types by Means of the Re...Universität Salzburg
The emphasis of this research is to demonstrate application of Landsat satellite imagery as a major resource for environmental research using ILWIS GIS. Landsat images are highly useful and strongly recommended for educational purposes as they are provided free of charge and timely regular geospatial data with 30-m resolution covering any places of the Earth. The case study describes mapping land cover types in ecosystems. It details how exactly satellite images can be used for geospatial research step by step. In the current research I used orthorectified Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), MSS and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) data in Geographic Tagged Image-File Format (GeoTIFF) acquired over the area of Bovanenkovo region, Yamal. The images cover study area for different time periods. The choice of Landsat data application for land cover mapping is explained by its 30-m high spatial resolution, well-known advantages of application of the Landsat scenes in research and cartography, almost 40 year old history of the image record, successful distribution and open availability. Landsat scenes were selected for the pair analysis: Landsat TM scenes for 1988-08-07 and 2011-07-14 and Landsat ETM+, 2001. The research methodology is based spatial analysis tools of the open source GIS software: Quantum GIS and ILWIS GIS. The images were georeferenced, preprocessed and imported to ILWIS from .img into ILWIS .mpr raster map format (ASCII) using GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) in main ILWIS. Minimal Distance method was sued to classify images. After converting, each image contained collection of 7 Landsat raster bands, as well as theirs metadata stored in Map List (.mpl) file, information about georeference (.grf) and coordinate system in .csy file. To visualize spectral information from the Landsat image, a color composite map has been created using combination of three raster images of the individual bands. Supervised classification of the raster imagery includes image analysis aimed at recognizing class membership for each pixel. The respective pixels are selected in Sample Set Editor, ILWIS GIS. The research method used in current research is supervised classification, which enabled to assign land cover classes by adjusting classification parameters and thresholds in DN values of spectral signature of pixels. The principle of Minimum Distance method, used for pixels classification is based on the calculating of shortest straight-line distance in Euclidian coordinate system from each pixel’s DN to the pattern pixels of land cover classes.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Conservation Area Designation in the Andes
1. Conservation Area Designation in the Andes
Polina Lemenkova pauline.lemenkova@gmail.com
Info
Student Poster. Student ID: 3 23369248. Course: ’GEOG6038 Calibra-
tion and Validation of Earth Observation Data’ Practical 3: Conserva-
tion Area Designation in the Andes. Student: Lemenkova P. Supervisor:
Prof. Dr. E.J. Milton. Funding: Erasmus Mundus MSc Scholarship GEM-
L0022/2009/EW, University of Southampton, UK. 2009
Introduction
Páramo National Park in Ecuador is known for its unique nat-
ural resources in high altitude grasslands. The ecosystems of
Páramo consist mostly of rare species and are the key pro-
tected area for exceptionally high endemism. ENVI software
enables to make an analysis of the area and to produce a map
based on 2 criteria: vegetation amount and altitude. We need
to show vegetation growing on different heights and to create
3D-visualization of the analysis.
1. Image: Display
a): True-colour composite of the ETM+ image, bands 3,2,1 (RGB). b): Im-
age enhancement was done, since the default contrast is bad.
a) b)
2. Image: Contrast Enhancement
a) b) c)
Contrast stretched ETM+image In bands 3,2,1 (RGB). Method: Enhance-
Gaussian. a): ’Forestry’ composite of ETM+ Image in 4,5,3 bands. b):
ETM+ Image in 7-4-2 bands (RGB) with bright vegetation usually used
for general public. c): The most common false composite 4-3-2 (RGB).
3. SRTM-Data Upload
a) b)
a): SRTM-image (Shuttle Radar Topography Mis-
sion) displayed in ENVI. b): (SRTM_resampl285)
It has only 1 Band, So that we display it In grey
colour. SRTM is necessary to derive elevation
model. It has .hgt format and Contains the height
of terrain in meters.
4. 3D Visualization
a) b)
a): 3D Surface View (Colour-band Image and DEM
made from SRTM). b): 3D Surface View (Colour-
band Image upon DEM made from SRTM), other
point of 3D – 7view, manipulated by the mouse
and moving around the screen. 3D Surface View
(Colour-band Image And DEM made from SRTM),
control panel of ENVI. 3D representation (Colour-
band Image upon DEM made from SRTM). DEM
resolution is 256, Vertical Exaggeration = 2.0. File
saved as raster .jpg-image
5. Calculating Greenness Index
a) b) c)
Creating Greenness Indexes is necessary for clas-
sification of different vegetation communities
(“Transform – Tasseled Cap” ENVI) Each of the TC
Bands is represented in grey scale. ETM_TC file.
Right: Wetness and 4th Band. Brightness & Green-
ness. Bands of Vegetation Indexes. TC Greenness
Index gives us a value of zero greenness: no vege-
tation. We use it for creating ROI.
6. Creation Vegetation Layer ROI
ROI (Region of Interest). Creation of ROI In vege-
tation using “Tools–Region of Interest-ROI”. Input
Band – Greenness. Lower limit = 1.0 Max Value =
upper limit In TC Image. Result: all Vegetation is
selected (coloured yellow). Creation of ROI layer
(vegetation). SRTM as a background image. Com-
putation of Statistics (vegetation).
7. Creating Altitude Layer
Creating Altitude Zones by “Intersect Regions” for
each pair of ROIs.
Final altitude zones are: Lowland Vegetation
(1-2500m), Subparamo Vegetation (2501-3500),
Paramo Vegetation (3501-4100) and Superparamo
Vegetation (4101 – 5000).
These zones are shown on the map in different col-
ors (yellow, beige, two greens)
8. Mapping and Design
Vegetation Map with grid lines. We finally added
Geographic coordinate system representing a Grid
Line on the Map. Map saved as Geo-TIFF.
3D-Mapping (Final Map + DEM)
Displaying final map in 3D view by SRTM DEM image. 3D of the map
was draped as classified final image of Paramo upon the SRTM file of
elevation (heights). The colors were changed by ENVI (TIFF-conversion)
Bibliography
Author’s publications on Geography, Remote Sensing and GIS:
1
P. Lemenkova, “Using ArcGIS in Teaching Geosciences”, Russian,
B.Sc. Thesis (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Edu-
cational Studies, Moscow, Russia, June 5, 2007), 58 pp., https : / /
thesiscommons.org/nmjgz.
2
P. Lemenkova, “Geoecological Mapping of the Barents and Pechora
Seas”, Russian, B.Sc. Thesis (Lomonosov Moscow State University, Fac-
ulty of Geography, Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics,
Moscow, Russia, May 18, 2004), 78 pp., https://thesiscommons.
org/bvwcr.
3
P. Lemenkova, Ecological and Geographical Mapping of the Baltic Sea Region
in the Gulf of Finland, Russian, Moscow, Russia: Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Mar. 30, 2002, https : / / zenodo . org / record /
2574447, Term Paper.
4
H. W. Schenke and P. Lemenkova, “Zur Frage der Meeresboden-
Kartographie: Die Nutzung von AutoTrace Digitizer für die Vek-
torisierung der Bathymetrischen Daten in der Petschora-See”, German,
Hydrographische Nachrichten 25, 16–21, ISSN: 0934-7747 (2008).
5
I. Suetova, L. Ushakova, and P. Lemenkova, “Geoinformation mapping
of the Barents and Pechora Seas”, Geography and Natural Resources 4,
edited by V. A. Snytko, 138–142, ISSN: 1875-3728 (2005), http://www.
izdatgeo.ru/journal.php?action=output&id=3&lang_num=
2&id_dop=68.