Preface Levels of Organization 1. An Introduction to the Human Body Introduction 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body 1.3 Functions of Human Life 1.4 Requirements for Human Life 1.5 Homeostasis 1.6 Anatomical Terminology 1.7 Medical Imaging 2 The Chemical Level of Organization 3 The Cellular Level of Organization 4 The Tissue Level of Organization Support and Movement Regulation, Integration, and Control Fluids and Transport Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange Human Development and the Continuity of Life References Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.” Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of the dead to augment their knowledge. When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Dissection is still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and in pathology labs. In order to observe structures in living people, however, a number of imaging techniques have been developed. These techniques allow clinicians to visualize structures inside the living body such as a cancerous tumor or a fractured bone.

1. Scope of Anatomy and Physiology
Presented By: - Asst. Prof. Miss. J. Y. Burade
(Dr. Rajendra Gode College of Pharmacy, Amravati)

2. Content
• Anatomy
• Physiology
• Scope of anatomy & physiology
• Level of structural organization
• Basic life processes
• Definition of different terminologies

3. ANATOMY :- (Ana= up; To my= process of cutting)
It is the science of body Structure and the relationship
among them.
PHYSIOLOGY :- ( Physio= nature; logy :- Study of)
It is the science of body function i.e. how the body parts
work?
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

4. Scope
of
Anatomy
IMAGING ANATOMY/
RADIOGRAPHIC
ANATOMY DEVELOPMENTAL
BIOLOGY
SURFACE ANATOMY
REGIONALANATOMY
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY GROSS ANATOMY
PATHOLOGICAL
ANATOMY
CELL BIOLOGY
HISTOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY

5. SCOPE
OF
PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGU
RESPIRATORY
PHYSIOLOGY
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR
PHYSIOLOGY
ENDOCRINOLOGY
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

6. LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Letter----Word----Sentence----Paragraph----Chapter----Book
SIX LEVEL OF
STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
CHEMICAL LEVEL
CELLULAR LEVEL
TISSUE LEVEL
ORGAN LEVEL
SYSTEM LEVEL
ORGANISNAL LEVEL

7. BASIC LIFE PROCESSES
LIVING NON-LIVING
Reproduction
Movement Growth Differentiation
Metabolism Responsiveness
1. METABOLISM: - Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Catabolism:- Breaking down of complex chemical substance into smaller one.
Anabolism:- Building up of a chemical substance from smaller one.
E.g. :- AA+AA+AA Protein (Anabolism)
Protein AA+AA+AA (Catabolism)

8. 2. RESPONSIVENESS:- It is the body ability to detect and respond to change in
its internal and external environment.
E.g.:- Decrease in body temp--------Internal environment
3. MOVEMENT: - Include motion of the whole body, individual organ, single cell
and even tiny structure inside the cell.
4. GROWTH: - Increase in body size
Increase size of existing cell
Increase no. of cells
or Both

9. 5. DIFFERENTIATION:-
Unspecialized cell Specialized cell
It is the process of a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecialized to
specialized.
E.g. Ovum Embryo Fetus Infant Child Adult
6. REPRODUCTION:- Formation of new cells
The production of new individual

10. SYSTEMS OF HUMAN BODY
1. INTUGUMENTARY SYSTEM
2. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
3. SKELETAL SYSTEM
4. NERVOUS SYSTEM
5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
7. LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM
8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
10. URINARY SYSTEM
11. REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
11 SYSTEMS

11. BODY CAVITIES
• Confidential space within the body where the internal organs are
located.
• Providing specific place and shape.
• The body cavities separate, support and protect the organs placed
there in.
BODY
CAVITIES
THORACIC CAVITY
PELVIC CAVITY
CRANIAL CAVITY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY

13. BODY FLUID COMPARTMENT
INTRACELLULAR
FLUID
EXTRACELULAR
FLUID
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate ions
Glucose
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Oxygen
Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate ions

14. CONT…
• Intracellular fluid (ICF):- Fluid within body cell.
• Extracellular fluid (ECF):- Fluid outside body cell.
• Interstitial fluid:- The ECF that fills the narrow space between the
cell of tissues.
Depending upon location ECF is :-
1. Within blood vessels is termed as – Blood plasma
2. Within lymphatic system is called as – Lymph
3. In and around the brain and spinal cord – Cerebrospinal fluid
4. In joints – Synovial fluid
5. In eye – Aqueous humor

15. HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeo--- Sameness
• Stasis--- Standing still
Definition:- It is the condition of equilibrium in the bodies internal
environment.
E.g.:- Blood sugar level- 70 to 110mg/100ml of blood
Homeostasis
External
Environment
e.g. Intense heat, lack
of O2
Internal Environment
e.g. Low blood
glucose level
Social Environment
e.g. Psychological
stress
Disturb
Disturb
Disturb

16. FEEDBACK SYSTEM
• A feedback system is a cycle of events in which the status of a body
condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored and
revaluated.
• Controlled condition: - monitoring of variables such as BP, Blood
glucose level, Body temperature.
• Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a
stimulus.
Basic component :-
• Receptor
• Control centre
• Effector

18. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
SYSTEM
A Negative feedback system
reverses a change in a
controlled condition.
e,.g. The regulation of Blood

19. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
SYSTEM
A positive feedback system tends to
strengthen the change in bodies
controlled condition.

20. DEFINATIONS
• ANATOMICAL POSITION:- A position of the body in which the body is
erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are at the sides, the
palms of hands are facing forward, and the feet are on the floor.
• ANTERIOR:- Nearer to or at the front of body. Also k/as ventral.
• APERTURE: - It is an opening or orifice.
• APEX: - Conical structure or pointed end.
• APPENDAGE: - Structure attached to the body.
• ARTICULATION: - Joint
• AXILLA:- Armpit
A

21. B
• BACK: - Posterior portion of body.
• BELLY: - Abdomen.
• BIFURCATE: - Possessing two branches.
• BILATERAL: - Two similar sides of body.
• BODY CAVITY: - It is a space within the body where the internal organs are
located.

22. C
• CANAL: - A narrow passageway, tube like structure.
• CEPHALIC: - Pertaining to the head; superior in position.
• CERVIX:- Neck, constricted portion of an organ.
• Corpus: - The principal part of any organ.
• Cortex : - Outer layer of any organ
• Cranium : - Skeleton of skull.
• Cutaneous: - Related to skin.
• Cytology: - Study of cell.

23. • Deep: - Away from body surface
• Deep fascia: - Connective tissue sheet wrapped around a muscle to
hold it in place.
• Developmental anatomy:-
• Distal: -Farther from the point of origin
• Dorsal body cavity:- Cavity near the dorsal surface of body
D

24. • Ectopic: - Other than the normal position.
• Effusion: - Leakage of fluid from lymphatic or blood vessels into cavity or
tissues.
• Elasticity: - Ability of a tissue to come back to its normal shape after
extension.
• Elevation: - Upward movement of body part.
• Exogenous: - When the origin is outside.
• Extension:- Increasing angle between two bones.
• Extrinsic: - Of external origin
• External : - Outside the body surface
E

25. • Fissure:- A fold, slit or groove.
• Flaccid:- Relaxed, soft, lacking muscle tone.
• Flatus:- Air in stomach or intestine.
• Flexion:- Folding movement where angle between two bones
decreases.
• Foramen:- An opening between two cavities or in a bone for passage
of blood vessels or nerves.
• Fossa:- A shallow depression.
• Fracture:- Breakage of a bone.
F

26. • Gamete:- Spermatozoon or ovum, i.e. male or female reproductive
cell.
• Genetics:- Study of heredity.
• Genitalia:- Reproductive organs.
• Gross anatomy:- Macroscopic study of structural features.
G

27. • Haematology:- Study of blood.
• Haemorrhage:- Bleeding.
• Haemostasis:- Stoppage of bleeding.
• Hernia:- Protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall.
• Hilus:- Also called hilum, it is area of depression through which blood vessels or
nerves enter or leave an organ.
• Histology:- Microscopic study of tissue structure.
• Homologous:- Correspondence of two organs in structure, position and origin.
• Horizontal plane:- Also called transverse plane, divides body or organs into superior
or inferior portion.
• Hypertrophy:- An excessive enlargement or out growth of tissue without cell
division.
H

28. • Inferior:- Towards the lower part of the structure.
• Insertion:- Attachment of a muscle tendon to a movable bone.
• Intermediate:- Between two structure.
• Intrinsic:- Of internal origin.
• In vitro:- Outside the living body.
• In vivo:- Inside the living body.
• Ischemia:- Lack of sufficient blood supply.
• Isotonic:- Having equal tension/ osmotic pressure.
I

29. • Lateral:- Farther from midline of body.
• Lesion:- Any local, abnormal change in tissue formation.
• Ligament:- Connective tissue attaching bone to bone.
• Lobe:- A curved or rounded portion.
L

30. • Meatus:- External opening of a canal.
• Medial:- Near midline of body.
• Median plane:- A vertical plane dividing body into right and left
halves.
• Medulla:- Inner part of organ.
• Midline:- An imaginary vertical line that divides body into right and
left halves.
• Myology:- Study of muscles.
M

31. • Oedema:- An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid at a particular
part.
• Orifice:- Opening.
• Origin:- Attachment of muscle tendon to a stationary bone.
• Osseous:- Bony.
• Ossicle:- Small bone.
• Ossification:- Bone formation.
• Otic:- About ear.
O

32. Reference
• Phate Rahul P., Anatomy Physiology and Health Education, Pharma
Career Publication, fourth edition, Feb 2019, Page no. 2-7.
• Ingawale D. K. , Mandlik S. K. , Human Anatomy and Physiology, Nirali
prakashan, 1st edition Sep 2017, Page no. 1.1-1.20

33. THANK YOU!