2. definitions
• Anatomy is the study of the structure of the
body and the physical relationships between
its constituent parts.
• Physiology is the study of how the body
systems work (function), and the ways in
which their integrated activities maintain life
and health of the individual
3. The Human body
• The human body is like a highly technical and
sophisticated machine. It operates as a single
entity, but is made up of a number of systems
that work interdependently. Each system is
associated with a specific function that is
normally essential for the well-being of the
individual. Should one system fail, the
consequences can extend to others, and may
greatly reduce the ability of the body to
function normally
4. Cont…
• Most body systems become less efficient with
age. Physiological decline is a normal part of
ageing and should not be confused with illness
or disease although some conditions do
become more common in older life.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can not only
slow the effects of ageing but also protect
against illness in later life
5. Levels of structural complexity within
the body
• There are six levels of organization that is chemical,
cellular, tissue, organ, system and organismal levels of
organization The most fundamental of these is
chemical nature.
• Atoms combine to form molecules and molecules
form cells.
• A cell is the smallest independent unit of living matter
or organism and there are trillions of them within the
body. They are too small to be seen with the naked
eye, but when magnified using a microscope different
types can be distinguished by their size, shape
6. Chemical level
• This includes atoms, the smallest units of matter
that participate in chemical reactions, and
molecules, two or more atoms joined together.
Certain atoms, such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium
(Ca), and sulfur (S), are essential for maintaining
life. Two familiar molecules found in the body are
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material
passed from one generation to the next, and
glucose, commonly known as blood sugar
7. Cellular level
• Molecules combine to form cells, the basic
structural and functional units of an organism
• cells are the smallest living units in the human
body. Eg muscle cells, nerve cells and
epithelial cells
• Each cell type is specialized, enabling it to
carry out a particular function that contributes
to body needs
8. Tissue level
• Tissues are groups of cells and the materials
surrounding them that work together to
perform a particular function. There are just
four basic types of tissue in your body:
epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular
tissue, and nervous tissue
9. Organ level
• At this level different types of tissues are
joined together to form an organ. , organs are
structures that are composed of two or more
different types of tissues; they have specific
functions and usually have recognizable
shapes. Examples of organs are the stomach,
skin, bones, heart, liver, lungs, and brain.
10. System level
• A system consists of related organs with a
common function. An example of the system
level, also called the organ-system level, is the
digestive system, which breaks down and
absorbs food. Its organs include the mouth,
salivary glands, pharynx (throat), esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.
11. Organismal level.
• An organism, any living individual, All the
parts of the human body functioning together
constitute the total organism.
12.
13. Basic anatomical terminologies
• OBJECTIVES
• Describe the anatomical position.
• Define the anatomical planes, sections, and
directional terms used to describe the human
body.
• Outline the major body cavities, the organs
they contain, and their associated linings.
14. anatomical position
• In the anatomical position, the subject stands
erect facing the observer with the head level
and the eyes facing forward. The feet are flat
on the floor and directed forward, and the
upper limbs are at the sides with the palms
facing forward.
15.
16.
17. Anatomical terms
• Superior :Toward the head, or the upper part
of a structure. (cephalic or cranial)
• Inferior (caudal): Away from the head, or the
lower part of a structure
• Anterior (ventral) :Nearer to or at the front of
the body
• Posterior (dorsal): Nearer to or at the back of
the body.
18. Anatomical terms cont….
• Media: Nearer to the midline.
• Lateral: Farther (away) from the midline
• Intermediate: Between two structures.
• Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body as
another structure.
• Contralateral: On the opposite side of the
body from another structure.
19. Cont…
• Proximal: Nearer to the attachment of a limb to
the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
• Distal: Farther from the attachment of a limb to
the trunk; farther from the origination of a
structure
• Superficial (external): Toward or on the surface
of the body.
• Deep (internal) :Away from the surface of the
body
20.
21. Body cavities
• Body cavities are spaces within the body that
help protect, separate, and support internal
organs. Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other
structures separate the various body cavities
from one another.
22. Body cavities……
• The cranial bones form the cranial cavity,
which contains the brain.
• The bones of the vertebral column (backbone)
form the vertebral (spinal) canal, which
contains the spinal cord. Three layers of
protective tissue, the meninges line the cranial
cavity and the vertebral canal
23. Cont….
• The major body cavities of the trunk are the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
• The thoracic cavity or chest is formed by the
ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum
(breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the
vertebral column (backbone). Within the
thoracic cavity are the pericardial cavity a
fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart, and
two fluid-filled spaces called pleural one
around each lung.
24. Cont…
The central part of the thoracic cavity is an
anatomical region called the mediastinum.
• It contains all thoracic organs except the lungs
themselves. Among the structures in the
mediastinum are the heart, esophagus,
trachea, thymus, and several large blood
vessels
• The abdominopelvic cavity extends from the
diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the
abdominal wall and the bones and muscles
