Human anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry are the basic complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year of medical school. The major anatomy textbooks, Gray's anatomy, Hall of Guyton, and general anatomy by laeeq Hussain, have been recognized from a system format regional format.

1. BASIC ANATOMY &
PHYISOLOGY
DR. SATWAT JAHAN

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Anatomical Nomenclature
• Life span of Human Being
• Structural and Functional Organization
• Terminology and body plan
• Systemic Anatomy
• Basic Organization of Body
• Homeostasis –importance –negative positive feedback
• Relationship between structure and function

3. ANATOMICAL POSITION
• In this position the body is regarded as standing erect , eyes looking forward
to the horizon, the upper limb hanging by the sides, with palms of the hands
directed forwards & the feet are together with the toes pointing forwards

5. Planes of Body
Median
The vertical plane that divides the right and left sides of
the body lengthwise along the midline into externally symmetrical
sections. Also called
MIDSAGITTAL PLANE

6. Sagittal plane
• Any plane parallel to midsagittal
plane is called sagittal plane . It
separates the body into right and
left asymmetrical sections

7. Coronal Plane
• Any vertical side to side plane at
right angles to the median plane is
called coronal or frontal plane

8. TRANSVERSE PLANE
• If the body is divided horizontally
into upper and lower sections , we
get a transverse horizontal plane .
Such a plane is at right angles to the
midsagittal , sagittal and coronal
plane

12. ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE
• Word roots or stems are largely derived from Latin or Greek
• Myo means cardio refers to the heart

13. TERMS DEFINITIONS
ANTERIOR TOWARDS OR AT THE FRONT OF THE
BODY
POSTERIOR TOWARDS OR AT THE BACK OF THE BODY
MEDIAL TOWARDS THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY
LATERAL AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY
SUPERIOR TOWARDS THE TOP OF THE HEAD
INFERIOR TOWARDS THE SOLE OF THE FEET

14. TERM DEFINITION
SUPERFICIAL NEAR TO SURFACE OF BODY
DEEP AWAY FROM THE SURFACE OF THE BODY
INTERNAL NEARER TO THE INTERIOR OF THE BODY
EXTERNAL AWAY FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE BODY
PROXIMAL TOWARDS THE ATTACHED END (ROOT)OF
A STRUCTURE
DISTAL AWAY FROM THE ATTACHED END (ROOT)
OF THE STRUCTURE
PALMAR A SUPERFICIAL TERM REFERRING TO
ANTERIOR SURFACE OF HAND

15. TERM DEFINITION
PLANTAR A SPECIAL TERM REFERING TO THE SOLE
BOTTOM OF THE FOOT
VENTRAL SUBSTITUTE FOR ANTERIOR IN HEAD
NECK AND TRUNK
DORSAL SUBSTITUTE FOR POSTERIOR IN HEAD
AND NECK

17. TERMS OF MOVEMENTS

23. TERMS OF LATERALITY

24. • BILATERAL
structures , organs or conditions that occur on both sides of the body e.g ears
• UNILATERAL
any structure or organ occurring only on one side of body e.g spleen
IPSILATERAL
structure occurring on the same side of the body as another structure e.g right
hand and right foot
CONTRALATERAL
on opposite side of body with reference to another structure
e.g. right foot is contralateral to left foot

25. SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
• Study of the anatomy of specific systems of the body is called systemic
anatomy
• Study approach of systemic anatomy is different
• For example cardiovascular system reaches all parts of body & to study this
all regions of the body have to be explored

26. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF
HUMAN BODY
• CELLS
• smallest independent units of life
• Mass of protoplasm consisting of nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
enclosed in cell a membrane
• Basic structural and functional unit

27. • TISSUES
• Similar cells performing a specific function
• FOUR basic types
• 1 epithelial
• 2 connective
• 3 muscular
• 4 nervous

28. • ORGANS
• Integrated collection of two or more varieties of tissues that work together
to perform specific function e.g heart stomach liver kidney
• SYSTEMS
• group of organs that work together to perform a major body function
• E.g digestive , respiratory etc

29. BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATIONA
• ATOMS
• MOLECULES
• CELLS
• ORGANELLE
• A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based
cellular fluid, with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles
• TISSUES
• ORGANS
• ORGAN SYSTEM

33. HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
RELATION B/W STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION OF HUMAN BODY
• HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeo means same
• Stasis means standing
• Homeostasis means the maintenance of constant internal environment of the body
• Or
• Homeostasis is the state of steady internal chemical and physical conditions
maintained by living systems

34. IMPORTANCE
• To maintain the internal environment of the body
• Internal environment of the body consists of
• 1 ) INTRACELLULAR FLUID fluid inside the cell
• 2) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID fluid outside the cell
• Division of ECF
• Plasma ( part of ECF in blood )
• Tissue fluid or interstitial fluid ( ECF in spaces between cells )

37. Regulation of Homeostasis
• The regulation of homeostasis depends on three mechanisms:
• Effector.
• Receptor.
• Control Center.
• The entire process continuously works to maintain homeostasis regulation.

38. • Receptor
• As the name suggests, the receptor is the sensing component responsible for
monitoring and responding to changes in the external or internal environment.
• Control Center
• The control centre is also known as the integration centre. It receives and processes
information from the receptor.
• Effector
• The effector responds to the commands of the control centre. It could either
oppose or enhance the stimulus.

39. An Example of Homeostasis in Action
Receptor Cutaneous receptors of the skin.
Control center Brain.
Effector Blood vessels and sweat glands in the skin.
The skin has receptors that detect changes in temperature. If the external temperature rises or drops
below the equilibrium, the control center sends signals to the blood vessels and sweat glands in our skin to
react accordingly. If the temperature is too hot, the blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and cause a drop in
the body temperature. Moreover, sweat glands produce sweat to accompany vasodilation. If the external
temperature is too cold, the blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) and enable the body to retain heat.

40. SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN HOMEOSTASIS
• The endocrine system and the nervous system are essential in maintaining
the homeostasis of the body.
• OTHER SYSTEMS
• circulatory system
• Urinary system

41. FUNCTION
• The primary function of homeostasis is to maintain a balance within the
body regarding its temperature, salt concentration, food intake and pH levels.

42. ROLE OF LIVER IN HOMEOSTASIS
Our liver plays a vital role in blood glucose homeostasis. When the blood
glucose level rises after a meal, the liver removes glucose from the blood and
stores it in the form of glycogen. When the blood glucose levels are low, it
converts the stored glycogen back to glucose.