This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology, discusses the relationship between the two, and outlines several key topics including the levels of biological organization, anatomical position and directional terms, body cavities, and systems. It also describes methods for dividing the abdominal-pelvic region into nine regions and four quadrants to identify the location of internal organs. The overall purpose is to introduce foundational concepts of anatomy and physiology.

1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Muhammad Ziad
Lecturer INS-KMU Peshawar

2. Objectives:
By the end of the session students will be able to:
• Define the term A&P
• Understand the relationship between A&P
• Discuss level of organization of the body
• Identify anatomical position
• Describe the various body planes.
• Briefly discuss the body cavities. And list the organs lying within each cavity
• Identify abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
• Identify the organs present in Nine (9) abdomino-pelvic regions.
• Briefly discuss the importance of abdomino-pelvic quadrants and regions.

3. Anatomy Definition
• Anatomy – study of body structure and the relationship among them . e.g.
organ shape, size and weight etc

4. Physiology Definition
• Physiology – study of body function
The function of an organ/system

5. Basic Terminologies
 Cytology – study of structure and
function of cells
 Histology – microscopic study of cells
and tissue
 Osteology – study of structure and
function of bones

6. Basic Terminologies
 Myology – study of structure and function of
muscles
 Arthrology – study of structure and function of
joints
 Angiology – study of structure and function of
blood vessels and lymph system
• Neurology – study of nervous system

7. Directional terms
• Superior – the upper part of a
structure e.g. the heart is superior
to the liver.
• Inferior - the lower part of a
structure e.g.
the stomach is inferior to the lung.

8. Directional terms (cont)
• Anterior – at the front of the body
e.g. the sternum(breastbone)is
anterior to the heart.
• Posterior – at the back of the
body e.g. the esophagus is
posterior to the trachea.

9. Directional terms (cont)
• Medial – nearer to the midline e.g.
the ulna is medial to the radius.
• Lateral – farther to the midline
e.g. the lungs are lateral to the
heart.
• Intermediate – between two
structure e.g. the transverse colon
is intermediate between the
ascending and descending colons.

10. Directional terms (cont)
• Ipsilateral – on the same side of the body as another structure e.g. the gall bladder
and ascending colon are ipsilateral.
• Contralateral – on the opposite side of the body from another structure e.g. the
ascending and descending colons are contra lateral.
• Proximal – nearer to attachments of a limb to the trunk e.g. humerus is proximal to
the radius.
• Distal – farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk e.g. phalanges are distal
to the carpals.

11. Directional terms (cont)
 Left Right
 Superior Inferior
 Anterior Posterior
 Ventral Dorsal
 Proximal Distal
 Medial Lateral
 Superficial Deep
 Adduct Abduct
 Cranial Caudal

12. Relationship between A&P
• Structures and functions are so closely related.
• The structure of a part of the body allows performance of
certain functions.
• e.g. the bone of the skull join tightly to form a rigid case that
protect the brain.
• The lining of the urinary bladder is much thicker to prevent
the escape of urine in to the pelvic cavity.

13. Organization of the body

14. Organization of the body (cont)
• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organs
• System Level
• Organismic Level

15. Anatomical position
• Any region or part of the
human body assume that
it is in specific stance called
the anatomical position.
• In the anatomical position
body is upright.
• Stand erect. Head level
and the eyes facing directly
forward
• Feet are flat on the floor.
• Arms are at the sides with the
• palms turned forward.

16. Anatomical position (cont)
 Sagittal plane – is a vertical plane. Divides the body into right and left
sides.
 Midsagittal plane- (equal right and left)
 Parasagittal plane- ( unequal right and left)
 Transverse (Horizontal) or cross sectional plane - Divides the body into
superior and inferior portions.
 Frontal (Coronal) plane - Divides the body into anterior or ventral and
posterior or dorsal portions.

17. Body Planes and sections
• Imaginary flat
surface that pass
through the body
parts.

18. Body cavities
• Body cavities are spaces within the body that help, separate, and
support internal organ.
• Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the
various body cavities from one another

19. Body cavities (cont)

20. Body cavities (cont)
• Cranial cavity: formed by cranial bones and contains brain.
• Vertebral cavity: formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord
and the beginning of spinal nerves.
• Thoracic/ chest cavity: contains pleural and pericardial cavities and
mediastinum.
1. Pleural cavity: each surrounds a lung, the serous membrane of the
pleural cavities in the pleura.

21. Body cavities (cont)
2. Pericardial cavity: surrounds the heart, the serious membrane of the
pericardial cavity in the pericardium.
3. Mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs. It
contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood
vessels.

22. Body cavities (cont)
• Abdominopelvic cavity: Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic
cavities.
• Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder,
small and most of the large intestine.
• Pelvic cavity: contains urinary bladder, portions of large
intestine and internal organ of reproduction.

23. Abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
• To describe the location
of the many abdominal
and Pelvic organs more
easily two methods are
Used for dividing the
Abdominopelvic cavity
Into smaller area.

24. Abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
• First method two horizontal and two vertical lines.
• Partition this cavity into nine abdoninopelvic region.
• The top horizontal line, is drawn just inferior to the rib cage, across the
inferior portion of the stomach.
• The bottom horizontal line is drawn just inferior to the tops of the hip
bone.

25. Abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
• Two vertical lines,the left and right midclavicular lines,are
drawn throygh the mid portions of the clavicles(collar
bones),just medial to the nipple.
• The four lines divide the abdominopelvic cavity into a larger
middle section and smaller left and right sections.

26. Abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
• The name of the nine regions are:
1. Right hypochondriac
2. Epigestric region
3. Left hypochondric region
4. Right lumber region
5. Umblical region
6. Left lumber region

27. Abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
7. Right inguinal / iliac region
8. Hypogestric / pubic region
9. Left inguinal / iliac region

28. Abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
• The second method is
Similar and divides the
abdominopelvic cavity
Into quadrant.
• Quad =one-fourth

29. Abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
• In this method a vertical and a horizental line are passed
through the umbilicus or belly button.
• The name of the quadrents are
• Right upper quadrent (RUQ)
• Right lower quadrent (RLQ)
• Left upper quadrent(LUQ)
• Left lower quadrent (LLQ)

30. Abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
• The nine – region division is more widely used for anatomical
studies.
• The quadrents are more commonly used for describing the site
of abdominopelvic pain,tumor,or other abnormality.

31. Body Systems

33. References:
• Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2018). Ross & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology
in health and illness. Elsevier.