By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – I:Introduction to anatomical terms organization of the human bodya) Anatomical terms b) Systems and cavities of the human body BODY POSITIONS REGIONAL NAMES 9 - Quadrants and regions of body Abdominopelvic quadrants DIRECTIONL TERMS Terms related to organs Body planes and sections Body Movement Movement is the change in the position of a body part with respect to the whole body Types of Body Movements: Flexion: bending an arm or leg Extension straightens Circumduction: combination of all movements Abduction away from the midline Adduction toward the midline Rotation movement of the limbs around their long axis Supination palm up. Pronation palm down Elevation movement in a superior direction Depression  movement in an inferior direction. Systems of the human body Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system and immunology Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system Body cavities

1. By:
M. Thiru murugan

2. Unit – I:
Introduction to anatomical terms organization
of the human body
a) Anatomical terms
b) Systems and cavities of the human body

3. Anatomical terms:
• ANATOMY (ana = up; tomy = process of cutting)
is the study of the structure of an organism
and the relationship of its parts.
• PHYSIOLOGY: study of or is the science of
body functions i.e. how the body parts works.

4. BODY POSITIONS
▶ SUPINE POSITION
When the body is lying
face up.
▶ PRONE POSITION
When the body is lying
face down.

5. ANATOMICAL POSITION
• Body is erect/standing
with arms at sides &
palms turned forward.

6. BILATERAL SYMMETRY
• Right and the left portion
of the body are equally
divided

7. REGIONAL NAMES
▶ Abdominal: Anterior torso below diaphragm
▶ Acromial: Shoulder
▶ Antebrachial: Forearm
▶ Antecubital: Depressed area in front of elbow
▶ Axillary: Armpit
▶ Brachial: Arm
▶ Buccal: Cheek (inside)

8. ▶ Calcaneal: Heel of foot
▶ Carpal: Wrist
▶ Cephalic: Head
▶ Cervical: Neck
▶ Coxal: Hip
▶ Cranial: skull
▶ Crural: Leg
▶ Cubital: Elbow
▶ Cutaneous: Skin

9. ▶ Digital: Fingers or toes
▶ Dorsal: Back or top
▶ Facial: Face
▶ Femoral: Thigh
▶ Frontal: Forehead
▶ Gluteal: Buttock
▶ Hallux: Great toe
▶ Inguinal: Groin
▶ Lumbar: Lower part of back between ribs and pelvis

10. ▶ Mammary: Breast
▶ Manual: Hand
▶ Mental: Chin
▶ Nasal: Nose
▶ Navel: Umblicus
▶ Occipital: Back of lower part of skull
▶ Olecranal: Back of elbow
▶ Oral: Mouth
▶ Orbital or opthalmic: Eyes

11. ▶ Otic: Ear
▶ Palmar: Palm of hand
▶ Patellar: Front of knee
▶ Pedal: Foot
▶ Pelvic: Lower portion of torso
▶ Perineal: Area between anus and genitals
▶ Plantar: Sole of foot
▶ Pollex: Thumb
▶ Popliteal: Area behind the knee

12. ▶ Supraclavicular: Area above clavicle
▶ Sural: Calf
▶ Tarsal: Ankle
▶ Temporal: Side of skull
▶ Thoracic: Chest
▶ Zygomatic: Cheek

13. 9 - Quadrants and regions of body

14. 1. Right hypochondriac region
2. Epigastric region
3. Left hypochondriac region
4. Right lumbar region
5. Umblical region
6. Left lumbar region
7. Right inguinal/iliac region
8. Hypogastric region
9. Left inguinal/iliac region
9 - Quadrants and regions of body

15. Abdominopelvic quadrants

16. DIRECTIONL TERMS
It describes the position of one body part
relative to another.

17. Directional terms Definition
Superior (cephalic)
Towards the head or the
upper part of a
structure
Inferior (caudal) Away from head or lower
part
Anterior (ventral) At the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
At the back of the body

18. Directional terms Definition
Medial Nearer to the midline
Lateral Farther to the midline
Intermediate Between two structures
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the
body as another
structure

19. Directional terms Definition
Contralateral
On the opposite of the body
from another structure
Proximal Nearer to the origination of a
structure
Distal
Farther from the origination of the
structure
Superficial On the surface of the body
Deep Away from the surface of the body

20. Terms related to organs
• Lumen: The hollow area of the organ.
• Central and peripheral: Central means near the
center and Peripheral means towards the
boundary.
• Medullary and Cortical: Medullary refers to
inner region of an organ; Cortical means structures
found in the outer region.
• Basal and Apical: Apical/Apex; Basal is the
base.

21. Body planes and sections
• Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body
parts.
• Types:
1. Sagittal plane
2. Transverse/Cross sectional/Horizontal Plane
3. Frontal or Coronal Plane
4. Oblique Plane body into anterior and

22. Sagittal
plane
Transverse/
Cross sectional/
Horizontal
Plane
Frontal or
Coronal
Plane
Oblique
Plane

23. Body Movement
•Movement is the change in the
position of a body part with respect
to the whole body
Types of Body Movements:
•Flexion: bending an arm or leg
•Extension straightens
•Circumduction: combination
of all movements

24. •Abduction away from the
midline
•Adduction toward the
midline

25. •Rotation movement of the
limbs around their long axis

26. • Supination palm up.
• Pronation palm down
• Elevation movement in a superior
direction
• Depression movement in an inferior
direction.

27. Systems of the human body
 Integumentary system
 Skeletal system
 Muscular system
 Nervous system
 Endocrine system
 Cardiovascular system

28.  Lymphatic system and immunity
 Respiratory system
 Digestive system
 Urinary system
 Reproductive system
 Special senses

29. Integumentary system
• Components: Skin and its structures (hair, nails,
sweat glands and oil glands)
• Functions:
1. Protection
2. Regulates body temperature
3. Eliminates some wastes
4. Helps make Vit. D
5. Detects sensation.

30. Skeletal system
• Components: Bones, joints and their
associated cartilages.
• Functions:
1. Supports and protects
1. Provides attachment for muscles
Helps body movements
2. Houses cells that produces blood cells
3. Stores minerals and fats.

31. Muscular system
• Components: Muscles.
• Functions:
1. Produce body movements
2. Stabilizes body positions
(postures) Generates heat

32. Nervous system
Components: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
Functions:
1. Generates nerve impulses to regulate body
activities
2. Detects changes in the body’s internal and
external environment.
3. Interprets to changes and responds by causing
muscular contractions or
4. glandular secretions.

33. Cardiovascular system
Components: Blood, Heart and blood vessels
Functions:
1. Pumps blood.
2. Carries oxygen and nutrients and wastes
away from cells.
3. Blood components helps defends against
disease and repairs damages.

34. Lymphatic system and immunology
Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen,
thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.
Functions:
1. Returns protein and fluid to the blood.
2. Carries lipids from G.I Tract to blood
3. Protects against disease causing
microbes.

35. Respiratory system
Components: Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and
bronchial tubes leading into lungs.
Functions:
1. Transfers oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide
from blood to air.
2. Regulates acid base balance of body fluids.
3. Helps to produce sound.

36. Digestive system
Components: Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach,
small and large intestine, anus, and accessory organs
such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and
pancreas.
Functions:
1. Physical and chemical breakdown of food
2. Absorbs nutrients.
3. Eliminates solid wastes.

37. Urinary system
Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and
Components:
urethra.
Functions:
1. Produce, stores and eliminates urine.
2. Eliminates wastes
3. Helps maintain the acid base balance of body fluids.

38. Reproductive system
Components: Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated
organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, epididymis,
vas deferens and penis)
Functions:
1. Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes).
2. Gonads release hormones and regulates
reproduction.
3. Associated organs transports and store
gametes

39. Body cavities
Two types of body cavities:
1. Ventral Cavity: Consist of ThoracicCavity,
Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
2. Dorsal Cavity: Include Cranial Cavity and
Spinal cavity.