Introduction to Anatomy, Branches of Anatomy, Origin of Anatomy, BD Churasia By Shahid Alam

Introduction to Anatomy, Branches of Anatomy, Origin of Anatomy, BD Churasia By Shahid Alam

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  Introduction to Anatomy Dr ShahidAlam PT DPT (KMU), MSPT-Neuro (KMU) Pharm-B (PCP)
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  Definition It is aGreek word ( Ana-Tome): Ana mean up, tome means to cut meaning cutting up. Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
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  BRANCHES OF ANATOMY
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  1. Cadaveric anatomy 2.Living Anatomy 3. Embryology (developmental anatomy) 4. Histology (microscopic anatomy) 5. Surface anatomy (topographic anatomy) 6. Radiographic and imaging anatomy 7. Comparative anatomy
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  8 Physical anthropology 9Applied anatomy (clinical anatomy) 10 Experimental anatomy 11 Genetics
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  1 GROSS ANATOMYor MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY • It is the study of structures that can be examined without the use of a microscope. So it is also called Macroscopic Anatomy. • It is based upon observations through dissection on cadaver. • It is also called CADAVERIC ANATOMY
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  Cadaveric Anatomy It isstudied on dead (preserved) bodies usually with the naked eye (macroscopic or gross anatomy).
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  • Gross anatomyhas following two main subdivisions. • Regional Anatomy • Systemic anatomy
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  REGIONAL ANATOMY. • Studyof the specific regions of the body is called regional anatomy. • It is also known as topographical anatomy (topography = a detailed account of superficial features structure)
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  • There arethree main regions. • Upper and Lower limbs • Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis • Head and Neck including Brain
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  SYSTEMIC ANATOMY • Itis the study of specific systems of the body.
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  They are  skeletalsystem (osteology)  muscular system (myology),  Articulatory (joint) system (arthrology),  vascular system (angiology),  nervous system (neurology),  respiratory (pulmonology)  digestive
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   Urogenital system(Urology)  endocrine systems (splanchnology).  skin and its appendages (Dermatology)
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  • The skeletalsystem (osteology) It is composed of bones and cartilage. It is responsible for providing support to the body and protection of vital organs such as the heart, lungs, brain etc. The muscular system acts on it to produce movement.
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  • The articularsystem (arthrology) Its components are joints and their ligaments. Joints are responsible for connecting the body parts. They provide locations where movements occur.
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  • The muscularsystem (Myology) • it consists of muscles that contract and cause movements of bones at joints
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  • • Integumentary system (Dermatology) Itconsists of the skin and its associated structures e.g. hair, nails, sweat glands etc. the skin is not merely a protective covering for our body.
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  • • • The respiratory system(pulmonology) It is concerned with oxygen intake and carbon dioxide elimination. It consists of• • • the air passages and lungs
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  • • The urinary system(urology) Its components are • Kidneys • Ureters • Urinary bladder (storage of urine) • Urethra
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  • The nervoussystem (neurology) It controls and coordinates the functions of all the systems of the body.
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  • The circulatorysystem (angiology) It has 2 parts (a) the cardiovascular system, (b) lymphatic system,
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  2 Living Anatomy Itis studied by inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, endoscopy (bronchoscopy, gastroscopy), radiography, electromyography, etc.
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  3 DEVELOPMENTALANATOMY or Embryology •is the study of the prenatal developmental changes in an individual. • The developmental history is called 'ontogeny’. • The evolutionary history on the other hand, is called 'phylogeny'.
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  4 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY ORHISTOLOGY • It is the study of the structure of organs tissues and cells under the microscope. • There are two main branches of microscopic anatomy.
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  Microscopic Anatomy Cytology –study of the cell Histology – study of tissues
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  5 SURFACE ANATOMYor (topographic anatomy) • It is the study of deeper parts of the body in relation to the skin surface. It is helpful in clinical practice and surgical operations • It is the identification and study of the form (morphology) and markings of various structures in the living person on the surface of the body.
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  6 RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY •This is the study of the structure of human body that includes the use of several imaging techniques, such as radiography, ultrasonography, echocardiography, computed tomographic scanning (CT Scanning) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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  7 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY •It is the study of anatomy of the other animals to explain the changes in form, structure and function (morphology) of different parts of the human body.
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  8 Physical anthropology •It deals with the external features and measurements of different races and groups of people, and with the study of the prehistoric remains.
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  9 APPLIED ANATOMY (clinicalanatomy) • It deals with application of the anatomical knowledge to the medical and surgical practice
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  10 Experimental anatomy Itis the study of the factors which influence and determine the form, structure and function of different parts of the body.
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  11 Genetics It dealswith the study of information present in the chromosomes.