Blood Vessels and Circulatory system Three principal categories of blood vessels:
Arteries: efferent vessels
Capillaries:
Veins: afferent vessels
Arteries and Arterioles
Three layers surrounding the lumen:
Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Structure of Capillaries
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues.
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
Nervous System is a uniquely designed organ system of our body. This presentation is highlighting over the cellular configuration of this system. Neurons & Neuroglia are the two main players of the system. Neuron is the structural & functional unit of the system, while, Neuroglia are the supporting elements. At the end of this presentation, the young learner would be able to recognize different cell types of the Nervous system & their exclusive function.
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
Blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and CapillariesAmir Rifaat
It is one of the circulatory systems. This explains the roles of arteries, veins and capillaries. It also differentiate between the arteries, veins and capillaries. This slide also explained the pulmonary circuit and systemic curcuit. This is an interesting notes and easy to be understand.
The human heart heart length, width, and thickness are 12 cm, 8.5 cm, and 6 cm, respectively. In addition, the mean weight of the heart is 280-340 g in males and 230-280 g in females.
Nervous System is a uniquely designed organ system of our body. This presentation is highlighting over the cellular configuration of this system. Neurons & Neuroglia are the two main players of the system. Neuron is the structural & functional unit of the system, while, Neuroglia are the supporting elements. At the end of this presentation, the young learner would be able to recognize different cell types of the Nervous system & their exclusive function.
Learning Objectives:
Compare and contrast the structure and function
of
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
ulatory
system
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
3 tunics
Lume
The Vessels
Functions:
Distribution of blood
Exchange of materials with tissues
Return of blood to the heart
Structure:
Most have the same basic structure:
– 3 layers surrounding a hollow lumen
The cardiovascular system is transport system of body
It comprises blood, heart and blood vessels.
The system supplies nutrients to and remove waste products from various tissue of body.
The conveying media is liquid in form of blood which flows in close tubular system.
The Pharmacovigilance Programme of India is an Indian government organization which identifies and responds to drug safety problems. Its activities include receiving reports of adverse drug events and taking necessary action to remedy problems.
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.
Nerve cell damage in the brain causes dopamine levels to drop, leading to the symptoms of Parkinson's.
Parkinson's often starts with a tremor in one hand. Other symptoms are slow movement, stiffness and loss of balance.
Treatment consists of medications to increase dopamine.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that your body can't function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell. The next target cell can be another nerve cell, a muscle cell or a gland.
Hallucinogens are a type of drug that changes a person's perception of reality. Also known as 'psychedelic drugs', hallucinogens make a person see, feel and hear things that aren't real, or distort their interpretation of what's going on around them
endocrine system is made up of several organs called glands. These glands, located all over your body, create and secrete (release) hormones. Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues
Stimulants work by acting on the central nervous system (CNS) to increase alertness and cognitive function. Stimulants can be prescription medications or illicit substances, such as Cocaine. Stimulants may be taken orally, snorted, or injected. If you have a Stimulant addiction, seek help today.
Local anaesthesia involves numbing an area of the body using a type of medicine called a local anaesthetic. These medicines can be used to treat painful conditions, prevent pain during a procedure or operation, or relieve pain after surgery
Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles (the muscles that connect to your bones and contract to allow body movement in the arms and legs, and allow for breathing).
Skeletal muscle relaxants are drugs that act peripherally at neuromuscular junction/ muscle fibre itself or centrally in the cerebrospinal axis to reduce muscle tone and/or cause paralysis. • A muscle relaxants is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone
A joint is a point where two bones make contact. Joints can be classified either histologically on the dominant type of connective tissue functionally based on the amount of movement permitted. Histologically the three joints in the body are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
DNA Gyrase Inhibitors -quinolones and Fluoroquinolones.pptxVijay Salvekar
DNA gyrase inhibitors of synthetic origin. Fluoroquinolones have been the most successful antibacterial agents targeting DNA gyrase. These compounds have been extensively explored and researched to improve spectrum of activity, potency and bacterial resistance.
biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems
Anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. Anticonvulsants are also increasingly being used in the treatment of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, since many seem to act as mood stabilizers, and for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Anatomy refers to the internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships, whereas physiology refers to the study of the functions of those structures.
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that affects a person's ability to function independently.
Anti-anxiety medications help reduce the symptoms of anxiety, such as panic attacks or extreme fear and worry. The most common anti-anxiety medications are called benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines are a group of medications that can help reduce anxiety and make it easier to sleep.
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
Neurons (also called neurones or nerve cells) are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.and A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. The cell receiving the signal, any main body part or target cell, may be another neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell.
Skeletal muscle is one of the three significant muscle tissues in the human body. Each skeletal muscle consists of thousands of muscle fibers wrapped together by connective tissue sheaths. The individual bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle are known as fasciculi.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. 20-2
§ Introduction of Blood Vessels
1. Closed circulatory system– Def. Blood flows in a
continuous circuit through the body under pressure
generated by the heart.
The average adult has over 60,000 miles (aprox.1
lac)of blood vessels in their body
2. Three principal categories of blood vessels:
– Arteries: efferent vessels
– Capillaries:
– Veins: afferent vessels
3. Five types of blood vessels:
(1) Arteries (2) Arterioles(3) Capillaries(4) Veins(5) Venules
(1) Arteries
• Carry blood away from the heart to body tissues
• Two large arteries are: _aorta_ and _pulmonary trunk_
branch out from the heart go to small arteries
(2) Arterioles
Small arteries found in organs, branch out into capillaries
(3) Capillaries
Microscopic vessels that branch off of arterioles in organs
.
4. 4) Veins
Small veins formed by groups of capillaries within a
tissue that reunite
(5) Venules
Larger vessels formed by merging venules; convey
blood from tissues back to the heart
5.
6. Systematic arteries and arterioles 15%
Systematic veins and venules 60%
Systematic capillaries 5%
Pulmonary blood vessels 12%
Heart chambers 8%
• Veins and venules contain so much blood, thus
certain veins serve as blood reservoirs from which
stored blood can be diverted to other parts of the
body
Distribution of Blood Volume
7. • The lumen is the hollow space through
which the blood flows.
• Three layers surrounding the lumen:
• Tunica interna
• Tunica media
• Tunica externa
Arteries and Arterioles
10. § Vessel wall of arteries/veins-1
1. Innermost layer (tunica interna/intima)
A. Structures: lines the inside of the vessel and is
exposed to the blood; consists of--
• Endothelial cells– histology?
• Basement membrane
• Connective tissue (sparse)
B. Functions of the endothelial cells—
• Selectively permeable barrier
• Secrets chemicals--?
• Repels blood cells and platelets
20-10
11. § Vessel wall of arteries/veins-3
3. Outermost layer (tunica externa /advertitia)
A. Structures:
–Largely loose connective tissue (collagen fibers)
B. Functions:
–Protection & anchoring
–Provide passage for--
• Vasa vasorum— vessels of the vessels
20-11
17. Connect arterioles and venules
•exchange vessels permit exchange of nutrients and
waste between body cells and blood
Areas with high metabolic requirements have
extensive capillary networks
• Example. muscles, liver, kidneys, nervous system
Areas with very low metabolic requirements lack
capillaries
• Example. cornea and lens of the eye, nails, hair
follicles, cuticles, cartilage
Capillaries
18.
19. Walls consist of single layer of endothelial cells
Structure of Capillaries
22. 20-22
3 Types of Capillaries
1. Continuous capillaries-
occur in most tissues, ex. Skeletal muscle
– endothelial cells have tight junctions with
intercellular clefts (allow passage of solutes)
– What molecules can pass– ex. glucose
– What molecules can not – protein, formed
elements of the blood
24. 20-24
Types of Capillaries
2. Fenestrated capillaries
–Structure – have on endothelial cells
–filtration pores – spanned by very thin
glycoprotein layer - allows passage of molecules
such as _____________
–Locations-- organs that require rapid absorption
or filtration - kidneys, small intestine etc.
27. 20-27
Types of Capillaries
3. Sinusoids (discontinuous) capillaries-
– Structure– endothelial cells separated by wide
gaps; no basal lamina
– Conform to the shape of the surrounding tissue
– Molecules can pass– proteins and blood cells
– Locations-- liver, bone marrow, spleen, lymphatic
organs
29. • Two methods of exchange
– Diffusion
– Bulk Flow
Capillary Exchange
30. • Oxygen and nutrients down the gradient into interstitial fluid and then
into body cells
• Carbon dioxide and waste down the gradient from interstitial fluids into
the blood for removal
• Glucose
• Amino acids
• Hormones
• Plasma proteins usually remain in blood; too large to pass through
– Exceptions:
• Sinusoids the smallest blood vessels in the liver have very large gaps in
between their endothelial cells to allow proteins (fibrinogen, main
clotting protein, and albumin) to enter bloodstream
• Other areas are very selective:
– Blood-brain barrier refers to the tightness of endothelial layer found in brain;
allows only a few substances to enter and leave
Diffusion
32. • Capillaries unite to form venules (small veins)
• Venules receive blood from capillaries and empty it
into veins
• Veins return blood to the heart
• Greater capacity for blood containment than
arteries do
• thinner walls—due to less muscular and elastic
tissue; why?
• lower blood pressure: 10 mm Hg with little
fluctuation
Venules and Veins
33. • Venules
–little veins; walls thinner at capillary end,
thicker as they progress toward heart
• Veins
–structural similar to arteries; middle and
inner layers thinner than arteries, outer
layers are the thickest
Structure of Venules and Veins
37. 20-37
§ Types of veins-- Smallest to largest
vessels (A)
1. Postcapillary venules-- only tunica intima
– Receive blood from capillaries
– more porous than capillaries
2. Muscular venules-- receive blood from #1
– have tunica media (1-2 layers of smooth muscle) + thin
tunica externa
3. Medium veins–
– Most have individual names, Examples-- radius or ulna
veins
– Many have venous valves
38. 20-38
§ Types of veins-- Smallest to largest
vessels (B)
4. Venous sinuses--
– veins with thin walls, large lumens, no smooth muscle;
vasomotion– yes/no? (Circle one)
– Examples– coronary sinus of the heart and the dural
sinuses of the brain
5. Large veins--
– Greater than 10 mm (diameters)
– Venae cavae, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins
39. • Sometimes this causes problems
• Varicose veins
– Weak venous valves
– Gravity forces blood backwards
through the valve increasing venous
blood pressure
– Increased pressure pushes the vein’s wall outward
– Veins receive repeated overloads, walls lose elasticity,
stretch become flabby
Inner layer forms valves to prevent backflow of blood
40. • WHY should you not start an IV in an artery???
Blood flows out of a vein slowly and more rapidly out of an
artery
41. • Volume of blood flowing back to heart through veins,
occurs through pressure generated in three ways:
– Contractions of the heart
– Skeletal muscle pump
– Respiratory pump
Venous Return