The document discusses how atoms form bonds. It states that atoms form bonds using electrons in their outer energy levels, and that there are four ways atoms bond: by losing electrons, gaining electrons, pooling electrons, and sharing electrons. It then focuses on bonding by losing and gaining electrons using sodium and chlorine as examples. Sodium loses an electron to become stable, giving it a positive charge, while chlorine gains an electron to become stable, giving it a negative charge.
We will be going over information for Exam 2. Talking a lot about naming of compounds and learning electron domain geometries with molecular geometries.
Bonding and structure - ionic compounds, covalent compounds and metals. Relationship between intermolecular forces and physical properties. Allotropes.
Definition of ionic compounds
Property of ionic compoundIn crystal formSolubility in waterHigh melting and boiling pointConductivity of electricity
Use of ionic compoundUse as dryersUse to make pans
Bulletproof presented our services and story to the Calgary Chamber of Commerce. We covered the importance of having a trusted IT business adviser and how we serve the business community of Calgary and Red Deer
We will be going over information for Exam 2. Talking a lot about naming of compounds and learning electron domain geometries with molecular geometries.
Bonding and structure - ionic compounds, covalent compounds and metals. Relationship between intermolecular forces and physical properties. Allotropes.
Definition of ionic compounds
Property of ionic compoundIn crystal formSolubility in waterHigh melting and boiling pointConductivity of electricity
Use of ionic compoundUse as dryersUse to make pans
Bulletproof presented our services and story to the Calgary Chamber of Commerce. We covered the importance of having a trusted IT business adviser and how we serve the business community of Calgary and Red Deer
It's very good for SPM students . You have to learn the ionic bond thoroughly. If you understand well you can explain it vividly. For other chemistry notes can email me puterizamrud@gmail.com or facebook Pusat Tuisyen Zamrud .
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
3. Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the
electrons in their outer energy levels.
Monday, July 9, 2012
4. Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the
electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds.
Monday, July 9, 2012
5. Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the
electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds.
1.by losing electrons
Monday, July 9, 2012
6. Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the
electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds.
1.by losing electrons
2.by gaining electrons
Monday, July 9, 2012
7. Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the
electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds.
1.by losing electrons
2.by gaining electrons
3.by pooling electrons
Monday, July 9, 2012
8. Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the
electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds.
1.by losing electrons
2.by gaining electrons
3.by pooling electrons
4.by sharing electrons with another element
Monday, July 9, 2012
9. Bonding
✦Atoms form bonds with other atoms using the
electrons in their outer energy levels.
✦Atoms have four ways to do form bonds.
1.by losing electrons
2.by gaining electrons
3.by pooling electrons
4.by sharing electrons with another element
✦We will be studying each of these in Section 2.
Monday, July 9, 2012
10. 1 & 2.
Gaining and Losing
Electrons
Monday, July 9, 2012
13. Sodium and Chlorine
Sodium is a soft, silvery metal.
It can react violently when added to water or to
chlorine.What makes sodium so reactive?
Monday, July 9, 2012
14. Sodium and Chlorine
Sodium is a soft, silvery metal.
It can react violently when added to water or to
chlorine.What makes sodium so reactive?
Sodium has only one electron in its outer level.
Removing this electron empties this level and leaves the
completed level below. Sodium is then stable.
Monday, July 9, 2012
15. Sodium and Chlorine
Sodium is a soft, silvery metal.
It can react violently when added to water or to
chlorine.What makes sodium so reactive?
Sodium has only one electron in its outer level.
Removing this electron empties this level and leaves the
completed level below. Sodium is then stable.
Chlorine forms bonds in a way that is the opposite
of sodium—it gains one electron. When chlorine
accepts an electron, its electron configuration becomes
stable.
Monday, July 9, 2012
18. Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become
more stable.
Monday, July 9, 2012
19. Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become
more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric
charges changes.
Monday, July 9, 2012
20. Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become
more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric
charges changes.
Monday, July 9, 2012
21. Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become
more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric
charges changes.
=
Monday, July 9, 2012
22. Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become
more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric
charges changes.
= 11 protons
11 electrons
(neutral)
Monday, July 9, 2012
23. Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become
more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric
charges changes.
= 11 protons
11 electrons
(neutral)
but
Monday, July 9, 2012
24. Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become
more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric
charges changes.
= 11 protons
11 electrons
(neutral)
but
after losing
one electron
Monday, July 9, 2012
25. Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become
more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric
charges changes.
= 11 protons
11 electrons
(neutral)
but
after losing 11 protons
one electron 10 electrons
(positively charged)
Monday, July 9, 2012
26. Forming Ions
As sodium atoms lose an electron they become
more stable.
But by losing an electron, the balance of electric
charges changes.
= 11 protons
11 electrons
(neutral)
but
after losing 11 protons
one electron 10 electrons
(positively charged)
Sodium becomes a positively charged ion because
there is now one fewer electron than there are
protons in the nucleus.
Monday, July 9, 2012
29. Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an
electron.
Monday, July 9, 2012
30. Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an
electron.
Monday, July 9, 2012
31. Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an
electron.
=
Monday, July 9, 2012
32. Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an
electron.
= 17 protons
17 electrons
(neutral)
Monday, July 9, 2012
33. Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an
electron.
= 17 protons
17 electrons
(neutral)
but
Monday, July 9, 2012
34. Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an
electron.
= 17 protons
17 electrons
(neutral)
after gaining
but one electron
Monday, July 9, 2012
35. Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an
electron.
= 17 protons
17 electrons
(neutral)
after gaining 17 protons
but one electron 18 electrons
(negatively charged)
Monday, July 9, 2012
36. Forming Ions
In contrast, chlorine becomes an ion by gaining an
electron.
= 17 protons
17 electrons
(neutral)
after gaining 17 protons
but one electron 18 electrons
(negatively charged)
It becomes negatively charged because there is one
more electron than there are protons in the nucleus.
Monday, July 9, 2012
39. Forming Ions
An atom that is no longer neutral because it has
lost or gained an electron is called an ion.
Monday, July 9, 2012
40. Forming Ions
An atom that is no longer neutral because it has
lost or gained an electron is called an ion.
Sodium ion is represented by the symbol Na+
Monday, July 9, 2012
41. Forming Ions
An atom that is no longer neutral because it has
lost or gained an electron is called an ion.
Sodium ion is represented by the symbol Na+
A chloride ion is represented by the symbol Cl-
Monday, July 9, 2012
43. Bond Formation
The positive sodium ion and the negative chloride
ion are strongly attracted to each other.
Monday, July 9, 2012
44. Bond Formation
The positive sodium ion and the negative chloride
ion are strongly attracted to each other.
This attraction, which holds the ions close
together, is a type of chemical bond called an
ionic bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
45. Bond Formation
The positive sodium ion and the negative chloride
ion are strongly attracted to each other.
This attraction, which holds the ions close
together, is a type of chemical bond called an
ionic bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
47. Bond Formation
Sodium and chloride ions form an ionic bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
48. Bond Formation
Sodium and chloride ions form an ionic bond.
The compound sodium chloride, or table salt, is
formed. A compound is a pure substance
containing two or more elements that are
chemically bonded.
Monday, July 9, 2012
49. Bond Formation
Sodium and chloride ions form an ionic bond.
The compound sodium chloride, or table salt, is
formed. A compound is a pure substance
containing two or more elements that are
chemically bonded.
Monday, July 9, 2012
53. More Gains and Loses
Can elements lose or gain more than one electron?
Monday, July 9, 2012
54. More Gains and Loses
Can elements lose or gain more than one electron?
Yes!!
Monday, July 9, 2012
55. More Gains and Loses
Can elements lose or gain more than one electron?
Yes!!
Magnesium, Mg, in Group 2 has two electrons in its
outer energy level.
Magnesium can lose these two electrons and
achieve a completed energy level.
Monday, July 9, 2012
56. More Gains and Loses
Can elements lose or gain more than one electron?
Yes!!
Magnesium, Mg, in Group 2 has two electrons in its
outer energy level.
Magnesium can lose these two electrons and
achieve a completed energy level.
Oxygen, O, in Group 16 has six electrons in its outer
energy level.
Oxygen can gain two electrons and achieve a
completed energy level.
Monday, July 9, 2012
59. The two electrons, in magnesiums outer energy level, can be
gained by two chlorine atoms.
Monday, July 9, 2012
60. The two electrons, in magnesiums outer energy level, can be
gained by two chlorine atoms.
The two negatively charged chloride ions are attracted to
the positively charged magnesium ion forming ionic bonds.
Monday, July 9, 2012
61. The two electrons, in magnesiums outer energy level, can be
gained by two chlorine atoms.
The two negatively charged chloride ions are attracted to
the positively charged magnesium ion forming ionic bonds.
The compound magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is produced.
Monday, July 9, 2012
62. The two electrons, in magnesiums outer energy level, can be
gained by two chlorine atoms.
The two negatively charged chloride ions are attracted to
the positively charged magnesium ion forming ionic bonds.
The compound magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is produced.
Monday, July 9, 2012
66. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
We have just looked at how metal atoms form ionic
bonds with atoms of nonmetals.
Monday, July 9, 2012
67. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
We have just looked at how metal atoms form ionic
bonds with atoms of nonmetals.
Metals can form bonds with other metal atoms, but in
a different way.
Monday, July 9, 2012
68. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
We have just looked at how metal atoms form ionic
bonds with atoms of nonmetals.
Metals can form bonds with other metal atoms, but in
a different way.
In a metal, the electrons in the outer energy levels of
the atoms are not held tightly to individual atoms.
Instead, they move freely among all the ions in the
metal, forming a shared pool of electrons.
Monday, July 9, 2012
69. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
We have just looked at how metal atoms form ionic
bonds with atoms of nonmetals.
Metals can form bonds with other metal atoms, but in
a different way.
In a metal, the electrons in the outer energy levels of
the atoms are not held tightly to individual atoms.
Instead, they move freely among all the ions in the
metal, forming a shared pool of electrons.
Metallic bonds form when metal atoms share
their pooled electrons.
Monday, July 9, 2012
71. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
This bonding affects the properties of metals.
Monday, July 9, 2012
72. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
This bonding affects the properties of metals.
For example, when a metal is hammered into sheets or
drawn into a wire, it does not break. Instead, layers of
atoms slide over one another.
Monday, July 9, 2012
73. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
This bonding affects the properties of metals.
For example, when a metal is hammered into sheets or
drawn into a wire, it does not break. Instead, layers of
atoms slide over one another.
An ounce of gold can be
stretched into a wire 50
miles long.
Monday, July 9, 2012
74. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
This bonding affects the properties of metals.
For example, when a metal is hammered into sheets or
drawn into a wire, it does not break. Instead, layers of
atoms slide over one another.
An ounce of gold can be
stretched into a wire 50
miles long.
Monday, July 9, 2012
75. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
This bonding affects the properties of metals.
For example, when a metal is hammered into sheets or
drawn into a wire, it does not break. Instead, layers of
atoms slide over one another.
A lump of pure gold
the size of a matchbox
can be flattened into a
sheet the size of a tennis
An ounce of gold can be court.
stretched into a wire 50
miles long.
Monday, July 9, 2012
77. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
The pooled electrons tend to hold the atoms together.
Monday, July 9, 2012
78. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
The pooled electrons tend to hold the atoms together.
Metallic bonding also is the reason that metals conduct
electricity well.
Monday, July 9, 2012
79. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
The pooled electrons tend to hold the atoms together.
Metallic bonding also is the reason that metals conduct
electricity well.
The outer electrons in metal atoms readily move
from one atom to the next to transmit current.
Monday, July 9, 2012
80. Metallic Bonding - Pooling
The pooled electrons tend to hold the atoms together.
Metallic bonding also is the reason that metals conduct
electricity well.
The outer electrons in metal atoms readily move
from one atom to the next to transmit current.
Monday, July 9, 2012
85. Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain electrons
because the number of electrons in their outer levels
makes this difficult.
Monday, July 9, 2012
86. Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain electrons
because the number of electrons in their outer levels
makes this difficult.
Carbon has six electrons,
four of the six electrons are in
its outer energy level.
Monday, July 9, 2012
87. Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain electrons
because the number of electrons in their outer levels
makes this difficult.
Carbon has six electrons,
four of the six electrons are in
its outer energy level.
Monday, July 9, 2012
88. Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain electrons
because the number of electrons in their outer levels
makes this difficult.
Carbon has six electrons,
four of the six electrons are in
its outer energy level.
To obtain a more stable
structure, carbon would either
have to gain or lose four
electrons.
Monday, July 9, 2012
89. Covalent Bonds - Sharing
Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain electrons
because the number of electrons in their outer levels
makes this difficult.
Carbon has six electrons,
This is difficult
four of the six electrons are in because gaining &
its outer energy level. losing so many
electrons takes
To obtain a more stable
structure, carbon would either
so much energy.
have to gain or lose four The alternative is
electrons. sharing electrons.
Monday, July 9, 2012
91. The Covalent Bond
The chemical bond that forms between nonmetal
atoms when they share electrons is called a
covalent bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
92. The Covalent Bond
The chemical bond that forms between nonmetal
atoms when they share electrons is called a
covalent bond.
Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both
atoms.
Monday, July 9, 2012
93. The Covalent Bond
The chemical bond that forms between nonmetal
atoms when they share electrons is called a
covalent bond.
Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both
atoms.
They move back and forth between the outer energy
levels of each atom in the covalent bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
94. The Covalent Bond
The chemical bond that forms between nonmetal
atoms when they share electrons is called a
covalent bond.
Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both
atoms.
They move back and forth between the outer energy
levels of each atom in the covalent bond.
Each atom has a stable outer energy level some of the
time.
Monday, July 9, 2012
95. The Covalent Bond
The chemical bond that forms between nonmetal
atoms when they share electrons is called a
covalent bond.
Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei of both
atoms.
They move back and forth between the outer energy
levels of each atom in the covalent bond.
Each atom has a stable outer energy level some of the
time.
Covalently bonded compounds are called molecular
compounds.
Monday, July 9, 2012
98. The Covalent Bond
The atoms in a covalent bond form a neutral particle.
Monday, July 9, 2012
99. The Covalent Bond
The atoms in a covalent bond form a neutral particle.
The neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons is
called a molecule.
Monday, July 9, 2012
100. The Covalent Bond
The atoms in a covalent bond form a neutral particle.
The neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons is
called a molecule.
Monday, July 9, 2012
101. The Covalent Bond
The atoms in a covalent bond form a neutral particle.
The neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons is
called a molecule.
No ions are involved in covalent bonding because no
electrons are gained or lost.
Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), are
not referred to as molecules, because their basic units are
ions, not molecules.
Monday, July 9, 2012
104. Double and Triple Bonds
Sometimes an atom shares more than one
electron with another atom.
Monday, July 9, 2012
105. Double and Triple Bonds
Sometimes an atom shares more than one
electron with another atom.
When two pairs of electrons are involved in a
covalent bond, the bond is called a double
bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
120. Double and Triple Bonds
Here is the sharing of three pairs of electrons
between two nitrogen atoms in the nitrogen
molecule.
Monday, July 9, 2012
121. Double and Triple Bonds
Here is the sharing of three pairs of electrons
between two nitrogen atoms in the nitrogen
molecule.
When three pairs of electrons are shared by two
atoms, the bond is called a triple bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
122. Double and Triple Bonds
Here is the sharing of three pairs of electrons
between two nitrogen atoms in the nitrogen
molecule.
When three pairs of electrons are shared by two
atoms, the bond is called a triple bond.
Monday, July 9, 2012
126. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Do atoms always share their electrons equally?
Monday, July 9, 2012
127. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Do atoms always share their electrons equally?
The answer is no.
Monday, July 9, 2012
128. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Do atoms always share their electrons equally?
The answer is no.
Some atoms have a greater attraction for
electrons than others do.
Monday, July 9, 2012
129. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Do atoms always share their electrons equally?
The answer is no.
Some atoms have a greater attraction for
electrons than others do.
Why?????
Monday, July 9, 2012
130. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Do atoms always share their electrons equally?
The answer is no.
Some atoms have a greater attraction for
electrons than others do.
Why?????
Some atoms have more protons, therefore more
positive pull on the electrons.
Monday, July 9, 2012
132. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Chlorine attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen
does.
Monday, July 9, 2012
133. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Chlorine attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen
does.
When hydrogen and chlorine covalently bond, the shared
pair of electrons tends to spend more time near the chlorine
atom than the hydrogen atom.
Monday, July 9, 2012
134. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Chlorine - 17 protons Hydrogen - 1 proton
Chlorine attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen
does.
When hydrogen and chlorine covalently bond, the shared
pair of electrons tends to spend more time near the chlorine
atom than the hydrogen atom.
Monday, July 9, 2012
135. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Chlorine - 17 protons Hydrogen - 1 proton
Chlorine attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen
does.
When hydrogen and chlorine covalently bond, the shared
pair of electrons tends to spend more time near the chlorine
atom than the hydrogen atom.
Monday, July 9, 2012
137. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
The unequal sharing makes one side of the bond more
negative than the other. Such bonds are called polar
bonds.
Monday, July 9, 2012
138. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
The unequal sharing makes one side of the bond more
negative than the other. Such bonds are called polar
bonds.
A polar bond is a bond in which electrons are
shared unevenly.
Monday, July 9, 2012
139. Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
The unequal sharing makes one side of the bond more
negative than the other. Such bonds are called polar
bonds.
A polar bond is a bond in which electrons are
shared unevenly.
Monday, July 9, 2012
140. Water
The bonds between the oxygen atom and hydrogen
atoms in the water molecule are another example of
polar bonds.
Monday, July 9, 2012
142. “Get Away, Water!”
When water molecules are exposed to a negative
charge, the water molecules line up like magnets
with their positive ends facing the negative
charge.
They are drawn to the negative charge on the
balloon.
Water molecules also are attracted to each other.
This attraction between water molecules accounts
for many of the physical properties of water.
Monday, July 9, 2012
144. “Get Away, Water!”
Molecules that do not have these uneven charges
are called nonpolar molecules.
Monday, July 9, 2012
145. “Get Away, Water!”
Molecules that do not have these uneven charges
are called nonpolar molecules.
Because each element differs slightly in its ability
to attract electrons, the only completely nonpolar
bonds are bonds between atoms of the same
element.
Monday, July 9, 2012
146. “Get Away, Water!”
Molecules that do not have these uneven charges
are called nonpolar molecules.
Because each element differs slightly in its ability
to attract electrons, the only completely nonpolar
bonds are bonds between atoms of the same
element.
One example of a nonpolar bond is the triple bond
in the nitrogen molecule.
Monday, July 9, 2012
147. “Get Away, Water!”
Molecules that do not have these uneven charges
are called nonpolar molecules.
Because each element differs slightly in its ability
to attract electrons, the only completely nonpolar
bonds are bonds between atoms of the same
element.
One example of a nonpolar bond is the triple bond
in the nitrogen molecule.
Monday, July 9, 2012
148. Chemical Shorthand
In medieval times, alchemists were the first to
explore the world of chemistry.
They used symbols to represent elements.
Monday, July 9, 2012
149. Symbols for Atoms
Modern chemists also use symbols to represent
elements.
The symbols are universal.
Each element is represented by a one letter-, two letter-,
or three-letter symbol.
Many symbols are the first letters of the element’s name,
such as H for hydrogen and C for carbon.
Others are the first letters of the element’s name in
another language, such as K for potassium, which
stands for kalium, the Latin word for potassium.
Monday, July 9, 2012
150. Symbols for Compounds
Compounds can be described using element symbols
and numbers. The figure below shows how two
hydrogen atoms join together in a covalent bond.
The resulting hydrogen molecule is represented by the
symbol H2. The subscript 2 means that two atoms of
hydrogen are in the molecule.
Monday, July 9, 2012
152. Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical
symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of
each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is
understood to be one.
Monday, July 9, 2012
153. Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical
symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of
each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is
understood to be one.
H2S
Monday, July 9, 2012
154. Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical
symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of
each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is
understood to be one.
H2S Ag2S
Monday, July 9, 2012
155. Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical
symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of
each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is
understood to be one.
H2S Ag2S NH3
Monday, July 9, 2012
156. Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical
symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of
each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is
understood to be one.
H2S Ag2S NH3
H2SO4
Monday, July 9, 2012
157. Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical
symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of
each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is
understood to be one.
H2S Ag2S NH3
H2SO4 NaOH
Monday, July 9, 2012
158. Chemical Formula
A chemical formula is a combination of chemical
symbols and numbers that shows which elements
are present in a compound and how many atoms of
each element are present.
When no subscript is shown, the number of atoms is
understood to be one.
H2S Ag2S NH3 H
H2SO4 NaOH
Monday, July 9, 2012