Diffrences

Diffrences of Chemistry;- 18-Dec-2010 ,[object Object],Electrolytes 1. Electrolytes conduct electricity in molten or in solution form. 2. These form positive and negative ions when dissolved in water e.g. NaCl form Na+ and Cl- ions when dissolved in water. 3. Chemical changes occur when electric current is passed through the electrolyte. 4. Generally these are ionic or polar covalent compounds. Non-Electrolytes 1. Non-electrolytes do not conduct electric current in molten or in solution form. 2. These do not form positive and negative ions when dissolved in water e.g. Urea, sugar, glucose etc. 2. No chemical change occurs in them on passing current. 3. Generally these are non polar covalent compounds. 4. Generally these are non polar covalent compounds. ,[object Object],Acid 1. Those compounds which provide hydrogen ion (H+) in aqueous solutions are called Acids. 2. An acid is a substance which produces H+ ions in aqueous solution. 3. Acid is a species (a compound or ion) which donates or tends to donate a proton (H+). 4. An acid is a species (molecule or ion) which can accept a pair of electron. An acid is also called an electrophile (electron loving). 5. They have sour taste. 6. Acid turn blue litmus red methyl orange red. Base 1. Those compounds, which provides hydroxyl (OH-) ion in aqueous solution, are called bases. 2. A base is a substance, which gives (OH-) in aqueous solution. 3. A base is a species, which accepts or tends to accept a proton. 4. A base is a species (molecule or ion) which can donate a pair of electrons. A base is also called a nucleophile (Nucleus loving). 5. Bases have bitter taste. 6. Bases turn red litmus to blue, colorless phenolphthalein to pink and methyl orange to yellow. ,[object Object],Ionic Bond 1. Ionic bond is formed by complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom. 2. Ionic bond is always formed between different atoms. E.g. NaCl, CaCl2. 3. In ionic bond atoms have very large electro-negativity and ionization energy difference. 4. This bond is usually formed between metals and non-metals. 5. This bond is very strong. 6. As a result of this bond ionic compounds are formed. 7. It is always formed between two different atoms. 8. It is formed when difference of electro-negativity of combining atoms is 1.7 or more. Covalent Bond 1. Covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between two atoms. 2. Covalent bond may be formed between similar or dissimilar atoms e.g. H2, O2, HCl etc. 3. In covalent bond atoms have very small electro-negativity or ionization energy difference. 4. This bond is usually formed between non-metals only. 5. This bond is comparatively less strong. 6. As a result of this bond covalent compounds are formed. 7. It is formed between similar and different types of atoms. 8. It is formed when difference of electro-negativity of combining atoms is less than 1.7. ,[object Object],Ionic Compounds 1. The ionic compounds are usually solid, hard and brittle. 2. The ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity either in fused state or in the form of aqueous solution. 3. Ionic Compounds have high melting points and boiling points. 4. Ionic compounds have high melting points and boiling points. 5. Covalent compounds are mostly volatile. Covalent Compounds 1. Covalent compounds exist in all the three states i.e. gas, liquid and solid. 2. A pure covalent compound does not conduct electricity. 3. These have usually low melting and boiling points. 4. These are soluble in water. 5. These are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. ,[object Object],Co-Ordinate Covalent Bond 1. It is a bond in which the shared electron pair is denoted by one atom only. 2. One atom donates electrons but other has no contribution. 3. Lewis acids and bases always from this bond. 4. It is represented by ->. 5. It is formed by the donation of an electron apir by one of the two bonded atoms. 6. It is formed by the completely filled atomic orbital. Covalent Bond 1. It is a bond formed by the mutual sharing of electrons. 2. In the shared electron pair both atoms have equal contribution. 3. Lewis acids and bases do not form this bond. 4. It is represented by _. 5. It is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. 6. It is formed by the overlap of partially filled atomic orbital. ,[object Object],Polar Covalent Bond 1. The covalent bond between two atoms having different electro-negativity is called a polar covalent bond. 2. In a polar bond, the shared electron pair is not equally attracted by the bonded atoms. 3. Bonded atoms become slightly charged and acquire partial =ve and -ve charges. 4. It has an ionic character. 5. The bond energy is greater. Non-Polar Covalent Bond 1. The covalent bond between two atoms having same electro-negativity is called a non-polar covalent bond. 2. In a non polar bond, the shared electron pair is equally attracted by the bonded atoms. 3. Bonded atoms remain electrically neutral and do not acquire partial charges. 4. It has no ionic character.5. The bond energy is lesser. ,[object Object],Electrolytic Cell 1. It is a device for converting electrical energy into chemical energy. It means by passing current through an electrolyte, chemical reaction takes place. 2. It consists of a vessel containing an electrodes and a source of direct current (battery). 3. Example: Electrolysis of aqueous solution of NaCl. Galvanic or Voltaic Cell 1. It is a device for converting chemical energy into electrical energy. It means spontaneous redox reaction is used for the production of electric current. This cell was prepared by L.Galvani and A.Volts, hence named as Galvanic or Voltaic Cell. 2. It consists of two half-cells. Each half cell consists of an electrodes and the solution with which it is in contact. 3. Example: Daniel Cell-Zn/ZnSO4 and Cu/CuSO4 cell. ,[object Object],Solution 1. The size of particles is between 0.1 to 1nm. 2. Particles cannot be seen with low power microscope. 3. It is homogeneous. 4. Particles do not settle down. 5. It is transparent. 6. Components cannot be separated by filtration. Suspension 1. The size of particles is larger than 1000nm. 2. Particles can be seen by low power microscope. 3. It is heterogeneous. 4. Particles settle down. 5. It is not transparent. 6. Components can be separated by filtration. Prepared By; Balaj Memon Student of Class Ninth Fauji Foundation Higher Secondary School

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