This document discusses various applications of superconductivity. It describes how superconductors are used to create strong magnets for applications like MRI machines and particle accelerators. They allow for more efficient storage of magnetic energy and filtering of radio frequencies. Superconductors are also employed in maglev trains, quantum computing, and other electronic devices exploiting their quantum properties. Specific examples discussed include the large superconducting magnets on the AMS-02 particle detector and Japan's maglev train system.

1. SHANTILAL SHAH
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
DEPARTMENT)
Roll no. Enrollment no. Name
3013 140430117015 GAMIT ANKITABEN ARVINDBHAI
3014 140430117016 GAMIT NAYANBHAI BABUBHAI
3015 140430117017 GAMIT SMITKUMAR KANTABHAI
3016 140430117018 ISHAN JATINKUMAR BHATT
3017 140430117019 JITIN J PILLAI
3018 140430117020 JOSHI MEETKUMAR DHARMENDRABHAI
Physics PPT
B.E. Sem-2 (I.C.) Batch-1 Group IC-3

2. APPLICATIONS
OF
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

3. 1. Low Temperature Liquid
Helium Superconductors Have
Been Used To Fabricate High
Field Magnets And Some
Electronic And Radio Frequency
Devices.

4. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS
• We know that an electric current in a wire
creates a magnetic field around the wire.
The strength of the magnetic field
increases as the current in the wire
increases. Since SCs can carry large
currents without energy loss, they are well
suited for making strong magnets .

5. 7 T horizontal bore
superconducting magnet
AMS-02: With a diameter of nearly
3 m and a cold mass approaching
2 tonnes, AMS-02 will be the first
large superconducting magnet to be
launched into space. The 14 coils
generate fields up to 7 T and are
indirectly cooled to 1.8 K by 2500
liters of superfluid helium.

6. ELECTRONIC & RADIO FREQUENCY
DEVICES
• In electronics industry, ultra-high-
performance filters are now being built. Since
superconducting wire has near zero resistance,
even at high frequencies, many more filter
stages can be employed to achieve a desired
frequency response. This translates into an
ability to pass desired frequencies and block
undesirable frequencies in high-congestion
radio frequency applications such as cellular
telephone systems .

7. 2) The Superconducting Magnets
Have Been Employed In NMR
Spectrometers And NMR
Imaging Is Used In Medical
Diagnostics.

8. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
(NMR) SPECTROMETERS
• NMR spectrometer technology uses
superconducting wires cooled with cryogens
(liquid helium & liquid nitrogen) to generate a
magnetic field. NMR spectrometers provide the
most homogenous magnetic fields and the
greatest spectral resolution. NMR spectroscopy
can be used for chemical analysis, reaction
monitoring, and quality assurance/quality
control experiments.
Higher-field instruments enable unparalleled
resolution for structure determination,
particularly for complex molecules.

9. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC
RESONANCE IMAGING (NMRI)
• On applying a strong superconductor derived
magnetic field into the body, hydrogen atoms that
exist in the body's water and fat molecules are
forced to accept energy from the magnetic field.
They then release this energy at a frequency that
can be detected and displayed graphically by a
computer.

10. An Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI) Scanner.
(Simply called as MRI Scanner)

11. 3) Superconductors Are Used For
Effective Magnetic Shielding.

12. MAGNETIC SHIELD
• When you place a superconductor near a magnet, the
magnetic field gets repelled by the superconductor
because it does not allow the field to penetrate its
surface (Meissner Effect).
Normal Conductor Superconductor

13. 4) Superconductors Are Used As
Magnetic Energy Storage.

14. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC
ENERGY STORAGE (SMES)
• SMES systems store energy in the magnetic field
created by the flow of direct current in
a superconducting coil.
• Once the superconducting coil is charged, the
current will not decay and the magnetic energy
can be stored indefinitely.
• The stored energy can be released back to the
network by discharging the coil.
• SMES loses the least amount of electricity in the
energy storage process compared to other methods
of storing energy. i.e. the SMES systems are highly
efficient; the round-trip efficiency is greater than
95%.

15. The world’s largest superconducting magnetic energy storage
system:
This system counters sudden drops in voltage (line-drops) that result
from lightning strikes and other natural phenomena. The 10,000-kW
superconducting magnetic energy storage system installed at the
Kameyama (a City in Japan) Plant can generate high voltage in an
instant and counter the effects of line-drops.

16. 5) Superconductors Have Been
Used To Produce Various Devices
Based On Superconducting
Quantum Effects Such As
SQUIDS And Josephson Devices

17. SUPERCONDUCTING QUANTUM
INTERFERENCE DEVICE (SQUID)
• A SQUID is a very sensitive
magnetometer used to measure extreme
low magnetic fields.
• SQUIDs are sensitive enough to
measure fields as low as 5×10−18 T
(i.e. can detect a change of energy as much as
100 billion times weaker than the
electromagnetic energy that moves a compass
needle, such as subtle changes in the human
body's electromagnetic energy field)

18. The inner workings of an early SQUID

19. JOSEPHSON DEVICES
• In 1962 Brian D. Josephson predicted that
electrical current would flow between two
superconducting materials, even when they are
separated by a non-superconductor or
insulator. His prediction was later confirmed
and won him a share of the 1973 Nobel Prize
in Physics. This tunneling phenomenon is today
known as the "Josephson effect“
• SQUIDs work based on the Josephson effect.
Devices that work based on the principle of
Josephson effect are called Josephson Devices.

20. 6) For High Speed Magnetic
Trains And Ship Drive System
Superconductors Are Used.

21. MAGLEV TRAINS
• The Maglev (derived from Magnetic
Levitation) train system works by utilizing
magnetized coils running along a track that
attract and repel large superconducting
magnets in the train’s undercarriage and
allow it to levitate almost 4 inches off the
ground. Power supplied to the coils in the
guideway then creates polarizing forces that
pull and push the train along. As the only
resistance is air,

22. WORKING OF MAGLEV TRAINS
• The maglev train is equipped with several
superconductors, while a series of
electromagnetic coils run along the length of
the track. When the train approaches these
coils, the superconductors induce a current in
them that works to both levitate the train
several centimeters above the track and to
center it between the guide rails.
• A moving magnetic field can hence produce
inducted currents that, in reaction, will
produce a second magnetic field interacting
with the first one. It is this force that lifts the
Maglev.

23. Maglev propulsion along a track that attract and repel
large superconducting magnets

24. ADVANTAGES OF USING
SUPERCONDUCTORS IN MAGLEV
TRAINS
• Conventional electromagnets waste much of the
electrical energy as heat, they would have to be
physically much larger than superconducting
magnets.
• The beauty of maglevs is that they travel on air. The
consequent elimination of friction means much
greater efficiency: high speed (>500kmph) and less
wear and tear (i.e. less maintenance). Just as
electrons move more efficiently through a
superconducting wire because there is no resistance,
so, too, does a maglev travel more efficiently than a
regular train because there is no friction between
the wheels and the track, thanks to the Meissner
Effect.

25. JR–Maglev, or SCMaglev (Super-Conducting Maglev) – Japan Railways

26. A maglev train is coming out of the Pudong International Airport, China

27. 7) Superconductors Are Used In
Computers And Information
Processing.

28. COMPUTING AND
INFORMATION PROCESSING
• Superconductivity could even be used to build
a quantum computer, enabling massively parallel
processing (to reach speed at the rates of 100
GHz)
• Quantum computers are different from digital
computers based on transistors. Whereas digital
computers require data to be encoded into binary
digits (bits), quantum computation uses quantum
properties to represent data and
perform operations on these data.
• Quantum Processors make use of superconducting
qubit (Quantum Bits) architecture.

29. REFERENCES
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_magnet
• hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/scapp.html
• snf.ieeecsc.org/sites/ieeecsc.org/files/BrayJ_4AP01.pdf
• Google image search/Applications of superconductivity
• http://www.intechopen.com/books/applications-of-high-tc-
superconductivity/overview-of-possible-applications-of-high-tc-
superconductors
• Engineering Physics by G Vijayakumari Vikas Publications