Magnetometers are instruments used to measure magnetic fields. There are two main types: vector magnetometers measure the direction and magnitude of magnetic fields, while scalar magnetometers measure only magnitude. Common vector magnetometer types include induction coil, fluxgate, and SQUID, while scalar types are proton precession and optically pumped. Magnetometers are used to study the Earth's magnetic field and detect magnetic anomalies. The Earth's field is generated by electric currents in the Earth's core and ionosphere. Magnetometer measurements provide information about these fields and currents.
MAGNETOMETER
Outline
• Pinciples of operation of magnetometer.
• How Magnetometer works…???
• Cordinate Systems
• Types
• SQUID Magnetometer
• Applications
MAGNETOMETER – PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Hall Effect Magnetometer
Lorentz Force -
Benefits-
Solid-state
Low Temperature
Sensitivity
Highly Linear
Small
Cheap
Drawbacks-
Saturation limit
Calibration Issues
How Magnetometers Work..???
Coordinate Systems
TYPES OF MAGNETOMETER
SQUID MAGNETOMETER
APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETOMETER
1. They are used for navigational purposes.
2. They are used in anti-lock braking systems in vehicles.
3. Fluxgate magnetometers have been used in space missions for magnetic field measurements.
4. Magnetometers are used for mineral exploration; it is used to search world-class deposits of gold,silver, iron copper, etc.
5. They are used in many defence applications; UAVs, submarines, etc.
6. Magnetometers have found usages in smartphones which have applications that serve as compasses.
7. And many more..
THANK YOU.
Definition
Geophysics is the application of method of physics to the
study of the earth.
On the other sense, it is a subject of natural science
concerned with the physical processes and the physical
properties of the earth and its surrounding space
environment and the use of co-ordinate methods for the
analysis.
It involves the application of physical theories and
measurements to discover the properties and processes of the
earth.
MAGNETOMETER
Outline
• Pinciples of operation of magnetometer.
• How Magnetometer works…???
• Cordinate Systems
• Types
• SQUID Magnetometer
• Applications
MAGNETOMETER – PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Hall Effect Magnetometer
Lorentz Force -
Benefits-
Solid-state
Low Temperature
Sensitivity
Highly Linear
Small
Cheap
Drawbacks-
Saturation limit
Calibration Issues
How Magnetometers Work..???
Coordinate Systems
TYPES OF MAGNETOMETER
SQUID MAGNETOMETER
APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETOMETER
1. They are used for navigational purposes.
2. They are used in anti-lock braking systems in vehicles.
3. Fluxgate magnetometers have been used in space missions for magnetic field measurements.
4. Magnetometers are used for mineral exploration; it is used to search world-class deposits of gold,silver, iron copper, etc.
5. They are used in many defence applications; UAVs, submarines, etc.
6. Magnetometers have found usages in smartphones which have applications that serve as compasses.
7. And many more..
THANK YOU.
Definition
Geophysics is the application of method of physics to the
study of the earth.
On the other sense, it is a subject of natural science
concerned with the physical processes and the physical
properties of the earth and its surrounding space
environment and the use of co-ordinate methods for the
analysis.
It involves the application of physical theories and
measurements to discover the properties and processes of the
earth.
Unstable/Astatic Gravimeters and Marine Gravity SurveyRaianIslamEvan
This is a descriptive article on stable and unstable gravimeters. The article is mainly focused on LaCoste-Romberg and Worden gravimeters. Also, it includes marine gravity survey shortly.
Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge .
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light, and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.[1] At high energy the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a single electroweak force.
Unstable/Astatic Gravimeters and Marine Gravity SurveyRaianIslamEvan
This is a descriptive article on stable and unstable gravimeters. The article is mainly focused on LaCoste-Romberg and Worden gravimeters. Also, it includes marine gravity survey shortly.
Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge . This contain compulsory data that is enough for your knowledge . Characterization of materials . Magnetism presentation
What is magnetometer. How it is used. How u can prepare presentation about magnetometer . Increase your knowledge by studying this article. It is more beneficial for your knowledge .
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually exhibits electromagnetic fields such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light, and is one of the four fundamental interactions (commonly called forces) in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.[1] At high energy the weak force and electromagnetic force are unified as a single electroweak force.
It is phenomenon by virtue of which a current produces a magnetic field. A straight current produces a circular magnetic field and a circular current produces a straight magnetic field at the centre of the circular coil.
Presentation through schematic diagram on the theme of Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. The flow of information and animation is also given for better understanding.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. MAGNETOMETER
Definition
Magnetometer are measurement instruments
used for two general purposes: to measure
the magnetization of a magnetic material like
a ferromagnet, or to measure the strength
and, in some cases, the direction of
the magnetic field at a point in space.
2
3. OUTLINE
Magnetometer data: what are we
measuring?
Ground magnetic signatures of
Earth’s magnetic field
Ring currents
Auroral currents
3
5. MAGNETIC FIELD FUNDAMENTALS
The vector types can be further divided into
sensors that are used to measure low fields
(<1 mT) and high fields (>1 mT).
5
6. Instruments that measure low fields are
commonly called magnetometers
High-field instruments are usually called
gaussmeters.
Magnetic field sensors are divided into two
categories based on their field strengths and
measurement
Range: magnetometers measure low fields
and gaussmeters measure high fields.
6
8. MAGNETIC FIELD FUNDAMENTALS
An understanding of the nature of magnetic
fields is necessary in order to understand
the
techniques used for measuring magnetic
field
strength. The most familiar source of a
magnetic field is the bar magnet.
8
9. Magnets produce magnetic fields. A magnetic field is a vector
quantity with both magnitude and direction properties.
9
10. The field it produces is shown in Figure.
Magnetic field is a vector quantity; that is, it
has both a magnitude and a direction.
The field of a bar magnet or any other
magnetized object, when measured at a
distance much greater than its longest
dimension, is described by Equation
H = 3 ( m × ar ) ar – m / r³
10
12. MAGNETOMETER
Definition
Magnetometer are measurement instruments
used for two general purposes: to measure
the magnetization of a magnetic material like
a ferromagnet, or to measure the strength
and, in some cases, the direction of
the magnetic field at a point in space.
12
13. OBJECTIVES
Magnetometers are widely used for
measuring the Earth's magnetic field and
in geophysical surveys to detect magnetic
anomalies of various types
They are also used militarily to detect
submarines
13
14. TYPES OF MAGNETOMETER
There are two basic types of magnetometer
measurement
1. Vector magnetometers
2. scalar magnetometers
14
15. 1. VECTOR MAGNETOMETERS
Vector magnetometers measure the vector
components of a magnetic field
measure the component of the magnetic field
in a particular direction, relative to the spatial
orientation of the device.
15
16. VECTOR MAGNETOMETERS
Low-Field Vector Magnetometers
The Induction Coil Magnetometer
The Fluxgate Magnetomete
The SQUID Magnetometer
16
17. THE INDUCTION COIL MAGNETOMETER
The induction or search coil, which is one of
the simplest magnetic field sensing devices,
is
based on Faraday’s law.
17
18. This law states that if a loop of wire is
subjected to a changing magnetic flux, f,
through the area enclosed by the loop, then
a
voltage will be induced in the loop that is
proportional to the rate of change of the flux:
e (t )= - dɸ / dt
18
19. Induction or search coil sensors consist of a loop of wire (or a
solenoid), which may or may not surround a ferromagnetic core. (a)
Air core loop antenna; (b) solenoid induction coil antenna with
ferromagnetic core
19
20. THE FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETER
The fluxgate magnetometer has been and is
the workhorse of magnetic field strength
instruments both on Earth and in space. It is
rugged, reliable, physically small, and
requires
very little power to operate.
20
21. (a) and ring core
(b) fluxgate sensors, the excitation field is at right angles to the
signal winding axis. This configuration minimizes coupling
between the excitation field and the signal winding
21
22. THE FLUXGATE
The heart of the magnetometer is the
fluxgate. It is the transducer that converts a
magnetic field into an electric voltage
22
23. 2. SCALAR MAGNETOMETERS
Total field magnetometers or scalar
magnetometers measure the magnitude of
the vector magnetic field
measures the total strength of the magnetic
field they are subject to
23
24. SCALAR MAGNETOMETERS
The two most widely used scalar
magnetometers are the
1. proton precession
2. optically pumped magnetometer
24
25. PROTON PRECESSION
They have a limited magnetic field magnitude
measurement range: typically 20 mT to 100
mT. And they have limitations with respect to
the orientation of the magnetic field vector
relative to the sensor element
25
26. OUTLINE
Magnetometer data: what are we
measuring?
Ground magnetic signatures of
Earth’s magnetic field
Ring currents
Auroral currents
26
27. EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELDS
The Earth's magnetic field is both expansive
and complicated. It is generated by electric
currents that are deep within the Earth and
high above the surface. All of these currents
contribute to the total geomagnetic field
27
28. CONTINUE
In some ways, one can consider the Earth's
magnetic field, measured at a particular
instance and at a particular location, to be
the superposition of symptoms of a myriad of
physical processes occurring everywhere
else in the world.
Magnetic fields are vectors: they have a
strength (magnitude) and a direction just like
velocity
28
29. MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH
The strength of a magnetic field is the
magnetic flux density, B.
The units of magnetic flux density is the Tesla
or the Gauss
29
30. 1 Tesla (T) = 104 Gauss (G)
The most powerful magnets in the world are
superconducting electromagnets. These
magnets have magnetic fields of around 20
T.
30
31. CONTIUE
• Earth’s magnetic field is
0.000 052T = 52,000 nanotesla (nT) = 0.5 gauss
(G)
• 1 nanotesla = 10-9 T
• Changes in Earth’s magnetic field are
typically 5-100 nT
31
32. TESLA
The applied magnetic field will be one tesla
when one coulumb charge enters in it
perpendicularly with velocity 1 m/s and
experience 1N magnetic force.
Also Wb/m2 is the unit of magnetic field.
32
33. HOW MAGNETOMETERS WORK
Magnetometer measures the magnetic field it
is applied to. The magnetometer outputs
three magnitudes: X, Y and Z. From these
three values you can construct the magnetic
field vector (magnitude and direction)
B= [X, Y, Z]
33
34. COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Because magnetic fields have a direction, in
order to communicate about magnetic fields,
we need to define a coordinate system.
Three main coordinate systems are used for
magnetometer data:
– Geographic (XYZ)
– Geomagnetic (XYZ or HDZ - BEWARE!!)
– Compass-type (HDZ)
34