This document discusses superconductors. It defines superconductors as materials that have zero electrical resistance and repel magnetic fields when cooled below a critical temperature. Superconductors are classified by their critical temperature as high or low, and by the materials used such as chemical elements, alloys, and organic compounds. Key properties include zero resistance, critical temperature and magnetic field thresholds. Applications include use in biomagnetism, efficient electric generators, and magnetic levitation trains.

1. SUPERCONDUCTORS
By: Islam Mohamed Abou Tabl

2. OUTLINE
 What are superconductors?
 Classification of superconductors.
 Properties of superconductors
 Applications of superconductors.

3. WHAT ARE SUPERCONDUCTORS?
 Superconductors are material that have zero electrical
resistance.
 They repel any magnetic fields applied to them so, it does not
penetrate it’s bulk (inside)
 They conduct electricity more efficiently than other conductors
due to their zero resistance.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF
SUPERCONDUCTORS
 Superconductors can be classified by their critical temperature or
by the material used.
 Considering their critical temperature, there is high temperature
superconductors that reaches its superconducting state at
temperatures less than (-196.15 °C).
 This temperature can be reached by cooling using liquid
Nitrogen.
 There is low temperature superconductors that reaches their
superconducting state at lower temperatures so, they need
aggressive cooling techniques to be cooled to these low
temperatures.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF
SUPERCONDUCTORS
 Superconductors can also be classified by the type of material
used.
 There are superconductors made from chemical elements.
 Others from alloys like Niobium-Titanium.
 And others from organic material like Fullerenes and Carbon
Nanotubes.

6. PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS
 They have zero electrical resistance which can be proved by
measuring the voltage it and using the rule 𝑅 =
𝑉
𝐼
.
 Every superconductor has a critical temperature below which it
reaches its superconducting state.
 Every superconductor has a critical magnetic field temperature
after which the superconductor cannot exist in the
superconducting state.

7. PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS
 Superconductors are characterized by the Meissner Effect.
 When a superconductor is put in a magnetic field and cooled,
an electric current is induced inside the superconductor.
 Due to the zero resistance, the current does not stop or dissipate.
 This current produces a magnetic field that opposes the applied
field.
 This produced magnetic field repels the applied magnetic field
and repels its source (The magnet) and the magnet will levitate
above the superconductor.
 In the next slide, there is a video that shows this effect in reality.

8. APPLICATIONS OF
SUPERCONDUCTORS
 In Biomagnetism, a strong magnetic field is produced using a
superconductor and impinged into the human body.
 Hydrogen atoms inside the body are forced to accept the
energy due to the field. And then it release the energy at
different frequencies.
 These frequencies can be detected and graphically displayed
by a computer.

9. APPLICATIONS ON
SUPERCONDUCTORS
 Electric generators can be made with superconductor wires.
 These electric generators are 99% more efficient than
conventional ones.
 Specific type of trains called Maglev uses superconducting coils
to accelerate.
 The superconducting coils are used to produce a strong
magnetic field that is used to attract the train to move forward or
backward.