COMSATS Institute of Information and Technology, Sahiwal Department of Electrical Engineering Prepared By: Umaiz Ahmad and Yasir Zulfiqar CONTACT: +92-321-7899091 +92-336-0006247

3. Name Reg #
Umaiz Ahmad FA14-BEE-003
Yasir Zulfiqar FA14-BEE-015
Tayyab Bilal FA14-BEE-021

6. Generation of Electric Power:

7. Electricity generation is the process of
generating electric power from other sources of primary
energy. The fundamental principles of electricity generation
were discovered during the 1820s and early 1830s by the
British scientist Michael Faraday. This basic method is still
used today:
Electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire,
or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet. For electric
utilities, it is the first process in the delivery of electricity to
consumers.
Electricity is most often generated at a power station by
electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat
engines fueled by chemical combustion or nuclear fission but
also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing
water and wind. Other energy sources include
solar photovoltaic's and geothermal power and
electrochemical batteries.

8. Conventional Sources of Electric Power Generation:
There are mainly three conventional source of electric power
generation, and they are thermal hydal, and nuclear
energy.
1-Thermal Power
Generation:In thermal power plant coal or diesel is burnt to produce
sufficient heat. This heat energy is utilized to produce high
temperature and high pressure steam in the boiler.
This steam is then passed through the turbine blades and the
turbine shaft rotates due to this steam pressure. The rotor of
an alternator is mechanically coupled with the turbine shaft
and hence it also rotates. This rotation
produces electric power.

10. A View of Thermal Power Plant Kabirwala (Punjab):
Capacity: 412 MW-450 MW,,, Furnace Oil Operated

11. 2-Hydal Power Generation:
Here the water head is used to rotate the rotor shaft of an
alternator. Water head can be naturally available or it can be
created. In hilly region water head can be naturally available in the
hill top natural lakes. In plain land, it can be created by constructing
dams across suitable rivers. In comparing to a thermal power plant,
hydal plants are more echo-friendly as they are free from fuel
combustion. Also the running cost of hydal plant is much cheaper
than that of thermal plants as there is no need of fuel to be burnt.

12. A View of Terbela DAM:
Capacity: 3478 MW

13. 3-Nuclear Power Generation:
It is estimated that, the coal reserve of our country will be
exhausted within next 40 years if the coal is continued to be
consumed in present rate. The solution of this situation is a
nuclear power plant as thought. In a nuclear power station,
Uranium 235 is subjected to nuclear fission. In fission
process, U 235 is bombarded by a beam of neutrons. The
collision of neutrons with the nucleus of U 235 creates huge
heat energy along with other neutrons. These newly created
neutrons are called fission neutrons which again hit by other
U 235 nuclear and create mare heat energy and other fission
neutrons. During fission process the nucleus of U 235 is
divided into two parts. The fission process is commutative in
nature. That is why, a nuclear reaction is a chain reaction
and hence it should be allowed to be occurred in a controlled
manner. The moderates and control rods are used to control
this chain reaction.

15. A View of ChashNUPP:
Capacity: 2800 MW (Total 5 Reactors)

16. Non Conventional Source of Electrical Power Generation:
Although the main sources of electric power generation are
thermal, hydal, and nuclear power plants, but still there are
many other non conventional sources of power available.
These non conventional sources, like wind power, solar
power, MHD generation, fuel cell, etc. are becoming the
promising alternative sources for electric power generation.

17. Transmission of Electric Power:

18. Unit Transformer:
Unit transformer are step up transformer which is connected
to generating house & step up voltage from 11/15kV voltage
to 220/400kV voltage level as requirement or line design
parameter.
It is just like transformer but connected to unit of the
generating house that's why we called it unit transformers.
Overhead Transmission Lines:
An overhead power line is a structure used in electric
power transmission and distribution to transmit electrical
energy along large distances. It consists of three conductors
suspended by towers or poles.
These are the high voltages (220kV-750kV) lines which
transmit electric power from generation plants to substations.

19. Substation:
A substation is a part of an electrical power system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the
reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
A distribution substation transfers power from the
transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It
is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to
the main transmission network, unless they use large
amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage
to a level suitable for local distribution.
The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two
transmission or sub transmission lines. Input voltage may be,
for example, 115 kV, or whatever is common in the area. The
output is a number of feeders.

20. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between
2.4 kV and 33 kV depending on the size of the area served
and the practices of the local utility. The feeders run along
streets overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power
the distribution transformers at or near the customer
premises.
In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations
also isolate faults in either the transmission or distribution
systems. Distribution substations are typically the points
of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (of
several miles/kilometers), voltage regulation equipment may
also be installed along the line.
Substation Transformer:
Substation transformer is step down transformer which step
down voltage from 220/400kV voltage to 11/15kV voltage
level as requirement or line design parameter.

21. Substation:

22. Feeder in Power System:
These are the distribution lines which transmit electric power
from substation to the distribution transformer. These are the
3-phase 3-wire lines. These lines contains 11kV commonly.

23. Distribution Transformer:
A distribution transformer or service transformer is
a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation
in the electric power distribution system, stepping down the
voltage used in the distribution lines to the level used by the
customer. It transform 11kV to 220V/440V as requirement.