Plane and Applied Surveying 2
Traversing Theory Part
Traverse Computations
Definition
Types of Meridian
Applications of traversing
Bearings
Correction for observed angles (closed traverse)
Check angular Misclosure
Adjust angular Misclosure
Calculate adjusted bearings
Compute (E, N) for each traverse line
Coordinates.
-Traversing
Methods of conducting Traverse
1. Theodolite
2. Total Station
2. Compass
3. GPS
Bearings
Bearings
Bearing is the angle which a certain line make with a
certain meridian. Bearing with respect to true meridian is
called true bearings while magnetic bearing is the angle
which a line makes with respect to magnetic meridian.
There are two ways to represent the bearings,
Fore and back bearings
Whole circle bearing (W.C.B) ,(Azimuth)
Reduced Bearing (R.B) or quadrant bearing
6 The bearing of a line measured in the forward direction of survey line is called the ‘Fore Bearing’ (FB) of that line.
The bearing of the line measured in the direction opposite to the direction
of the progress of survey is called the ‘Back Bearing’ (BB) of the line.
BB= FB ± 180°
+ sign is applied when FB is < 180°
- sign is applied when FB is > 180°
1) Whole Circle Bearing (W.C.B) (Azimuth)
Is the bearing always measured from north in clockwise direction to a point.
Whole Circle Bearing (W.C.B) (Azimuth)
2) Reduced Bearing
Reduced bearing or Quadrant bearing is the angle which a line
makes from North or South Pole whichever may be near. The value of angle is from 0° to 90° , and are taken either clock wisely or anti clock wisely.
-Quadrant bearing
The difference between the whole circle bearing and quadrant
bearing are as follows.
-Example The following fore bearings were observed for lines, AB, BC, CD, and DE Determine their back bearings: • 145°, 285°, 65°, 215°
Example The Fore Bearing of the following lines are given Find the
Back Bearing.
(a) FB of AB= 310° 30’
(b) FB of BC= 145° 15’
(c) FB of CD = 210° 30’
(d) FB of DE = 60° 45’
Example:
Convert the following whole circle bearing to quadrant or
reduced bearings :
( i ) 42ᵒ 30’ ( ii ) 126ᵒ 15’
( iii ) 242ᵒ 45’ ( iv ) 328ᵒ10’
Example
Convert the following reduced bearings to whole circle
bearings:
( I ) N 65ᵒ 12’ E ( ii ) S 36ᵒ 48’ E
( iii ) S 38ᵒ 18’ W ( iv ) N 26ᵒ 32’ W
Closed Traverse
• Ends at a known point with known direction Geometrical Constraints
-Adjust the deflection angles
2-Interior angles Traverse
Interior angles are measured clockwise or counterclockwise between two adjacent lines on the inside of a closed polygon figure.
Example
The following traverse have five sides with five internal
angles. Find the angular misclosure and apply the angle
correction
-3-Exterior angle Traverse
Correction for observed angles (closed traverse)
Example:
IF ∑observed angles for traverse (ABCDA)= 360˚00′ 48″ find misclosure and correct the interior angles. Check Allowable Angle Misclosure
Prepared by:Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Erbil Polytechnic University
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the fastest possible solution for the TRIANGULATION ADJUSTMENT using casio fx-991 es plus calculator technique in order to save time during the said examination. note: lec 2 and above wala akong nilagay na solution para hindi makupya techniques ko. just add me on fb para ituro ko sa inyo solution. Kasi itong solution ko wala sa google, youtube, calc tech books at hindi rin itinuro sa review center.
Plane and Applied Surveying 2
Traversing Theory Part
Traverse Computations
Definition
Types of Meridian
Applications of traversing
Bearings
Correction for observed angles (closed traverse)
Check angular Misclosure
Adjust angular Misclosure
Calculate adjusted bearings
Compute (E, N) for each traverse line
Coordinates.
-Traversing
Methods of conducting Traverse
1. Theodolite
2. Total Station
2. Compass
3. GPS
Bearings
Bearings
Bearing is the angle which a certain line make with a
certain meridian. Bearing with respect to true meridian is
called true bearings while magnetic bearing is the angle
which a line makes with respect to magnetic meridian.
There are two ways to represent the bearings,
Fore and back bearings
Whole circle bearing (W.C.B) ,(Azimuth)
Reduced Bearing (R.B) or quadrant bearing
6 The bearing of a line measured in the forward direction of survey line is called the ‘Fore Bearing’ (FB) of that line.
The bearing of the line measured in the direction opposite to the direction
of the progress of survey is called the ‘Back Bearing’ (BB) of the line.
BB= FB ± 180°
+ sign is applied when FB is < 180°
- sign is applied when FB is > 180°
1) Whole Circle Bearing (W.C.B) (Azimuth)
Is the bearing always measured from north in clockwise direction to a point.
Whole Circle Bearing (W.C.B) (Azimuth)
2) Reduced Bearing
Reduced bearing or Quadrant bearing is the angle which a line
makes from North or South Pole whichever may be near. The value of angle is from 0° to 90° , and are taken either clock wisely or anti clock wisely.
-Quadrant bearing
The difference between the whole circle bearing and quadrant
bearing are as follows.
-Example The following fore bearings were observed for lines, AB, BC, CD, and DE Determine their back bearings: • 145°, 285°, 65°, 215°
Example The Fore Bearing of the following lines are given Find the
Back Bearing.
(a) FB of AB= 310° 30’
(b) FB of BC= 145° 15’
(c) FB of CD = 210° 30’
(d) FB of DE = 60° 45’
Example:
Convert the following whole circle bearing to quadrant or
reduced bearings :
( i ) 42ᵒ 30’ ( ii ) 126ᵒ 15’
( iii ) 242ᵒ 45’ ( iv ) 328ᵒ10’
Example
Convert the following reduced bearings to whole circle
bearings:
( I ) N 65ᵒ 12’ E ( ii ) S 36ᵒ 48’ E
( iii ) S 38ᵒ 18’ W ( iv ) N 26ᵒ 32’ W
Closed Traverse
• Ends at a known point with known direction Geometrical Constraints
-Adjust the deflection angles
2-Interior angles Traverse
Interior angles are measured clockwise or counterclockwise between two adjacent lines on the inside of a closed polygon figure.
Example
The following traverse have five sides with five internal
angles. Find the angular misclosure and apply the angle
correction
-3-Exterior angle Traverse
Correction for observed angles (closed traverse)
Example:
IF ∑observed angles for traverse (ABCDA)= 360˚00′ 48″ find misclosure and correct the interior angles. Check Allowable Angle Misclosure
Prepared by:Asst. Prof. Salar K.Hussein
Erbil Polytechnic University
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the fastest possible solution for the TRIANGULATION ADJUSTMENT using casio fx-991 es plus calculator technique in order to save time during the said examination. note: lec 2 and above wala akong nilagay na solution para hindi makupya techniques ko. just add me on fb para ituro ko sa inyo solution. Kasi itong solution ko wala sa google, youtube, calc tech books at hindi rin itinuro sa review center.
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the fastest possible solution for the LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT using casio fx-991 es plus calculator technique in order to save time during the said examination. note: lec 2 and above wala akong nilagay na solution para hindi makupya techniques ko. just add me on fb para ituro ko sa inyo solution. Kasi itong solution ko wala sa google, youtube, calc tech books at hindi rin itinuro sa review center.
Surveying is the technique of determining the relative position of different features on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements and finally representing them on a sheet of paper known as plan or map. Please refer this pdf to learn about Circular Curves.
Errors and Uncertainty are parts of surveying. These slides start first by defining scale and measurements, then show how to determine the uncertainty in measurements. For making these slides I used some books as well; Surveying_Engineering Surveying 6th edition, Surveying Problem Solving, & Surevying_Elemntary Surveying an introduction to Geomatics_Paul R. Wolf.
Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the fastest possible solution for the LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT using casio fx-991 es plus calculator technique in order to save time during the said examination. note: lec 2 and above wala akong nilagay na solution para hindi makupya techniques ko. just add me on fb para ituro ko sa inyo solution. Kasi itong solution ko wala sa google, youtube, calc tech books at hindi rin itinuro sa review center.
Surveying is the technique of determining the relative position of different features on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements and finally representing them on a sheet of paper known as plan or map. Please refer this pdf to learn about Circular Curves.
Errors and Uncertainty are parts of surveying. These slides start first by defining scale and measurements, then show how to determine the uncertainty in measurements. For making these slides I used some books as well; Surveying_Engineering Surveying 6th edition, Surveying Problem Solving, & Surevying_Elemntary Surveying an introduction to Geomatics_Paul R. Wolf.
Introduction, purpose, principle, instruments, methods of tacheometry, stadia constants, anallatic lens, Subtense bar, field work in tacheometry, reduction of readings, errors and precisions.
Flood has a great role in the socioeconomic status of the community living in the sourrounding of the river. How to analyze and manage the flood water is a real issue facing throughout the world specially in the developing countries. Unit Hydrograph play a vital role in predicting and analyzing the watershed water.
A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions are to be measured and the process of surveying to find such measurements is known as traversing. In general, chains are used to measure length and compass or theodolite are used to measure the direction of traverse lines.
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s2 5 tutorial traversing - compass rule and transit rule
1. Tutorial (Traversing
1. Calculate the angular error of closure, and balance the traverse angles. Angles shown
are unadjusted.
(Traversing)
Calculate the angular error of closure, and balance the traverse angles. Angles shown
Figure 1
Answer:
Calculate the angular error of closure, and balance the traverse angles. Angles shown
3. 3. Calculate the latitudes and departures for each course in this traverse. Bearings shown
are from balanced angles and distances are in ft.
Figure 3
i. Perform a compass rule adjustment on the latitudes and departures and list the
balanced latitude and departure for each course.
ii. Calculate adjusted bearings, distances, and coordinates for the traverse.
Answer:
4.
5. 4. The included angles given in Table Q4 below are recorded at stations forming a closed
traverse survey around the perimeter of a field.
Determine the amount of angular error in the survey and adjust the values of the included
angles.
If the whole circle bearing of the line BC is 45° calculate the whole circle bearings of the
traverse lines.
5. A survey was carried out on a closed loop traverse with six sides. With the traverse
labeled anti-clockwise as shown in Figure below the data in Table Q5 were obtained.
The co-ordinates of point A are 1000 mE, 1000 mN and the whole circle bearing of line A – F
is 166°45’52’’.
After adjustment by Bowditch’s method what are the co-ordinates of the other five traverse
stations?
6. Measurements of the traverse ABCDE, as shown in Figure below, are given in Table Q6.
WCB of XA = 123° 16’ 06’’
WCB of EY = 282° 03’ 00’’
Station Included angle
A 122°42’20’’
B 87°16’40’’
C 133°08’20’’
D 125°55’20’’
E 92°47’40’’
F 158°06’40’’
Station Included angle Length
A 130°18’45’’ AB 14.248
B 110°18’23’’ BC 85.771
C 99°32’35’’ CD 77.318
D 116°18’2’’ DE 28.222
E 119°46’7’’ EF 53.099
F 143°46’20’’ FA 65.914
Station Clockwise angle Length (m)
A 260°31’18’’
129.352
B 123°50’42’’
81.700
C 233°00’06’’
101.112
D 158°22’48’’
94.273
E 283°00’18’’
6. The measured angles are as shown in the figure. Keeping the bearings XA and EY and also
the co-ordinates of A and E fixed, obtain the adjusted co-ordinates for B, C and D using an
equal shifts angular adjustment and Bowditch linear adjustment.
7. A closed traverse survey ABCDEA in which lines CD and AE cross was carried out in a
confined area. Various obstructions prevented distances BC and CD from being measured
although their whole circle bearings were able to be recorded. Determine the lengths of BC
and CD from the values given in Table below:
Assume that A has co-ordinates 500.00 N, 500.00E.
Side Length (m) Clockwise angle
AB 141.2 325° 40’ 00’’
BC ? 69° 10’ 00’’
CD ? 41° 00’ 00’’
DE 58.6 305° 55’ 00’’
EA 347.0 194° 50’ 00’’
