1. Variable air volume (VAV) systems use VAV boxes connected to thermostats to control the temperature in spaces by varying the volume of air delivered. As a space requires more cooling, the VAV box damper opens to allow more air flow.
2. Key components of a VAV system include air handling units with mixing boxes, filters, cooling/heating coils and fans to condition air, VAV boxes with dampers to control air volume, and diffusers to deliver air to spaces.
3. VAV systems offer efficient individual temperature control and flexibility but can have issues with low air velocity at low flow rates. Adding fans or reheat coils to VAV boxes helps address this disadvantage.
All the technical aspects discussed will be limited to the design, application, methods for operating and control, and services of HVAC systems in the Central Utility Complex (CUC). The HVAC systems at Bahrain Airport are limited to Cooling and Air Handling Unit (AHU).
All the technical aspects discussed will be limited to the design, application, methods for operating and control, and services of HVAC systems in the Central Utility Complex (CUC). The HVAC systems at Bahrain Airport are limited to Cooling and Air Handling Unit (AHU).
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) is an air-condition system configuration where there is one outdoor condensing unit and multiple indoor units. The term variable refrigerant flow refers to the ability of the system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to the multiple evaporators (indoor units), enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and configurations connected to a single condensing unit. The arrangement provides an individualized comfort control, and simultaneous heating and cooling in different zones.
HVAC is typically responsible for around 40% of the energy consumption in a building. Frequently, this is the largest energy consuming type of equipment on a site and can therefore provide significant scope for saving energy and money. This fact sheet covers common types of HVAC and will guide you in the right direction to identify energy efficient HVAC initiatives.
Fundamentals of HVAC Systems is a thorough introduction on how HVAC systems control temperature, air quality and air circulation in a conditioned space.
Ideal for recent engineering graduates working in the HVAC&R industry, experienced engineers entering HVAC&R from another engineering area, as well as architects, technicians, construction or building management professionals who need to increase their knowledge of HVAC systems.
This course reader can function as a stand-alone reference, or may accompany the eLearning course, Fundamentals of HVAC Systems, online modules.
This video will identify the purpose and goals of the HVAC system, describe basic HVAC parts, and explain how the parts work together to form a functional HVAC system.
For more info: https://www.shopdiyparts.com/hvac-all
Its the detailed process of the Centralized Air conditioning system. It is the apt notes required for architecture students. It has the components and sub topics with the detailed explanation of the mechanism of how it works
I will describe those things in this PPT
Introduction
Principles of air-conditioning,
Type of-of air-conditioning,
Cooling cycle / refrigeration cycle,
The coolant,
thanks
Thermostat Basics: Types and Applications
From Jackson Systems
Information on the components of thermostats and their uses. Review quiz included at end of presentation
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) is an air-condition system configuration where there is one outdoor condensing unit and multiple indoor units. The term variable refrigerant flow refers to the ability of the system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to the multiple evaporators (indoor units), enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and configurations connected to a single condensing unit. The arrangement provides an individualized comfort control, and simultaneous heating and cooling in different zones.
HVAC is typically responsible for around 40% of the energy consumption in a building. Frequently, this is the largest energy consuming type of equipment on a site and can therefore provide significant scope for saving energy and money. This fact sheet covers common types of HVAC and will guide you in the right direction to identify energy efficient HVAC initiatives.
Fundamentals of HVAC Systems is a thorough introduction on how HVAC systems control temperature, air quality and air circulation in a conditioned space.
Ideal for recent engineering graduates working in the HVAC&R industry, experienced engineers entering HVAC&R from another engineering area, as well as architects, technicians, construction or building management professionals who need to increase their knowledge of HVAC systems.
This course reader can function as a stand-alone reference, or may accompany the eLearning course, Fundamentals of HVAC Systems, online modules.
This video will identify the purpose and goals of the HVAC system, describe basic HVAC parts, and explain how the parts work together to form a functional HVAC system.
For more info: https://www.shopdiyparts.com/hvac-all
Its the detailed process of the Centralized Air conditioning system. It is the apt notes required for architecture students. It has the components and sub topics with the detailed explanation of the mechanism of how it works
I will describe those things in this PPT
Introduction
Principles of air-conditioning,
Type of-of air-conditioning,
Cooling cycle / refrigeration cycle,
The coolant,
thanks
Thermostat Basics: Types and Applications
From Jackson Systems
Information on the components of thermostats and their uses. Review quiz included at end of presentation
This is a presentation regarding the introduction to the heating and cooling system technology called variable refrigerant flow systems. (non-commercial)
HVAC Design Manual (February 2008) is revised to incorporate changes resulting from the
following:
• Applicable Codes and Standards
• ASHRAE Standard 170 – 2008 (Ventilation of Health Care Facilities)
• HVAC Design Criteria Revisions – Surgery Suite, SPD Suite, Animal Research, etc.
• Measurements and Verification
• Miscellaneous Corrections and Users’ Input
• Reduced Number of Dedicated Air Handling Units
• Revisions to Room Data Sheets
• Third Party Certification – LEED (Silver) or Green Globe (Two Globes)
• VA Sustainable Design and Energy Reduction Manual
• Spinal Cord Injury – Rooms listed in the June 2008 Design Guide for the spinal cord
Injury/Disorders Center (SCI) are reproduced in this manual under a dedicated
air0handling unit serving the SCI. The HVAC design parameters for the rooms are
undated to comply with ASHRAE Standard 170-2008 and 2010 Facility Guidelines
Institute (FGI). The user should ignore the HVAC design parameters listed in the SCI
and follow this manual.
• Isolation Rooms – Ante Rooms are clarified in this manual to comply with ASHRAE
Standard 107-2008 and 2010 Facility Guidelines Institute (FGI).
This manual is intended for the Architect/Engineer (henceforth referred to as the A/E) and
others engaged in the design and renovation of VA facilities. VA Medical Centers are
encouraged to use these criteria for Non-Recurring Maintenance (NRM) and Minor Construction
Projects to ensure quality control and uniformity in design and construction practices and
procedures.
Use of this manual shall result in meeting the primary objective of providing environmental
comfort to veterans, employees, and visitors. The HVAC system shall be:
• Technically correct, complete, and coordinated
• In compliance with all applicable safety standards
• Easily accessible for repairs and maintenance
• Energy efficient
• In compliance with prescribed noise and vibration levels
Hydraulic liquids, are the medium by which power is transferred in hydraulic machinery. Common hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil or water.Examples of equipment that use hydraulic fluids include excavators and backhoes, hydraulic brakes, power steering systems, transmissions, garbage trucks, aircraft flight control systems, lifts, and industrial machinery.Work is taken from fluids due to mechanical advantage ,i.e, applying low input in form of force and getting a higher output in form of a large force .
Air conditioning participles, air conditioning systems, heat pumps and heat recovery devices, health considerations and AC related illnesses.
Intruder alarms and lightning protection units
Introduction to hvac system, types of efficient hvac system and how it works. design recommendation for installation of hvac. air handling unit concept. case study.
Basics of Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Various types of HVAC systems, Career opportunities and study material for learning HVACR
1) What are the benefits of DOAS2) What is reheat Why is it requ.pdffasttrackcomputersol
1) What are the benefits of DOAS?
2) What is reheat? Why is it required even with VAV sometimes?
3) What is a waterside economizer?
Solution
Qus 1.Answer
The concept of DOAS was introduced in our industry over the past several decades. DOAS is
capable of delivering the 100% required outdoor air (OA) to each occupied space independently
or in conjunction with local terminal HVAC units. The system is the first recognized system that
takes credit for decoupling humidity control and temperature control, which introduced the
industry to the potential solution that fulfills ASHRAE Standard 62.1 ventilation requirements.
Decoupling the humidity control and temperature control (or decoupling sensible and latent load
handling) becomes the major benefits of utilizing DOAS in the early 90s. Operating this kind of
primary and secondary system combination with other advanced technologies of that time
offered a cost saving advantage and better humidity control when compared to traditional HVAC
systems. (Meckler 1986) The primary system delivers primary air at a low temperature (for
example at 42° F). Thus, a small quantity of primary air capable of offsetting the building
humidity load and fulfilling the ventilation requirement. Under particular building type or
climates, the partial sensible cooling load can rely on the primary system in summer or under
part-load conditions. The remaining sensible cooling is provided by terminal unit(s) using local
recirculation air to maintain the space temperature level.
From decoupling the humidity control and temperature control, the most obvious benefit is the
ability to downsize the system. Since the primary system is responsible for humidity control and
delivering required ventilation air, the low supply air temperature causes a lower total
requirement quantity than the system configuration can with a single system handling the
required sensible and latent loads. Downsizing the primary system duct and fan size offer a cost
savings advantage because the secondary system is only responsible of sensible cooling
eliminating the need for humidity control from the secondary system.
Benefits of DOAS:
Based on current literature review, the benefits of DOAS compared to a conventional VAV
system are:
1 Ventilation
In order to realize the ventilation benefit of DOAS, the OA must be supplied to each occupied
space either directly or in conjunction with local HVAC units. One of the difficulties of
achieving good ventilation performance with central HVAC systems (e.g. VAV systems) serving
multiple zones is that the individual zone sensible loads do not necessary vary with their
ventilation requirement. This causes increased system total ventilation intake airflows - which
are often required to ensure the proper ventilation for each zone at all operation conditions - in
compliance with ASHRAE Standard.
Another difficulty is over-ventilation of non-critical zones. In a multiple-zoned recirculating
ventilation system, a single air.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
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Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
1. Variable Air Volume Systems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YCogTVa3XOw
Description:
What distinguishes a variable air volume system from other types of air
delivery systems is the use of a variable air volume box, as shown
above, in the ductwork.
The variable air volume box is interlocked with a thermostat, and can
then control the temperature in a space.
As a space requires cooling because of a large cooling load, the damper
in the VAV box will be placed in the "full open" position, to allow the
maximum volume of air to enter the room, as shown in the top picture.
As the space comes closer to its set point temperature, the damper
inside the VAV box begins to close, thus decreasing the volume of air
delivered to the room, as shown in the second illustration.
The damper may close to provide only 15-30% of the original design
cubit feet per minute (cfm) for a space.
By regulating the volume of air delivered, a variable air volume system
can control the temperature of a space without changing the
temperature of the supply air.
2. There are several variations on the traditional VAV system, including
VAV boxes with fans and heating coils.
These variations were created to counteract some of the negative
effects of a traditional VAV system, which will be discussed below.
VAV System Schematic
The graphic above outlines the major components included in a
variable air volume system.
The above diagram shows the air handling unit, which includes the
mixing box, filter, heating and cooling coils, fan, and the ductwork.
In addition to the air handling unit, the illustration shows the VAV
box and the diffuser.
All of these elements will be discussed below.
In addition to the components shown above, the VAV system also
used chilled water and hot water in the coils to accomplish heating
and cooling.
Chillers, boilers, and heat exchangers provide the mediums required
for heating and cooling.
3. A description of these components can be found on the HVAC
components page of this website.
Air Handling Unit:
The air handling unit is the location where air is conditioned to an
acceptable level for distribution within the building.
An air handling unit is composed of several components and
subsystems, defined as follows:
1. Mixing Box: The mixing box is the location where return air
and outdoor air are mixed to satisfy outdoor air
requirements set forth in the ASHRAE standards.
2. Filter: The filter removes particulates from the air. The
amount and size of particulates removed depends on the
rating of the filter.
3. Cooling Coil: The cooling coil cools the air to the desired
temperature. In addition to cooling the air, moisture is
removed from the air in a dehumidification process based on
the properties of air.
4. Heating Coil: The heating coil can have a hot water or steam
medium. The primary purpose of this coil is to heat the air
to a required temperature.
5. Humidifier: A humidifier adds moisture to the air in the
heating mode, if required. Humidifiers are commonly served
by a steam manifold.
6. Fan: The fan pressurizes the air so it can travel through
the ductwork to the space requiring the air.
7. Ductwork: The ductwork serves as a pathway for the
transportation of the air from the air handling unit to the
space.
Diffuser:
4. The diffuser is the component of the system that ultimately
delivers the air to the space.
A diffuser regulates velocity of the entering air, throw pattern, and
volume of entering air through the use of an integral volume damper.
In VAV systems, linear slot diffusers are usually preferred to
traditional square diffusers.
Since linear slot diffusers have a plenum attached to the register,
they can more evenly distribute air at times when the delivered air
volume is low.
If a traditional square diffuser is used on a VAV system, a
"puddling" effect often occurs where the cold air just drops to the
floor, instead of being circulated around the room.
VAV Box Components:
VAV Box with Inlet and Actuator
5. Casing: See diagram above for description.
Inlet: The inlet is a round connection to the VAV box from the
often square supply ductwork.
Damper: The damper is a component which can open or close to vary
the volume of air passed through the VAV box.
Damper Shaft: The damper shaft is the operational tool that allows
the damper to open or close. The shaft is connected to a motor
(actuator), which is interlocked with the room thermostat.
Fan: A fan is a component of a fan powered VAV box, which is not
shown above. The fan helps to improve air velocity during times of
low volumetric flow rates.
6. Reheat Coil: A heating coil can be added to a VAV box to improve
air volume and velocity when a room nears its design temperature.
Thermostat: The thermostat is placed within the space and allows
the occupant to control the temperature. The thermostat is
interlocked with the damper shaft to control the position of the
damper.
Types of VAV Systems:
Traditional: A traditional VAV system consists of a VAV box with a
damper to control the volume of air delivered to a space. When the
space approaches design conditions, the damper may close to provide
only 15% of the design cfm.
Fan Powered VAV: The addition of a fan to a VAV box improves air
movement at times when a space is near its design temperature and
supply air volumes are low. The fan will usually be set to begin
running when the damper is 50% closed. The addition of a fan,
however, reduces the efficiency of the system because the fan
motor requires electric input for power.
VAV with Reheat: A reheat coil (hot water or electric) can be
added to a VAV box to improve air volume and movement when a
space approaches design temperature. When the damper closes to a
determined position (usually 50% of the design cfm), the reheat coil
becomes operational and heats the air. Since the supply air is now
warmer, a larger amount will have to be delivered to the space, which
improves the volume of air and velocity.
Advantages of a VAV System:
1. Efficiency
A variable air volume system is highly efficient because the minimal amount
of air required is used to keep a space at its design temperature. When the
damper closes in a VAV box, the fan in the air handling unit can run at a
slower speed (through the use of a variable speed drive) and the amount
heating and cooling mediums running through the coil can be reduced
7. (through electric or pneumatic control valves). In essence, a VAV system
allows the air handling unit, chillers, and boilers to run a part load, which is
more efficient.
2. Individual Temperature Control
Since a VAV box is linked to a thermostat, the ability to control temperature
in a space is independent of other spaces. Rooms with similar loading
patterns are often placed on the same VAV box, and through the use of a
VAV system, areas with very different loading patterns can be placed on the
same air handling unit.
3. Cost
VAV systems are very cost effective in operation, but also offer a fairly low
first cost. Since traditional VAV systems do not require piping or coils, they
are cheaper to install and require simple electrical installation.
4. Flexibility
VAV systems are highly flexible because the boxes can easily be removed
from one ductwork branch and placed into another, assuming that the design
cfm for the spaces are similar.
Disadvantages of a VAV System:
1. Air Velocity at Design Conditions
As a VAV system reaches its design set point, the volume of air delivered to
a room is decreased. This decrease in air volume is a problem because the
outdoor air requirements of 20 cfm/person are not met, the velocity of air is
decreased resulting in discomfort, and if a space requires positive pressure
the needs cannot be met with a VAV system. To combat this trend, the
addition of a fan or heating coil to the VAV box can alleviate many of these
problems, however there is a greater expense involved.
2. Space Requirements
The installation of a VAV box requires considerable space, both in the
vertical and horizontal directions. As a rule of thumb, the linear duct length
before a VAV box should be three times the diameter of the inlet. This
length is required for the air profile in the duct to even out before entering
the box. In the vertical direction, the VAV box can require up to 18", which
can be a problem if above ceiling heights are relatively small.
3. Inability to Simultaneously Heat and Cool
In many building situations, it is common to require heating in some parts
(usually at the perimeter) and cooling in others (usually interior). Since a
traditional VAV system does not have a heating coil in the box, heating in one
space and cooling in another cannot take place. This problem can be overcome
by adding a coil to the VAV box.
8. 4. VAV Box Location
Since VAV boxes must be located in the branch ductwork, they are often
placed above the ceiling. In situations where an acoustical ceiling is used,
there is easy access to the box. However, in situations where a plaster
ceiling is present, an access panel must be provided to allow access to the
box.
Typical Uses For a VAV System:
1. Offices
VAV systems are commonly used in offices because of their
efficiency and ability to grant independent temperature control.
A VAV system is also rather flexible, as the boxes can easily be
moved into new ductwork branches to accommodate office
renovations. Offices are usually not as pressure sensitive as other
scenarios (such as hospitals or laboratories), so the deficiencies
in pressure associated with a VAV system are not a large concern.
2. Auditoriums
VAV systems work well in auditoriums because these spaces are
occupied at intermittent intervals. When the space is occupied,
the damper in the VAV box is completely open to combat the
cooling load. However, when the auditorium is not in use, the
dampers will be mostly closed, allowing the rest of the mechanical
system to run at part load.
3. Stores
VAV systems are commonly used in stores because of their
efficiency. Since a store might have occupancy only 8 hours of
the day, having the mechanical system running at part load for
the unoccupied hours can provide quite a savings. In addition,
pressurizing issues are not as important in stores as in other
cases.
9. Inappropriate Uses for a VAV System:
1. Laboratories/Hospitals
Traditional VAV systems would not be a good choice to use in a
situation where pressurizing spaces is critical. For instance, a
hospital hallway serving isolation rooms must be positively
pressured so that contagious germs do not seep out of the
isolation room. Since a traditional VAV system cannot assure a
constant volume of delivered air, it works poorly in positively
pressured situations.
Numerical Parameters:
1. Dimensions
A VAV box passing a maximum of 250 cfm will measure
16"x10"x10" (LxHxW)
A VAV box passing a maximum of 8000 cfm will measure
28"x17.5"x32" (LxHxW)
2. Duct Length Requirements
A straight duct length equal to three times the inlet diameter is
required for the proper installation of a VAV box.
3. Hot Water Coil Capacities
Heating MBH of a hot water coil is based on the amount of air
being passed over the coil, the temperature of the hot water, and
the flow rate of the water through the coil. For a 0.5 gpm flow
rate serving a 75 cfm box, the heating capacity is 4.9 MBH. For a
4.0 gpm flow rate serving a 500 cfm box, the heating capacity is
20 MBH.
10. 4. Fan Motor Size
If choosing to add a fan to the VAV box, the horsepower of the
fan motor depends on the cfm of the box. For 250 cfm, a 1/6
horsepower motor is appropriate, while a 3/4 horsepower motor
would be required to move 4200 cfm.
5. Damper Position
The damper in a VAV box may close enough to only provide 15% of
the design volumetric flow rate.