A root canal is a treatment to remove the infected or inflamed pulp from the inside of a tooth. The pulp contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. Reasons for needing a root canal include deep tooth decay, cracks, injuries, or electively to better retain a crown. Left untreated, infection from the pulp can spread and cause bone loss around the tooth. During a root canal, an endodontist carefully cleans, shapes, and seals the inside of the tooth to prevent further infection.
Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable & fixed restorations”
Bowen , 1976
Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral structures
Lindhe, 2003
Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable & fixed restorations”
Bowen , 1976
Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral structures
Lindhe, 2003
One of the most painful but easy-to-treat dental emergencies is a dry socket.
• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
#drysocket #management #thirdmolarextraction #extractioncomplications
Periodontitis is a chronic, slowly progressing disease which mainly results in the destruction of tooth supporting apparatus. Earlier it was classified as Chronic and Aggressive periodontitis with different clinical features and etiology. Current classification ( 2017) of periodontal disease involves periodontitis with is further divided into 4 stages and 3 grades depending on severity and rate of disease progression respectively. Diabetes meelitus and smoking are the validated risk factors for the progression of periodontitis.
brief description on posterior superior alveolar nerve block.
its uses in dentistry, technique and action. locating PSA nerve is easy and this is the most used nerve block in dentistry.
A dental abscess (also termed a dentoalveolar abscess, tooth abscess or root abscess), is a localized collection of pus associated with a tooth.
For more information, you can book an appointment at
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
One of the most painful but easy-to-treat dental emergencies is a dry socket.
• Dry socket symptoms are experienced after a tooth extraction.
• This condition requires follow-up care by the doctor who performed the surgery, an oral surgeon or a dentist who is familiar with how to treat it.
For more information, contact :-
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
#drysocket #management #thirdmolarextraction #extractioncomplications
Periodontitis is a chronic, slowly progressing disease which mainly results in the destruction of tooth supporting apparatus. Earlier it was classified as Chronic and Aggressive periodontitis with different clinical features and etiology. Current classification ( 2017) of periodontal disease involves periodontitis with is further divided into 4 stages and 3 grades depending on severity and rate of disease progression respectively. Diabetes meelitus and smoking are the validated risk factors for the progression of periodontitis.
brief description on posterior superior alveolar nerve block.
its uses in dentistry, technique and action. locating PSA nerve is easy and this is the most used nerve block in dentistry.
A dental abscess (also termed a dentoalveolar abscess, tooth abscess or root abscess), is a localized collection of pus associated with a tooth.
For more information, you can book an appointment at
Dr Sachdeva's Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute,
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
• Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
• Our Websites:
• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
This lecture explain the basic of root canal preparation in endodontic treatment. It is not meant to be a comprehensive lecture, rather an preliminary one
Endodontic surgery is a surgical procedure performed to remove or correct the causative agents of radicular and peri-radicular disease & to restore these tissues to functional health.
Surgical endodontics (Apicectomy) by Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi, Oral Surgeon, ...All Good Things
Hi. This is Dr. Amit T. Suryawanshi. Oral & Maxillofacial surgeon from Pune, India. I am here on slideshare.com to share some of my own presentations presented at various levels in the field of OMFS. Hope this would somehow be helpful to you making your presentations. All the best.
Tooth resorption is the progressive loss of dentine and cementum by the action of osteoclasts. This is a physiological process in the exfoliation of the primary dentition, caused by osteoclast differentiation due to pressure exerted by the erupting permanent tooth
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. What is a Root Canal?
Root canal treatment is the process of removing the inflamed or
infected pulp tissue from within the tooth
To better understand the concept of root canal treatment, it is
necessary to understand the tissue called “the dental pulp”
3. What is the pulp?
The pulp, commonly referred to as
“the nerve of the tooth", is comprised
of:
Blood vessels
Nerves
Connective tissue
Tooth in cross section
Detail showing cellular components of the pulp
4. What is the pulp?
Root canal treamtent consists of removing inflamed or infected pulp
tissue.
Enamel
Dentin
Pulp
Root
Bone
Sagittal section of mandible and teeth
5. Why is a root canal necessary?
Deep tooth decay (cavity)
A cracked tooth
Traumatic dental injury
Elective (for added retention of a
crown)
6. Why is a root canal necessary?
Tooth Decay (Cavity)
Tooth decay is caused by bacteria.
The pulp’s defense against bacteria
is inflammation, called pulpitis.
Irreversible pulpitis is the term used
to describe the level of inflammation
where the pulp tissue will not recover
and heal.
Eventually this will lead to an infected pulp (“dead nerve”),
followed by a dental abscess (infection).
7. Pulpal Inflammatory Changes
As Bacteria enter into the pulp,
they cause tissue destruction
spreading through the pulp and
into the canal system.
If left untreated the bacteria can
spread out of the tooth and
cause pathology and infection
in the bone surrounding the
tooth
Pathways of the pulp 10th edition
Textbook of Endodontology 2010
8. Why is a root canal necessary?
Cracked tooth
A crown is necessary to restore a cracked tooth to normal chewing
function and prevent its loss to further fracture
Root canal treatment is often necessary to remove the inflamed pulp
prior to crown placement
9. Why is a root canal necessary?
Traumatic injury
May expose the pulp
May disrupt the blood supply to the
pulp
10. Why is a root canal necessary?
Elective – an elective root canal may be recommended:
If a substantial portion of your tooth is missing and requires more
retention for the new crown
If a tooth with extensive fillings or cracks requires a crown
11. Progression of Disease
The following example illustrates the
progression of disease from tooth decay.
Early stages of pulpal inflammation can be
seen before decay reaches the pulp
Once into the pulpal tissue, necrosis and
infection are inevitable
Bone
Root
Periodontal ligament
Pulp
Inflamed Pulp
Tooth decay
Pathways of the pulp 10th edition
12. Progression of Disease
As bacteria further penetrates, pulp necrosis
(tissue death) occurs
Inflamed Pulp
Necrotic Pulp
Tooth decay
Pathways of the pulp 10th edition
13. Progression of Disease
Bacteria penetrate further causing
infection and destruction of the pulp
Pathways of the pulp 10th edition
14. Progression of disease
With complete necrosis and infection of
the pulp, pathologic changes are seen in
the surrounding bone
These changes are due to the immune
system’s reaction to infection
This leads to bone loss and possibly an
abscess (localized collection of pus)
Periapical lesion
Pathways of the pulp 10th edition
15. Progression of disease
Acute Abscess
As an abscess expands there can be swelling in the gum tissues
and face
This may require surgical
drainage and/or antibiotics
In severe cases this may
require hospitalization
Pathways of the Pulp, 9th ed 2006
16. Progression of disease
Chronic Abscess
Sometimes when an abscess
expands it burrows through the
bone and exits through the gums
This is called a sinus tract, but
commonly referred to as a “gum
boil” or a “pimple”
Usually the point of exit is on the
cheek or lip side of the gums at the
root tip level or at the gum-line.
Textbook of Endodontology 2010
18. What are the Signs I Might Need a
Root Canal?
Signs and symptoms that you may need a
root canal
Pain
Pressure - sensitivity when biting or pressing on the
tooth
Temperature – sensitivity to hot or cold, especially if
it is prolonged or lingers
Spontaneous or constant dental pain
Swelling
Ranging from a small bump or “pimple” on the gum
to a swollen jaw or face
Note that some teeth requiring root canal treatment have no symptoms
The best way to determine if you need a root canal is to see your
dentist who may then refer you to an endodonitst.
19. Diagnostic Tests
To confirm that root canal treatment is necessary, an endodontist
will perform certain tests on your tooth
These tests, along with x-rays, help in accurately assessing the
status of the pulp and whether root canal treatment will benefit you
Pulp tests – measure responsiveness of the pulp
21. Surgical Operating Microscope
Magnification of the tooth up to 17x the normal size has many advantages:
Greater accuracy and precision to yield
the highest quality of treatment
Identifying treatment complications
cracks/fractures of the tooth for example
can affect treatment outcomes
Identifying complexities of the root canal
system
Multiple canals within a single root if left
untreated can adversely affect the
success of the root canal treatment
22. Electronic Apex Locators
Apex locators allow us to accurately determine the length of the
root canals, thereby limiting the amount of x-ray images we
need to take
23. Digital X-Rays (radiographs)
Decrease radiation up to 90% compared to dental film radiographs
Appear on high-resolution widescreen monitor instantaneously
Aids in pointing out to you key elements of your dental condition
24. High-tech Instruments
Rotary nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) files
Efficient way to clean the canal system,
significantly reducing operating time
Able to navigate curved canals due to
their flexure
Ultrasonics
Ultrasonic vibration of instruments
produce energies capable of removing
debris, tooth structure, and bacterial
biofilms
Many applications in endodontic
treatments
26. Accessing the Root Canals
To gain access to the root canals of the tooth, a small opening is
made either on the chewing surface of the tooth (for back teeth),
or on the tongue side of the tooth (for front teeth).
Upper anterior tooth showing access opening into canal
27. Accessing the Root Canals
In a multi-rooted tooth, gaining access into the root canals is
more challenging
With the aid of a microscope we are able to locate any hidden or
calcified canals
Upper molar showing access opening into canals, and location of a hidden fourth canal
28. Rubber Dam Isolation
Isolation of the tooth is accomplished with a rubber dam
Keeps bacteria in the saliva from entering into the tooth
Prevents debris, instruments, etc. from going down the patient’s throat
29. Cleaning the Root Canal System
We use many instruments of different
sizes and shapes to properly clean and
shape your specific root canal anatomy
30. Disinfection of the root canal system
Sodium hypochlorite is one of the disinfectants used to reduce the
bacteria load within the tooth
Specialized blunt-ended needles are used to deliver these
disinfectants to the end of the root in a safe and effective way
31. Final preparation
After thoroughly cleaning and shaping the canals, the canals are
dried prior to filling the roots
32. Obturating (Filling) the Root Canals
Finally, the canals are sealed with two
components:
Sealer – a cement that sets over time
Gutta percha – a filler made of a natural form
of latex
This serves as the permanent root canal
filling
Resected bone and root from a mandibular
molar showing placement of gutta percha
Gutta percha cones cones
33. Root Canal Treatment Completed
Upon completion of the root canal treatment, a temporary filling is
placed over the sealed canals that has two parts:
Cotton pellet soaked in an antibacterial solution
A solid temporary filling on top
A final restoration (usually a crown) is placed by your dentist
This will restore functionality to your tooth and protect it from fracturing
Follow Ups
We will see you back to
evaluate healing
The healing bone takes
one year (on average) to
completely heal