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PULP AND PERIAPICAL
PATHOLOGIES- 1
PRESENTED BY:
DR. KALPAJYOTI BHATTACHARJEE
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• CAUSE OF PULP DISEASE
• CLASSIFICATION OF PULP DISEASE
• FACTORS AFFECTING RESPONSE OF PULP
• PATHWAYS OF BACTERIAL INVASION OF THE PULP
• REVERSIBLE PULPITIS
• ACUTE PULPITIS & CHRONIC PULPITIS
• CHRONIC HYPERPLASTIC PULPITIS
• GANGRANOUS NECROSIS OF PULP
• DISEASES OF PERIAPICAL TISSUE
• ACUTE APICAL PERIODONTITIS
• CHRONIC APICAL PERIODONTITIS
• PERIAPICAL ABSCESS
INTRODUCTION
• The dental pulp is the part in the center of a tooth made up
of living connective tissue and cells called odontoblasts.
• The pulp contains the blood vessels the nerves and
connective tissue inside a tooth and provides the tooth’s
blood and nutrients.
• Pulpitis is inflammation of dental pulp tissue
CAUSE OF PULP DISEASE
According to Grossman,
1) PHYSICAL
A) Mechanical
1) Trauma- a) Accidental
b) Iatrogenic dental procedures
2) Pathologic wear
3) Crack through the body of the tooth
4) Barometric changes
B) Thermal
1. Heat during cavity preparation
2. Exothermic heat during setting of cement
3. Conduction of heat and cold through deep restoration
with out a protective base
4. Frictional heat during the polishing of restoration
c) Electrical
- Galvanic shock
II) CHEMICAL
A) Phosphoric acid, acrylic monomer
B) Erosion
III) BACTERIAL
A) Toxins associated with caries
B) Direct invasion of pulp from caries or trauma
C) Anachoresis
CLASSIFICATION OF PULP DISEASE
According to Grossman.
- Based on clinical features.
1) Pulpitides (Inflammation)
A) Reversal
1) Symptomatic (acute)
2) Asymptomatic (chronic)
B) Irreversible
1) Acute
a) Abnormally responsive to cold
b) Abnormally responsive to heat
2) Chronic
a) Asymptomatic with pulp exposure
b) Hyperplastic pulpitis
c) Internal resorption
11) Pulp Degeneration
a) Calcific
b) Others
111) Necrosis
FACTORS AFFECTING RESPONSE OF PULP
• Severity and duration of irritant.
• Nature of irritant.
• Health condition of the pulp or pre-existing state of the
pulp
• Apical blood flow
• Local anatomy of the pulp chamber
• Host defence
PATHWAYS OF BACTERIAL INVASION OF THE PULP
Most common cause of pulp injury- irreparable
Opening in dental hard tissue wall
caries
clinical procedures
trauma induced fractures
microcracks
 Bacteria from the gingival sulcus/ pocket
 Endodontic reinfection
 Extension of a periapical infection from adjacent
infected teeth.
ANACHORESIS
Transportation of microbes through the blood or lymph to
an area of inflammation such as tooth with pulpitis
AERODONTALGIA
• Toothache occuring at low atmospheric pressure
experienced either during flight or during a test run in a
decompression chamber
• Observed in higher altitudes over 5000 feet
• Tooth with chronic pulpitis can be symptomless at ground
level, but it may cause pain at high altitudes because of
reduced pressure
Treatment:
Lining the cavity with a varnish or a base of zinc phosphate
cement with a subbase of ZOE cement in deep cavities
Reversible Pulpitis (Pulp Hyperemia)
Mild to moderate inflammatory condition of the pulp caused
by noxious stimuli in which the pulp is capable of returning to
the uninflammed state following removal of the stimuli.
Etiology:
Trauma
Thermal shock
Excessive dehydration of the cavity
Galvanism
Bacteria from caries
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Tooth is sensitive to thermal changes, especially cold.
Pain - short duration, disappears on withdrawal of thermal
irritant.
Affected tooth responds to stimulation of electric pulp tester
at lower level of current indicating low pain threshold.
Teeth usually show deep caries, metallic restoration with
defective margins.
HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES:
Dilation of pulp blood vessels.
Edema fluid collection due to damage of vessel wall &
allowing extravasations of RBC or diapedesis of WBC.
Slowing of blood flow & hemoconcentration due to
transudation can cause thrombosis.
Reparative or reactionary dentin in adjacent dentinal
wall.
Dilation of blood vessels
Inflammatory cell infiltrate
Dentin
DIAGNOSIS:
 Based on symptoms
 Clinical test- cold test
TREATMENT:
 Prevention of dental caries
 Early insertion of filling
 Desensitization of neck of teeth where gingival recession
occurs
 Cavity varnish or base application before insertion of filling
 Care in cavity preparation and polishing
 If primary cause is not corrected, extensive pulpitis may result
in death of pulp.
Acute Pulpitis
Extensive acute inflammation of the dental pulp is a frequent
immediate sequela of focal reversible pulpitis, although it may
occur as an acute exacerbation of a chronic inflammatory
process
Etiology:
Bacterial invasion through the dental caries- most common
Chemical, thermal or mechanical causes
Reversible pulpitis may deteriorate into irreversible pulpitis
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Early stages- involves only a portion of the pulp, usually
the area just beneath the carious lesions.
Teeth extremely sensitive to Hot or cold stimuli and
cause increase in pain intensity & persists even after the
thermal stimulus has been removed.
Pain - poorly localized since pulp of individual tooth is
not represented in sensory cortex.
Intrapulpal abscess formation cause severe pain
lancinating or throbbing type. (10 – 15mins)
Intensity of pain can increase when patient lies down.
Thermal stimulation
hot cold
Pulp vitality test indicates increased sensitivity at low level of
current.
Pulpal pain is due to:
- pressure built up due to lack of exudate escape.
- pain producing substances from inflammation.
Pain subsides when drainage is established or when pulp
undergoes complete necrosis.
The tooth is not tendered to percussion unless the pulpal
inflammation has spread beyond the root apex into the
periapical region.
Rise in pulp pressure along with inflammatory exudate
Local collapse of the venous part of the circulation
Local tissue hypoxia and anoxia
Pulp abscess
Ohnishi T – reported presence of Hepatocyte Growth Factor in acute
inflammation of pulp
Guo X et al- IL-8 level is higher in acute than in chronic pulpitis
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES:
Edema in pulp with vasodilation.
Infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes along vascular
channels & migrate through endothelium lined structures.
Destruction of odontoblasts at pulp dentin border.
Abscess consists pus, leukocytes & bacteria.
Acute suppurative pulpitis- Numerous abscess formation
cause pulp liquefaction & necrosis.
Dental pulp exhibiting acute
inflammatory infiltrate consisting
predominantly of polymorphonuclear
leukocytes.
DIAGNOSIS
1) Inspection:
Discloses a deep cavity
Pulp exposure
2) Radiography:
Exposure of the pulp
Caries under a filling
3) Thermal test
TREATMENT:
Drainage of exudate from pulp chamber.
Pulpotomy & placing calcium hydroxide over entrance of
root canal.
Root canal treatment.
Extraction of tooth.
Chronic Pulpitis
 Persistent inflammatory reaction in pulp with little or non
constitutional symptoms.
CLINICAL FEATURES:
 Pain is not prominent, mild, dull ache which is intermittent.
 Reaction to thermal changes is reduced because of degeneration
of nerves.
 Response to pulp vitality tester is reduced.
 Wide open carious lesion & with exposure of pulp cause relatively
little pain.
 Manipulation with small instruments often elicits bleeding but
with little pain.
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES:
Infiltration of mononuclear cells, lymphocytes & plasma
cells, with vigorous connective tissue reaction.
Capillaries are prominent; fibroblastic activity & collagen
fibers in bundles.
When granulation tissue formation occurs in wide open
exposed pulp surface – ulcerative pulpitis. (with bacterial
stains & micro org. in carious lesion)
If pulpal reaction vacillates between an acute & chronic
phase causes pulp abscess formation, which is surrounded
by fibrous CT wall, which is called Pyogenic Memberane
The dental pulp exhibits an area of fibrosis and chronic
inflammation peripheral to the zone of abscess formation.
TREATMENT :
Root canal therapy
Extraction of tooth.
Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis (pulp polyp)
Overgrowth of pulp tissue outside the boundary of
pulp chamber as protruding mass.
Characterized by the development of granulation
tissue, covered at times with epithelium and
resulting from long standing low grade irritation
ETIOLOGY:
Slow progressive carious exposure of the pulp
A large open cavity, a young resistant pulp and a
chronic low grade stimulus are necessary
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Children & young adults with high degree of tissue resistance
& reactivity & responds to proliferative lesions.
Teeth with large , open carious lesions.
Pulp - pinkish red globule of tissue protruding from chamber
& extend beyond caries.
Most commonly affected are deciduous molar & Ist
permanent molars.
Pulp is relatively insensitive
Lesion bleeds profusely upon provocation.
Due to excellent blood supply high, tissue resistance &
reactivity in young persons leads to unusual proliferative
property of pulp.
Some cases, gingival tissue adjacent, may proliferate into
carious lesion & superficially resemble hyperplastic
pulpitis. So careful examination is made to determine
whether connection is with pulp or gingiva.
PULP AND PERIAPICAL LESIONS OF THE TOOTH ppt
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES:
Hyperplastic tissue is basically granulation tissue, consisting
delicate CT fibers & young blood capillaries.
Inflammatory infiltrates – lymphocytes, plasma cells & PMNLs.
Fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation prominent.
Stratified squamous type epithelial lining resembles oral mucosa
with well formed rete pegs.
Grafted epithelial cells are believed to be desquamated epithelial
Cells, which carried by saliva.
Origin of these cells is unknown. They are degenerated superficial
squames, which have lost dividing capacity.
PULP AND PERIAPICAL LESIONS OF THE TOOTH ppt
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical Examination:
Seen in children and young adults
A freshly, reddish pulpal mass fills most of
the pulp chamber or cavity or even extends
beyond the confices of the tooth.
Radiography:
Large open cavity with direct access to the
pulp chamber
TREATMENT:
Extraction of tooth
Pulp extripation.
Gangrenous Necrosis of Pulp
 Untreated pulpitis → results complete necrosis of pulp.
 As this is associated with bacterial infection – pulp gangrene.
 It is associated with foul odor when pulp is opened for
endodontic treatment.
 In sickle cell anemia, blockage of pulp vessels seen
 Dry gangrene- pulp dies for unexplained reasons.
 This may be due to trauma or infarct.
REVERSIBLE PULPITIS
• Nature of pain is mild & diffuse.
• Brief duration & can be produce
cold stimuli that elicits the pain
mostly, although hot, sweet or
sour food may also initiate the
pain.
• Once stimulus is removed, pain is
usually subsides.
• Tooth responds to electric pulp
tester at lower currents.
• Reversible pulpitis if allowed to
progress can led to irreversible
pulpitis.
IRREVERSIBLE PULPITIS
• Sharp, severe, radiating pain of
long duration & varying intensity.
• Pain continues even after the
stimulus is removed.
• Pain may exacerbate with bending
over or lying down..
• Increased by stimulus, like heat &
at times relieved by cold although
the cold may intensify the pain.
• When infection extends into PDL -
apical periodontitis.
Diseases Of
Periapical Tissues
• Once infection has established in the dental pulp, spread
of the process can be in one direction- through the root
canals and into the periapical region.
• Number of different tissue reaction may occur,
depending upon a variety of circumstances.
• Subtle transformation from one type of lesion into
another type in most cases.
Pulpitis
Acute chronic
Apical periodontitis
Acute chronic
Periapical abscess Periapical granuloma
Periodontal cyst
Acute chronic
Osteomyelitis
Periosteitis
Cellulitis Abscess
Acute chronic
Focal Diffuse
Interrelationships of
periapical infections
Apical Periodontitis
 Inflammation of PDL around apical portion of root.
 Types: 1.Acute Apical Periodontitis
2.Chronic Apical Periodontitis
Etiology:
 spread of infection following pulp necrosis,
 occlusal trauma,
 Bitting suddenly on high objects
 Inadvertent endodontic procedures
 Pushing the infected material into apical portion
 Chemical irritation from root canal medicaments
 Painful inflammation of the peridontium as a
result of trauma, irritation, or infection through
the root canal, regardless of whether the pulp
is vital or nonvital.
 Also referred to as symptomatic apical
periodontitis.
 Tooth is tender on percussion & pain can be
severe making closure of the teeth difficult.
Acute Apical Periodontitis
VITAL TOOTH NON VITAL TOOTH
Occlusal trauma Sequelae of pulpitis
Wedging of foreign body
between teeth
During root canal therapy Forcing of irrigating
irrigants or medicaments through the apical
foramen
Blow on teeth Extension of obturating material through the
apical foramen , Perforation of the root,
Overinstrumentation
Orthodontic pressure
Etiology
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Thermal changes does not induce pain.
Slight extrusion of tooth from socket.
Cause tenderness on mastication due to inflammatory
edema collected in PDL.
Due to external pressure, forcing of edema fluid against
already sensitized nerve endings results in severe pain.
DIAGNOSIS:
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS:
Tender to percussion
RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES:
widening of PDL space
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES:
PDL shows signs of inflammation -vascular dilation
-infiltration of PMNs
Inflammation is transient, if caused by acute trauma.
If irritant not removed, progress into surrounding bone
resorption.
Abscess formation may occur if it is associated with bacterial
infection Acute periapical abscess / Alveolar abscess
TREATMENT:
• Selective grinding if inflammation due to occlusal
trauma.
• Extraction & endodontic treatment be done to drain
exudate.
Chronic Apical Periodontitis
(Periapical Granuloma)
 A growth of granulomatous tissue continuous with the Periodontal
ligament resulting from the death of the pulp and the diffusion of
bacterial toxins from the root canals into surrounding periradicular
tissue through the apical and lateral canals
 Low- grade infection
 Most common sequelae of pulpitis or apical periodontitis.
 If acute (exudative) left untreated → chronic (proliferative).
Term is not accurate since it doesn’t shows true
granulomatous inflammation microscopically.
Presence of lateral or accessory root canals opening on
the lateral surface of the root give rise to lateral
granuloma
ETIOLOGY
Death of the pulp
Irritation of the periapical tissue that stimulates a
productive cellular response
CLINICAL FEATURES:
 Tooth involved is non vital / slightly tender on percussion.
 Percussion may produce dull sound instead metallic due to
granulation tissue at apex.
 Mild pain on chewing on solid food.
 Tooth may be slightly elongated in socket.
 Sensitivity is due to hyperemia, edema & inflammation of PDL.
In many cases, asymptomatic.
 Fully developed granuloma seldom presents more severe
clinical symptoms.
 No perforation of bone & oral mucosa forming fistulous tract
unless undergoes acute exacerbation.
RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES:
Thickening of PDL at root apex.
As concomitent bone resorption & proliferation of
granulation tissue appears to be radiolucent area.
Thin radiopaque line or zone of sclerotic bone sometimes
seen outlining lesion.
Long standing lesion may show varying degrees of root
resorption.
PULP AND PERIAPICAL LESIONS OF THE TOOTH ppt
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES:
Hyperemia and edema of the PDL ligament with
infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells.
Inflammatory and locally increased vascularity of the
tissue are associated with resorption of the surrounding
bone adjacent to this area.
Granulation tissue mass consists proliferating fibroblasts,
endothelial cells & numerous immature blood capillaries
with bone resorption.
Capillaries lined with swollen endothelial cells.
Its is relatively homogenous lesion composed of
macrophages, lymphocytes & plasma cells.
In some granulomas,
Large number of phagocytes will ingest lipid material and
become collected in groups forming foam cells
Abundant mast cells may be found
Deposits of cholesterol as well as hemosiderin are often
present and both are probably derived from the breakdown
of extravasated RBCs.
Epithelium of Periapical granuloma can be derived from:
Respiratory epithelium of the maxillary sinus
Oral epithelium growing in through a fistulous tract
Oral epithelium proliferating apically from a periodontal
pocket or bifurcation or trifurcation involvement by
periodontal disease also with apical proliferation.
Dunlap and Barker – termed Giant-cell hyaline angiopathy.
Consists of inflammatory cell infiltration, giant cells, rushton
bodies, eosinophilic material resembling hyalinized collagen.
Rests of Malassez may proliferate in response to chronic
inflammation & may undergo cystification.
Bacteriologic Features:
Strep. viridans, strep. Hemolyticus, non hemolytic strep, staph.
aureus, staph. Albus, E coli & pnemococci are isolated from
lesion.
PULP AND PERIAPICAL LESIONS OF THE TOOTH ppt
TREATMENT
Extraction & RCT with / without apicoetomy.
If untreated → apical periodontal cyst formation.
Periapical Abscess
(Dento-Alveolar abscess, Alveolar Abscess)
Periapical abscess is an acute or chronic suppurative
process of the dental periapical region.
Developed from acute periodontitis / periapical
granuloma.
Acute exacerbation of chronic lesion → Phoenix Abscess
ETIOLOGY:
traumatic injury
pulp necrosis,
irritation of periapical tissues
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Common findings of inflammation- heat, redness,
swelling and pain.
Tenderness of tooth, which relives after pressure
application.
Extreme painful tooth extrude from socket.
Systemic manifestations like lymphadenitis & fever
may present when confined to periapical region.
Rapid extension to adjacent bone marrow spaces
produces acute osteomyelitis or dentoalveolar
abscess.
PULP AND PERIAPICAL LESIONS OF THE TOOTH ppt
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES:
Area of suppuration composed of PMN leukocytes,
lymphocytes, cellular debris, necrotic materials &
bacterial colonies.
Dilation of blood vessels in PDL & bone marrow space.
Marrow space show inflammatory infiltrates.
Tissue around area show suppuration containing serous
exudate.
Sheet of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
intermixed with scattered histiocytes
RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES:
 Slight thickening of PDL space.
 Radiolucent area at apex of root.
TREATMENT:
 Drainage of abscess by opening pulp chamber or
extraction.
 Root canal treatment.
 If untreated, causes osteomyelitis, cellulites &
bacteremia & formation of fistulous tract opening to oral
mucosa.
ACUTE EXACERBATION OF A CHRONIC LESION/
PHOENIX ABSCESS
An acute inflammatory reaction superimposed on an
existing chronic lesion such as a cyst or granuloma
ETIOLOGY:
Periradicular disease
Bacteria released from root canals during
instrumentation may trigger acute response
Symptoms:
At onset, tooth is tender to touch
As inflammation progresses tooth may be elevated in its
socket and may become sensitive.
Mucosa over the radicular area appears red and swollen
Histopathologically, shows areas of liquefaction necrosis
with disintegrated polymorphonuclear leukocytes & cellular
debris surrounded by macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma
cells in periradicular tissues.
DIAGNOSIS:
 Common findings of inflammation- heat, redness, swelling
and pain.
 Most commonly associated with the initiation of RCT
 History of trauma
 Radiographically, well defined periradicular lesion may be
present.
TREATMENT:
 Drainage and debriment
 Root Canal Treatment
PULP AND PERIAPICAL
PATHOLOGIES- 2
PRESENTED BY:
DR. KALPAJYOTI BHATTACHARJEE
CONTENTS
 RADICULAR CYST
 OSTEOMYELITIS
1. ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
2. CHRONIC SUPPURATIVEOSTEOMYELITIS
3. CONDENSING OSTEITIS
4. CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSINGOSTEOMYELITIS
5. GARRES OSTEOMYELITIS
6. SCLEROTIC CEMENTAL MASS
 CELLULITIS
 CONCLUSION
RADICULAR CYST
INTRODUCTION
Radicular cysts are the most common inflammatory cysts
and arise from the epithelial residues in the periodontal
ligament as a result of periapical periodontitis following
death and necrosis of the pulp.
Most common odontogenic cyst.
Other names: Periapical cyst, apical periodontal cyst,
root end cyst or dental cyst
Periapical Cyst: These are the radicular cysts which are
present at root apex.
Lateral Radicular Cyst: These are the radicular cysts
which are present at the opening of lateral accessory
root canals of offending tooth.
Residual Cyst: These are the radicular cysts which
remains even after extraction of offending tooth
ETIOLOGY: Infected tooth, leading to necrosis of tooth
Inflammation stimulates the epithelial rests of melassez found in
apical periodontal ligament
Periapical granuloma infected/sterile
Epithelium undegoes necrosis caused by lack of blood supply
Cyst
BAY CYST: Island of squamous epithelium which have
developed from the odontogenic rests of Malassez can
also be found in a periapical granuloma without cystic
transformation.
Pathogenesis
It is convenient to consider the pathogenesis of radicular
cysts in three phases:
1. the phase of initiation,
2. the phase of cyst formation and
3. the phase of enlargement.
The phase of initiation
Epithelial linings of these cysts are derived from the epithelial
cell rests of Malassez in the periodontal ligament.
Epithelium may also be derived from:
Respiratory epithelium of the maxillary sinus
Oral epithelium growing in through a fistulous tract
Oral epithelium proliferating apically from a periodontal
pocket or bifurcation or trifurcation involvement by
periodontal disease also with apical proliferation.
Bacterial endotoxins released from the necrotic pulp-
Key factor [Meghji et al. (1996)]
Important role for inflammatory cytokines in the
proliferation of epithelial cell rests. Immunoglobulin G
(IgG) is the predominant class. [Stern et al. (1981)]
IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, γ-interferon (IFN-γ), and
transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and most of
these showed increased expression. [Kusumi et al.
(2004)]
Phase of cyst formation
2 CONCEPTS:
1. Epithelium proliferates and covers the bare connective
tissue surface of an abscess cavity or a cavity which
may occur as a result of connective tissue breakdown
by proteolytic enzyme activity (Summers, 1974).
2. More widely supported theory→ cyst cavity forms
within a proliferating epithelial mass in an apical
granuloma by degeneration and death of cells in the
centre
The proliferating epithelial masses show considerable intercellular
oedema. These intercellular accumulations of fluid coalesce to
form microcysts containing epithelial and inflammatory cells.
Arcades and rings of proliferating
epithelium in an apical granuloma
Degeneration of cells in the centre of a
mass of proliferating epithelium in an
apical granuloma → Microcyst
In some periapical lesions, sheets of epithelial cells with
distinct clefts are seen and in certain instances the cyst
may be initiated in this way.
Sheet of epithelial cells in a
periapical lesion
Growth and enlargement of the radicular cyst
According to Toller- osmosis makes a contribution to the
increase in the size of cysts. Lytic products of the epithelial and
inflammatory cells in the cyst cavity provided the greater
numbers of smaller molecules which raised the osmotic
pressure of the cyst fluid.
According to Harris and Toller (1975)- epithelial proliferation
continues as long as there is an inflammatory stimulus, and
suggested that this contributed to enlargement of the cyst.
According to Harris and Goldhaber (1973)- Growth of the
cyst must also be accompanied by degradation of adjacent
connective tissues and bone resorption.
The synthesis of prostaglandins, their bone resorbing
capacity and their possible role in the enlargement of jaw
cysts. (Harris et al 1973)
Collagenases also contribute to breakdown of the connective
tissues and collagenolytic activity→ Expansion
MMPs and gelatinase→ possible role in cyst expansion
CLINICAL FEATURES: -
Age incidence: peak in 3rd, 4th and 5th decade
Sex incidence: Slightly more males.
Frequency: Commonest cystic lesion of jaws.
Primarily symptom less.
Discovered accidentally during routine dental X ray exam.
Diagnostic criteria – associated teeth are non vital
Rare in deciduous teeth.
Clinical presentation
Symptomless
At first the enlargement is bony hard but as the cyst
increases in size, the covering bone becomes very thin
despite subperiosteal bone deposition and the swelling
then exhibits ‘egg shell crackling’.
Occasionally, a sinus may lead from the cyst cavity to the
oral mucosa.
RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES:
Classically presents as round / ovoid radiolucency with
sclerotic borders and associated with pulpally affected
tooth.
Rarely induce resorption of affected teeth
The lesion is a well defined radiolucency
associated with the apex of a non-vital root
filled tooth.
The lesion is at the site of a
previously extracted tooth
HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES
Almost all radicular cysts are lined wholly or in part by
stratified squamous epithelium.
These linings may be discontinuous in part and range in
thickness from 1 to 50 cell layers. The majority are 6–20 cell
layers thick.
In early cysts- the epithelial lining may be proliferative and
show arcading with an intense associated inflammatory
process .
As cyst enlarges- the lining becomes quiescent and fairly
regular with a certain degree of differentiation to resemble
a simple stratified squamous epithelium
cyst is lined by proliferating epithelium
Quiescent epithelium lining a
mature, long-standing radicular cyst
Keratin formation is only seen → 2% of radicular cysts
Orthokeratinisation is most common, with evidence of a
granular cell layer, but parakeratinisation may also be seen
(Browne and Smith, 1991).
Inflammatory cell infiltrate in the proliferating epithelial linings
consists → predominantly of polymorphonuclear leucocytes
whereas the adjacent fibrous capsule is infiltrated mainly by
chronic inflammatory cells (Shear, 1963).
Proliferating epithelial linings show →degree of spongiosis.
As the cyst enlarges, the wall may become less inflamed and
fibrous
Metaplastic changes, in the form of mucous cells or
ciliated cells, are frequently found in the epithelial linings
of radicular cysts (Shear, 1960)
Mucous cells in the surface layer of the
stratified squamous epithelial lining of
a radicular cyst
Ciliated epithelium in a radicular cyst
• In approximately 10% of radicular cysts, hyaline bodies, first
described by Dewey in 1918 and often referred to as
Rushton’s hyaline bodies, are found in the epithelial linings.
• These hyaline bodies are tiny linear or arc- shaped bodies,
generally associated with the lining epithelium, that appear
amorphous in structure, eosinophilic in reaction and brittle
in nature, since they evidence fracture in some cases.
• Origin- haematogenous origin
• Deposits of cholesterol crystals are found in many radicular cysts
(Shear 1963).
• Main source of cholesterol → disintegrating red blood cells in a
form that readily crystallises in the tissues
• Slow but considerable accumulation of cholesterol could occur
through degeneration and disintegration of lymphocytes,
plasma cells and macrophages taking part in the inflammatory
process, with consequent release of cholesterol from their walls.
• The granulation tissue containing the cholesterol protrudes into
the cyst cavity and appears macroscopically and microscopically
as a ‘mural nodule’.
Multinucleate foreign body giant cells on
the surface of cholesterol clefts in the
wall of a radicular cyst
• Mast cells have been demonstrated in the epithelium and the
connective tissue wall, particularly in the subepithelial zone.
• Haemorrhage is invariably present and haemosiderin deposits are
seen in many specimens.
• Calcifications of various kinds are frequently present.
TREATMENT:
Extraction of the involved tooth + Curettage of the
periapical tissue.
Root canal treatment + Apicocectomy.
OSTEOMYELITIS
The word “osteomyelitis” originates from the ancient
Greek words osteon (bone) and muelinos (marrow)
Inflammatory condition of the bone, which begins as an
infection of the medullary cavity, rapidly involves the
haversian systems, and extends to involve the
periosteum of the affected area.
• “It define as the inflammation of bone and its marrow
contents”. (Shafer)
• “It is an acute or chronic inflammatory process in the
medullary spaces or cortical surfaces of the bone that
extends away from the initial site of involvement”.
(Neville)
CLASSIFICATION
I. Suppurative osteomyelitis
1. Acute suppurative
osteomyelitis
2. Chronic suppurative
osteomyelitis
• – Primary chronic
suppurative osteomyelitis
• – Secondary chronic
suppurative osteomyelitis
3. Infantile osteomyelitis
II. Nonsuppurative osteomyelitis
1. Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis
– Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis
– Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis
2. Garrè's sclerosing osteomyelitis
3. Actinomycotic osteomyelitis
4. Radiation osteomyelitis and
necrosis
By Topazian RG
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
 Fractures due to trauma
 Road traffic accidents
 Gun shot wounds
 Radiation damage
 Paget`s disease
 Osteoporosis
Systemic disease :
 Malnutrition,
 Acute Leukemia,
 Uncontrolled diabetes,
 sickle cell anemia,
 Chronic alcoholism
PATHOGENESIS
Microorganisms may infect bone through one or more
of three basic methods
Hematogenous
spread
Direct inoculation of
microorganisms into
bone
Contiguous focus of
infection
Osteomyelitis of the jaws is mainly caused by spread of
adjacent odontogenic infection followed by traumatic
fracture
Occurrance
Sex—more common in men, than women.
Osteomyelitis in maxilla :
Rare occurrance due to-
- Extensive blood supply
- Thin cortical plates
- Abundant medullary spaces
Osteomyelitis in mandible:
An important factor in establishment of osteomyelitis in
mandible is compromise of blood supply
MICROBIOLOGY
Facultative anaerobic Anaerobic
Gram-positive cocci •Staphylococcus aureus
•Coagulase-negative
staphylococci
•Streptococcus spp
Peptostreptococcus
spp.
Gram-positive rods Actinomyces spp.
Corynebacterium spp.
Lactobacillus spp.
Actinomyces israelii
Eubacterium lentum
Gram-negative cocci Neisseria spp. Veillonella spp
Gram-negative rods Actinobacillus
actinomycetemcomitans
Fusobacterium spp.
Porphyromonas spp.
Prevotella spp.
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
• Serious sequela of periapical infection that often results
in diffuse spread of infection throughout the medullary
spaces , with subsequent necrosis of variable amount of
bone.
• Poly microbial- Staphylococcus aureus, S. albus,
Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Bacteriodes.
ETIOLOGY
• Most common cause : Dental infection
• Infection due to fracture of jaw, gun shot, or
• Hematogenous spread
Acute inflammation of marrow tissues
Spread of exudate along the marrow spaces
Thrombosis of vessels due to compression
Necrosis of bone
Necrotic tissues, dead and dying cell, pus from bacteria → fill the marrow space
Involves cortical bone → Lifting of periosteum causing further necrosis
PATHOLOGY
Finally ,Osteoclastic activity >>>
SEQUESTRUM
CLINICAL FEATURES
Maxilla : localized
Mandible : Diffuse and widespread
In infants→ NEONATAL MAXILLITIS
ORIGIN- Hematogenous spread or local oral infection
Seriously ill and may not survive
In adults,
• Sever pain
• Trismus
• Parasthesia of lips in case of mandibular involvement
• Elevation of temperature
• Regional lymphadenopathy
• Loosening of teeth and exudation of pus from gingiva
• No swelling and redness till periostitis develops
RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURE
Progress rapidly → little evidence
Trabeculae becomes fuzzy and indistinct
Ill defined margins
Ill-defined area of radiolucency
of the right body of the mandible
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
• Necrotic bone- loss of osteocytes from their lacunae,
peripheral resorption and bacterial colonization.
• Medullary space→ filled with inflammatory exudates
• The inflammatory cells are chiefly PMNs but may show
occasional lymphocytes and plasma cells
• Osteoblasts bordering the bony trabeculae are
destroyed
• Trabeculae may lose their viability and begin to undergo
slow resorption
Nonvital bone exhibits loss of the osteocytes from the lacunae. Peripheral
resorption and surrounding inflammatory response alsocan be seen
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
3D >>
1. Debridement ,
2. Drainage and
3. Drugs [Anti-microbial]
Sequestrum >> If small, exfoliates through mucosa
>> If large, surgical removal
Untreated cases may proceed to development of
periostitis , soft tissue abscess or cellulitis
COMPLICATIONS
 Rare but include:
 Pathological fracture Extensive bone destruction.
 Chronic osteomyelitis Inadequate treatment.
 Cellulitis Spread of virulent bacteria.
 Septicemia Immuno-compromised patient.
CHRONIC
OSTEOMYELITIS
CHRONIC
SUPPURATIVE
OSTEOMYELITIS
SCLEROTIC
CEMENTAL
MASSES
CHRONIC FOCAL
SCLEROSING
OSTEOMYELITIS
CHRONIC DIFFUSE
SCLEROING
OSTEOMYELITIS
CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
Inadequately treated acute osteomyelitis
Rarely- complication of irradiation
Acute exacerbations of chronic stage may occur
Fistulous tract may form which open to surface
CLINICAL FEATURES
 Swelling
 Pain
 Sinus formation
 Purulent discharge
 Sequestrum formation
 Tooth loss
 Pathologic fracture
RADIOLOGICAL FEATURE
 Patchy, ragged & ill defined radiolucency.
 Often contains radiopaque sequestra.
HISTOLOGY
 Inflammed connective tissue filling inter-trabecular
areas of bone.
 Scattered sequestra.
 Pockets of abscess.
Chronically inflamed and
reactive fibrousconnective tissue
filling the intertrabecular spaces.
 Difficult to manage medically.
 Surgical intervention is mandatory, depends on spread of process.
 Antibiotics are same as in acute condition but are given through IV in high
doses.
SMALL LESIONS
Curretage, removal of necrotic bone and
decortication are sufficient.
EXTENSIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
Decortication combined with transplantation of cancellous
bone chips.
PERSISTANT OSTEOMYELITIS
Resection of diseased bone followed by immediate
reconstruction with an autologous graft is required.
Weakened jawbones must be immobilized.
TREATMENT
CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
( CONDENSING OSTEITIS)
Unusual reaction of bone to infection
A reaction to mild bacterial infection entering the bone
through a carious tooth in persons who has high degree
of tissue reaction and tissue reactivity.
In some instances- tissue reacts to the infection by
proliferation rather than destruction.
The sclerotic reaction results from good patient
immunity and a low degree of virulence of the offending
bacteria
ETIOLOGY
Infection of periapical tissues of a high immunity host by
organisms of low virulence which leads to a localized
bony reaction to a low grade inflammatory stimulus
Non- vital tooth
CLINICAL FEATURES
Commonly affects young adults and children
Mandibular molar is affected commonly
Large carious lesions
Symptoms : mild pain due to infected pulp
RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
• Pathognomic ,well circumscribed radiopaque mass of
sclerotic bone surrounding and extending below the apex
of one or both roots
• PDL space widening.
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
• Dense bony trabeculae with little interstitial marrow
tissue
• Many reversal and resting lines giving pagetoid
appearance
• If interstitial soft tissue is present , it is generally fibrotic
and infiltrated with small amount of lymphocytes
• lacunae appears empty
TREATMENT
Root canal treatment
Extraction
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
 CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS is the
clinical entity characterized by a nonsuppurative,
inflammatory process associated with recurrent
swelling, trismus and pain
Common in edentulous mandible
Proliferative reaction of bone to a low grade infection.
Portal of entry is diffuse periodontal disease
CLINICAL FEATURE
Most common in older individual with especially in
edentulous mandibular jaws or edentulous areas and does
not exhibit any gender predominance.
On acute exacerbation results in vague pain ,unpleasant
taste and mild suppuration ,many times with the
spontaneous formation of a fistula opening onto the
mucosal surface to establish drainage.
RADIOLOGICAL FEATURE
Diffuse patchy, sclerosis of bone (cotton wool
appearance).
Sometimes bilateral involvement
Occationally involvement of both maxilla and mandible
of same patient.
Border between the sclerosed bone and normal bone is
indistinct.
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
Dense , irregular trabeculae of bone bordered by active
layer of Osteoblasts ; focal Osteoclastic area may be
present
Trabecular bone with the presence of reparative and
reactive new bone formation. There was a marked
abundant osteoid and osteoblastic rim.
Mosaic pattern appearance- indicative of repeated
periods of resorption followed by repair
Interstitial soft tissue is fibrotic
Proliferating fibroblasts and occasional small capillaries
as well as small focal collection of lymphocytes and
plasma cells
Irregular trabeculae of bone bordered by active layer of Osteoblasts.
Proliferating fibroblasts and occasional small capillaries as well as small focal
collection of lymphocytes and plasma cells
TREATMENT
• Lesion is too extensive to be removed surgically
• Sclerotic bone is hypovascular and resistant to antibiotics
• Bell has recommended extraction of tooth as a last
option utilizing a surgical approach with removal of
liberal amounts of bone to facilitate extraction and
increase bleeding.
• Antibiotic administration during acute exacerbation may
help
SAPHO syndrome
It was first described by Chamot et al. in 1987.
Rare and of unknown etiology.
The synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis
In 1994, Kahn et al. (1994) reported three diagnostic criteria for
SAPHO syndrome:
1. Multifocal osteomyelitis with or without skin manifestations.
2. Sterile acute or chronic joint inflammation associated with
pustules or psoriasis on the palms and soles, acne, or
hidradenitis.
3. Sterile osteitis in the presence of one of the skin manifestations
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS WITH PROLIFERATIVE PERIOSTITIS
(Garre’s chronic nonsuppurative sclerosing osteitis ,periostitis
ossificans)
• Garre’s osteomyelitis was first described by Carl Gaffe in
1893 as "a focal gross thickening of periosteum with
peripheral reactive bone formation resulting from
infection”.
• Non -suppurating type of osteomyelitis, with a reactive
periosteal thickening due to a low-grade irritation or
dental infection.
CLINICAL FEATURE
Young person before the age of 25 years
In jaws- more common in mandible of children and young
adults (most cases occur in bicuspid and molar region)
Hard swelling over the jaw, producing facial asymmetry with
little or no pain.
This occur as a result of overlying soft tissue infection or
cellulitis subsequently involving periosteum.
The overlying skin was normal, but could occasionally be
inflammed
PULP AND PERIAPICAL LESIONS OF THE TOOTH ppt
RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURE
IOPA → reveals an carious tooth opposite the hard bony
mass
Occlusal radiograph →focal overgrowth of bone on the outer
surface of the cortex ,which may be described as duplication of
the cortical layer of bone .
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
Subperiosteal mass is composed of much reactive new bone and
osteoid tissue , with Osteoblasts bordering many of trabeculae
Trabeculae is perpendicular to cortex and parallel to each other
Connective tissue is fibrous and shows sprinkling of lymphocytes
and plasma cells
TREATMENT
• Extraction or endodontic treatment of the teeth
• No surgical intervention except biopsy to confirm
diagnosis
• After extraction the jaws undergo remodeling and facial
symmetry is restored
• Neoperiostitis or new periosteum formation may occur
in certain conditions.
SCLEROTIC CEMENTAL MASSES
Multiple symmetric lesions producing pain, drainage or
localized expansion
Common in black females
Unknown etiology
Large painless radiopaque mass usually involving several
quadrants of the jaws.
This condition has previously been described as chronic
sclerosing osteomyelitis, sclerosing osteitis, or
gigantiform cementoma, it appears more appropriate to
consider these lesions as part of the spectrum of the
benign fibro-osseous lesions of periodontal ligament
origin
HISTOLOGIC FEATURES
Cemental masses have tissues interrupted by the
cementum unlike diffuse type which mostly have
sclerotic bone
In some instances ,the cementum is in the form of large
solid masses with smooth, lobulated margins often with
a globular accretion pattern
CELLULITIS/ PHLEGMON
Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation of soft tissues which is
not circumscribed or confined to one area, but which, in
contrary to the abscess, tends to spread through tissue
spaces and along fascial spaces.
If an abscess is not able to establish drainage through the
surface of the skin or into the oral cavity it may spread
diffusely through fascial planes of the soft tissue.
ETIOLOGY
It occurs as a result of infection by microorganisms that
produce significant amount of streptokinase, hyaluronidase
and fibrinolysins which acts to breakdown or dissolve
hyaluronic acid , the universal intracellular cement substance,
and fibrin.
MICROORGANISMS- Streptococci, Prevotella &
Porphyromonas
Dental infection
Sequela of periapical abscess or osteomyelitis
Pericoronitis
Tooth extraction or injection with a infected needle
PATHOLOGY
Streptococci → potent producers of hyaluronidase
In their growth phase consume local oxygen
Metabolize nutrients to produce → acidic environment
Conductive to the subsequent growth of anaerobic microbes
Prevotella, Porphyromonas destroy collagen
CLINICAL FEATURES
 Systemic features →increased body temperature ,
general fatigue, chills, sweatings, headache, loss of
appetite.
 Swelling is because of inflammatory edema.
If superficial tissue space involved- skin is inflammed, has
an orange peel appearance and is even purplish
If spread of infection in deeper planes- overlying skin is
normal
Regional lymphadenitis present
In maxilla-
Perforates the outer cortical layer of bone above the
buccinator attachment → swelling in the upper half of
the face.
Extension towards eye→ cavernous sinus thrombosis
In mandible-
Perforates the outer cortical plate below the buccinator
attachment → swelling in the lower half of the face.
Spread to cervical tissue cause respiratory discomfort
Facial abscess and Fistulous tract may occur
PULP AND PERIAPICAL LESIONS OF THE TOOTH ppt
HISTOLOGICAL FEATURE
• A microscopic section through an area of cellulitis shows
a diffuse exudation of polymorphoneuclear leukocyte
and lymphocyte.
• Considerable serous fluid and fibrins causing separation
of connective tissue and muscle fibres.
COMPLICATION
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis
• Ludwigs Angina
• Facial abscess
TREATMENT
• Antibiotics
• Antianaerobics
• Removal of the cause of the infection
• To avoid massaging the affected area to avoid spread
CONCLUSION
 Establishment of proper diagnosis is of utmost
importance to carry out the effective clinical procedure
for the benefit of patient .
 Review after the treatment is also to be given
importance
 It is essential that we understand the progressive nature
of the periapical disease process as well as how and why
the various stages occur so they can be diagnosed and
managed appropriately.
Referance
• R Rajendran, B Sivapathasundaram. Shafers textbook of
oral pathology 6th ed
• Neville ,Damm, Allen, Bouquot. oral and maxillofacial
pathology 2nd ed
• Shear M, Cysts of the Oral and maxillofacial Regions, 4th
Edition.
• Stephane Schwartz, Garre’s osteomyelitis: a case report,
The American Academy of Pedodontics/Vol. 3, No. 3
• Marc M. Baltensperger, Osteomyelitis of the Jaws.
THANK YOU

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PULP AND PERIAPICAL LESIONS OF THE TOOTH ppt

  • 1. PULP AND PERIAPICAL PATHOLOGIES- 1 PRESENTED BY: DR. KALPAJYOTI BHATTACHARJEE
  • 2. CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION • CAUSE OF PULP DISEASE • CLASSIFICATION OF PULP DISEASE • FACTORS AFFECTING RESPONSE OF PULP • PATHWAYS OF BACTERIAL INVASION OF THE PULP • REVERSIBLE PULPITIS • ACUTE PULPITIS & CHRONIC PULPITIS • CHRONIC HYPERPLASTIC PULPITIS • GANGRANOUS NECROSIS OF PULP • DISEASES OF PERIAPICAL TISSUE • ACUTE APICAL PERIODONTITIS • CHRONIC APICAL PERIODONTITIS • PERIAPICAL ABSCESS
  • 3. INTRODUCTION • The dental pulp is the part in the center of a tooth made up of living connective tissue and cells called odontoblasts. • The pulp contains the blood vessels the nerves and connective tissue inside a tooth and provides the tooth’s blood and nutrients. • Pulpitis is inflammation of dental pulp tissue
  • 4. CAUSE OF PULP DISEASE According to Grossman, 1) PHYSICAL A) Mechanical 1) Trauma- a) Accidental b) Iatrogenic dental procedures 2) Pathologic wear 3) Crack through the body of the tooth 4) Barometric changes
  • 5. B) Thermal 1. Heat during cavity preparation 2. Exothermic heat during setting of cement 3. Conduction of heat and cold through deep restoration with out a protective base 4. Frictional heat during the polishing of restoration c) Electrical - Galvanic shock
  • 6. II) CHEMICAL A) Phosphoric acid, acrylic monomer B) Erosion III) BACTERIAL A) Toxins associated with caries B) Direct invasion of pulp from caries or trauma C) Anachoresis
  • 7. CLASSIFICATION OF PULP DISEASE According to Grossman. - Based on clinical features. 1) Pulpitides (Inflammation) A) Reversal 1) Symptomatic (acute) 2) Asymptomatic (chronic) B) Irreversible 1) Acute a) Abnormally responsive to cold b) Abnormally responsive to heat
  • 8. 2) Chronic a) Asymptomatic with pulp exposure b) Hyperplastic pulpitis c) Internal resorption 11) Pulp Degeneration a) Calcific b) Others 111) Necrosis
  • 9. FACTORS AFFECTING RESPONSE OF PULP • Severity and duration of irritant. • Nature of irritant. • Health condition of the pulp or pre-existing state of the pulp • Apical blood flow • Local anatomy of the pulp chamber • Host defence
  • 10. PATHWAYS OF BACTERIAL INVASION OF THE PULP Most common cause of pulp injury- irreparable Opening in dental hard tissue wall caries clinical procedures trauma induced fractures microcracks  Bacteria from the gingival sulcus/ pocket  Endodontic reinfection  Extension of a periapical infection from adjacent infected teeth.
  • 11. ANACHORESIS Transportation of microbes through the blood or lymph to an area of inflammation such as tooth with pulpitis
  • 12. AERODONTALGIA • Toothache occuring at low atmospheric pressure experienced either during flight or during a test run in a decompression chamber • Observed in higher altitudes over 5000 feet • Tooth with chronic pulpitis can be symptomless at ground level, but it may cause pain at high altitudes because of reduced pressure Treatment: Lining the cavity with a varnish or a base of zinc phosphate cement with a subbase of ZOE cement in deep cavities
  • 13. Reversible Pulpitis (Pulp Hyperemia) Mild to moderate inflammatory condition of the pulp caused by noxious stimuli in which the pulp is capable of returning to the uninflammed state following removal of the stimuli. Etiology: Trauma Thermal shock Excessive dehydration of the cavity Galvanism Bacteria from caries
  • 14. CLINICAL FEATURES: Tooth is sensitive to thermal changes, especially cold. Pain - short duration, disappears on withdrawal of thermal irritant. Affected tooth responds to stimulation of electric pulp tester at lower level of current indicating low pain threshold. Teeth usually show deep caries, metallic restoration with defective margins.
  • 15. HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES: Dilation of pulp blood vessels. Edema fluid collection due to damage of vessel wall & allowing extravasations of RBC or diapedesis of WBC. Slowing of blood flow & hemoconcentration due to transudation can cause thrombosis. Reparative or reactionary dentin in adjacent dentinal wall.
  • 16. Dilation of blood vessels Inflammatory cell infiltrate Dentin
  • 17. DIAGNOSIS:  Based on symptoms  Clinical test- cold test TREATMENT:  Prevention of dental caries  Early insertion of filling  Desensitization of neck of teeth where gingival recession occurs  Cavity varnish or base application before insertion of filling  Care in cavity preparation and polishing  If primary cause is not corrected, extensive pulpitis may result in death of pulp.
  • 18. Acute Pulpitis Extensive acute inflammation of the dental pulp is a frequent immediate sequela of focal reversible pulpitis, although it may occur as an acute exacerbation of a chronic inflammatory process Etiology: Bacterial invasion through the dental caries- most common Chemical, thermal or mechanical causes Reversible pulpitis may deteriorate into irreversible pulpitis
  • 19. CLINICAL FEATURES: Early stages- involves only a portion of the pulp, usually the area just beneath the carious lesions. Teeth extremely sensitive to Hot or cold stimuli and cause increase in pain intensity & persists even after the thermal stimulus has been removed. Pain - poorly localized since pulp of individual tooth is not represented in sensory cortex. Intrapulpal abscess formation cause severe pain lancinating or throbbing type. (10 – 15mins) Intensity of pain can increase when patient lies down.
  • 21. Pulp vitality test indicates increased sensitivity at low level of current. Pulpal pain is due to: - pressure built up due to lack of exudate escape. - pain producing substances from inflammation. Pain subsides when drainage is established or when pulp undergoes complete necrosis. The tooth is not tendered to percussion unless the pulpal inflammation has spread beyond the root apex into the periapical region.
  • 22. Rise in pulp pressure along with inflammatory exudate Local collapse of the venous part of the circulation Local tissue hypoxia and anoxia Pulp abscess Ohnishi T – reported presence of Hepatocyte Growth Factor in acute inflammation of pulp Guo X et al- IL-8 level is higher in acute than in chronic pulpitis
  • 23. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES: Edema in pulp with vasodilation. Infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes along vascular channels & migrate through endothelium lined structures. Destruction of odontoblasts at pulp dentin border. Abscess consists pus, leukocytes & bacteria. Acute suppurative pulpitis- Numerous abscess formation cause pulp liquefaction & necrosis.
  • 24. Dental pulp exhibiting acute inflammatory infiltrate consisting predominantly of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
  • 25. DIAGNOSIS 1) Inspection: Discloses a deep cavity Pulp exposure 2) Radiography: Exposure of the pulp Caries under a filling 3) Thermal test
  • 26. TREATMENT: Drainage of exudate from pulp chamber. Pulpotomy & placing calcium hydroxide over entrance of root canal. Root canal treatment. Extraction of tooth.
  • 27. Chronic Pulpitis  Persistent inflammatory reaction in pulp with little or non constitutional symptoms. CLINICAL FEATURES:  Pain is not prominent, mild, dull ache which is intermittent.  Reaction to thermal changes is reduced because of degeneration of nerves.  Response to pulp vitality tester is reduced.  Wide open carious lesion & with exposure of pulp cause relatively little pain.  Manipulation with small instruments often elicits bleeding but with little pain.
  • 28. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES: Infiltration of mononuclear cells, lymphocytes & plasma cells, with vigorous connective tissue reaction. Capillaries are prominent; fibroblastic activity & collagen fibers in bundles. When granulation tissue formation occurs in wide open exposed pulp surface – ulcerative pulpitis. (with bacterial stains & micro org. in carious lesion) If pulpal reaction vacillates between an acute & chronic phase causes pulp abscess formation, which is surrounded by fibrous CT wall, which is called Pyogenic Memberane
  • 29. The dental pulp exhibits an area of fibrosis and chronic inflammation peripheral to the zone of abscess formation.
  • 30. TREATMENT : Root canal therapy Extraction of tooth.
  • 31. Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis (pulp polyp) Overgrowth of pulp tissue outside the boundary of pulp chamber as protruding mass. Characterized by the development of granulation tissue, covered at times with epithelium and resulting from long standing low grade irritation ETIOLOGY: Slow progressive carious exposure of the pulp A large open cavity, a young resistant pulp and a chronic low grade stimulus are necessary
  • 32. CLINICAL FEATURES: Children & young adults with high degree of tissue resistance & reactivity & responds to proliferative lesions. Teeth with large , open carious lesions. Pulp - pinkish red globule of tissue protruding from chamber & extend beyond caries. Most commonly affected are deciduous molar & Ist permanent molars. Pulp is relatively insensitive
  • 33. Lesion bleeds profusely upon provocation. Due to excellent blood supply high, tissue resistance & reactivity in young persons leads to unusual proliferative property of pulp. Some cases, gingival tissue adjacent, may proliferate into carious lesion & superficially resemble hyperplastic pulpitis. So careful examination is made to determine whether connection is with pulp or gingiva.
  • 35. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES: Hyperplastic tissue is basically granulation tissue, consisting delicate CT fibers & young blood capillaries. Inflammatory infiltrates – lymphocytes, plasma cells & PMNLs. Fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation prominent. Stratified squamous type epithelial lining resembles oral mucosa with well formed rete pegs. Grafted epithelial cells are believed to be desquamated epithelial Cells, which carried by saliva. Origin of these cells is unknown. They are degenerated superficial squames, which have lost dividing capacity.
  • 37. DIAGNOSIS Clinical Examination: Seen in children and young adults A freshly, reddish pulpal mass fills most of the pulp chamber or cavity or even extends beyond the confices of the tooth. Radiography: Large open cavity with direct access to the pulp chamber
  • 39. Gangrenous Necrosis of Pulp  Untreated pulpitis → results complete necrosis of pulp.  As this is associated with bacterial infection – pulp gangrene.  It is associated with foul odor when pulp is opened for endodontic treatment.  In sickle cell anemia, blockage of pulp vessels seen  Dry gangrene- pulp dies for unexplained reasons.  This may be due to trauma or infarct.
  • 40. REVERSIBLE PULPITIS • Nature of pain is mild & diffuse. • Brief duration & can be produce cold stimuli that elicits the pain mostly, although hot, sweet or sour food may also initiate the pain. • Once stimulus is removed, pain is usually subsides. • Tooth responds to electric pulp tester at lower currents. • Reversible pulpitis if allowed to progress can led to irreversible pulpitis. IRREVERSIBLE PULPITIS • Sharp, severe, radiating pain of long duration & varying intensity. • Pain continues even after the stimulus is removed. • Pain may exacerbate with bending over or lying down.. • Increased by stimulus, like heat & at times relieved by cold although the cold may intensify the pain. • When infection extends into PDL - apical periodontitis.
  • 42. • Once infection has established in the dental pulp, spread of the process can be in one direction- through the root canals and into the periapical region. • Number of different tissue reaction may occur, depending upon a variety of circumstances. • Subtle transformation from one type of lesion into another type in most cases.
  • 43. Pulpitis Acute chronic Apical periodontitis Acute chronic Periapical abscess Periapical granuloma Periodontal cyst Acute chronic Osteomyelitis Periosteitis Cellulitis Abscess Acute chronic Focal Diffuse Interrelationships of periapical infections
  • 44. Apical Periodontitis  Inflammation of PDL around apical portion of root.  Types: 1.Acute Apical Periodontitis 2.Chronic Apical Periodontitis Etiology:  spread of infection following pulp necrosis,  occlusal trauma,  Bitting suddenly on high objects  Inadvertent endodontic procedures  Pushing the infected material into apical portion  Chemical irritation from root canal medicaments
  • 45.  Painful inflammation of the peridontium as a result of trauma, irritation, or infection through the root canal, regardless of whether the pulp is vital or nonvital.  Also referred to as symptomatic apical periodontitis.  Tooth is tender on percussion & pain can be severe making closure of the teeth difficult. Acute Apical Periodontitis
  • 46. VITAL TOOTH NON VITAL TOOTH Occlusal trauma Sequelae of pulpitis Wedging of foreign body between teeth During root canal therapy Forcing of irrigating irrigants or medicaments through the apical foramen Blow on teeth Extension of obturating material through the apical foramen , Perforation of the root, Overinstrumentation Orthodontic pressure Etiology
  • 47. CLINICAL FEATURES: Thermal changes does not induce pain. Slight extrusion of tooth from socket. Cause tenderness on mastication due to inflammatory edema collected in PDL. Due to external pressure, forcing of edema fluid against already sensitized nerve endings results in severe pain.
  • 48. DIAGNOSIS: CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS: Tender to percussion RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES: widening of PDL space
  • 49. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES: PDL shows signs of inflammation -vascular dilation -infiltration of PMNs Inflammation is transient, if caused by acute trauma. If irritant not removed, progress into surrounding bone resorption. Abscess formation may occur if it is associated with bacterial infection Acute periapical abscess / Alveolar abscess
  • 50. TREATMENT: • Selective grinding if inflammation due to occlusal trauma. • Extraction & endodontic treatment be done to drain exudate.
  • 51. Chronic Apical Periodontitis (Periapical Granuloma)  A growth of granulomatous tissue continuous with the Periodontal ligament resulting from the death of the pulp and the diffusion of bacterial toxins from the root canals into surrounding periradicular tissue through the apical and lateral canals  Low- grade infection  Most common sequelae of pulpitis or apical periodontitis.  If acute (exudative) left untreated → chronic (proliferative).
  • 52. Term is not accurate since it doesn’t shows true granulomatous inflammation microscopically. Presence of lateral or accessory root canals opening on the lateral surface of the root give rise to lateral granuloma ETIOLOGY Death of the pulp Irritation of the periapical tissue that stimulates a productive cellular response
  • 53. CLINICAL FEATURES:  Tooth involved is non vital / slightly tender on percussion.  Percussion may produce dull sound instead metallic due to granulation tissue at apex.  Mild pain on chewing on solid food.  Tooth may be slightly elongated in socket.  Sensitivity is due to hyperemia, edema & inflammation of PDL. In many cases, asymptomatic.  Fully developed granuloma seldom presents more severe clinical symptoms.  No perforation of bone & oral mucosa forming fistulous tract unless undergoes acute exacerbation.
  • 54. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES: Thickening of PDL at root apex. As concomitent bone resorption & proliferation of granulation tissue appears to be radiolucent area. Thin radiopaque line or zone of sclerotic bone sometimes seen outlining lesion. Long standing lesion may show varying degrees of root resorption.
  • 56. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES: Hyperemia and edema of the PDL ligament with infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells. Inflammatory and locally increased vascularity of the tissue are associated with resorption of the surrounding bone adjacent to this area. Granulation tissue mass consists proliferating fibroblasts, endothelial cells & numerous immature blood capillaries with bone resorption. Capillaries lined with swollen endothelial cells. Its is relatively homogenous lesion composed of macrophages, lymphocytes & plasma cells.
  • 57. In some granulomas, Large number of phagocytes will ingest lipid material and become collected in groups forming foam cells Abundant mast cells may be found Deposits of cholesterol as well as hemosiderin are often present and both are probably derived from the breakdown of extravasated RBCs.
  • 58. Epithelium of Periapical granuloma can be derived from: Respiratory epithelium of the maxillary sinus Oral epithelium growing in through a fistulous tract Oral epithelium proliferating apically from a periodontal pocket or bifurcation or trifurcation involvement by periodontal disease also with apical proliferation.
  • 59. Dunlap and Barker – termed Giant-cell hyaline angiopathy. Consists of inflammatory cell infiltration, giant cells, rushton bodies, eosinophilic material resembling hyalinized collagen. Rests of Malassez may proliferate in response to chronic inflammation & may undergo cystification. Bacteriologic Features: Strep. viridans, strep. Hemolyticus, non hemolytic strep, staph. aureus, staph. Albus, E coli & pnemococci are isolated from lesion.
  • 61. TREATMENT Extraction & RCT with / without apicoetomy. If untreated → apical periodontal cyst formation.
  • 62. Periapical Abscess (Dento-Alveolar abscess, Alveolar Abscess) Periapical abscess is an acute or chronic suppurative process of the dental periapical region. Developed from acute periodontitis / periapical granuloma. Acute exacerbation of chronic lesion → Phoenix Abscess ETIOLOGY: traumatic injury pulp necrosis, irritation of periapical tissues
  • 63. CLINICAL FEATURES: Common findings of inflammation- heat, redness, swelling and pain. Tenderness of tooth, which relives after pressure application. Extreme painful tooth extrude from socket. Systemic manifestations like lymphadenitis & fever may present when confined to periapical region. Rapid extension to adjacent bone marrow spaces produces acute osteomyelitis or dentoalveolar abscess.
  • 65. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES: Area of suppuration composed of PMN leukocytes, lymphocytes, cellular debris, necrotic materials & bacterial colonies. Dilation of blood vessels in PDL & bone marrow space. Marrow space show inflammatory infiltrates. Tissue around area show suppuration containing serous exudate.
  • 66. Sheet of polymorphonuclear leukocytes intermixed with scattered histiocytes
  • 67. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES:  Slight thickening of PDL space.  Radiolucent area at apex of root.
  • 68. TREATMENT:  Drainage of abscess by opening pulp chamber or extraction.  Root canal treatment.  If untreated, causes osteomyelitis, cellulites & bacteremia & formation of fistulous tract opening to oral mucosa.
  • 69. ACUTE EXACERBATION OF A CHRONIC LESION/ PHOENIX ABSCESS An acute inflammatory reaction superimposed on an existing chronic lesion such as a cyst or granuloma ETIOLOGY: Periradicular disease Bacteria released from root canals during instrumentation may trigger acute response
  • 70. Symptoms: At onset, tooth is tender to touch As inflammation progresses tooth may be elevated in its socket and may become sensitive. Mucosa over the radicular area appears red and swollen Histopathologically, shows areas of liquefaction necrosis with disintegrated polymorphonuclear leukocytes & cellular debris surrounded by macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells in periradicular tissues.
  • 71. DIAGNOSIS:  Common findings of inflammation- heat, redness, swelling and pain.  Most commonly associated with the initiation of RCT  History of trauma  Radiographically, well defined periradicular lesion may be present. TREATMENT:  Drainage and debriment  Root Canal Treatment
  • 72. PULP AND PERIAPICAL PATHOLOGIES- 2 PRESENTED BY: DR. KALPAJYOTI BHATTACHARJEE
  • 73. CONTENTS  RADICULAR CYST  OSTEOMYELITIS 1. ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS 2. CHRONIC SUPPURATIVEOSTEOMYELITIS 3. CONDENSING OSTEITIS 4. CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSINGOSTEOMYELITIS 5. GARRES OSTEOMYELITIS 6. SCLEROTIC CEMENTAL MASS  CELLULITIS  CONCLUSION
  • 74. RADICULAR CYST INTRODUCTION Radicular cysts are the most common inflammatory cysts and arise from the epithelial residues in the periodontal ligament as a result of periapical periodontitis following death and necrosis of the pulp. Most common odontogenic cyst. Other names: Periapical cyst, apical periodontal cyst, root end cyst or dental cyst
  • 75. Periapical Cyst: These are the radicular cysts which are present at root apex. Lateral Radicular Cyst: These are the radicular cysts which are present at the opening of lateral accessory root canals of offending tooth. Residual Cyst: These are the radicular cysts which remains even after extraction of offending tooth
  • 76. ETIOLOGY: Infected tooth, leading to necrosis of tooth Inflammation stimulates the epithelial rests of melassez found in apical periodontal ligament Periapical granuloma infected/sterile Epithelium undegoes necrosis caused by lack of blood supply Cyst
  • 77. BAY CYST: Island of squamous epithelium which have developed from the odontogenic rests of Malassez can also be found in a periapical granuloma without cystic transformation.
  • 78. Pathogenesis It is convenient to consider the pathogenesis of radicular cysts in three phases: 1. the phase of initiation, 2. the phase of cyst formation and 3. the phase of enlargement.
  • 79. The phase of initiation Epithelial linings of these cysts are derived from the epithelial cell rests of Malassez in the periodontal ligament. Epithelium may also be derived from: Respiratory epithelium of the maxillary sinus Oral epithelium growing in through a fistulous tract Oral epithelium proliferating apically from a periodontal pocket or bifurcation or trifurcation involvement by periodontal disease also with apical proliferation.
  • 80. Bacterial endotoxins released from the necrotic pulp- Key factor [Meghji et al. (1996)] Important role for inflammatory cytokines in the proliferation of epithelial cell rests. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the predominant class. [Stern et al. (1981)] IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, γ-interferon (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and most of these showed increased expression. [Kusumi et al. (2004)]
  • 81. Phase of cyst formation 2 CONCEPTS: 1. Epithelium proliferates and covers the bare connective tissue surface of an abscess cavity or a cavity which may occur as a result of connective tissue breakdown by proteolytic enzyme activity (Summers, 1974). 2. More widely supported theory→ cyst cavity forms within a proliferating epithelial mass in an apical granuloma by degeneration and death of cells in the centre
  • 82. The proliferating epithelial masses show considerable intercellular oedema. These intercellular accumulations of fluid coalesce to form microcysts containing epithelial and inflammatory cells. Arcades and rings of proliferating epithelium in an apical granuloma Degeneration of cells in the centre of a mass of proliferating epithelium in an apical granuloma → Microcyst
  • 83. In some periapical lesions, sheets of epithelial cells with distinct clefts are seen and in certain instances the cyst may be initiated in this way. Sheet of epithelial cells in a periapical lesion
  • 84. Growth and enlargement of the radicular cyst According to Toller- osmosis makes a contribution to the increase in the size of cysts. Lytic products of the epithelial and inflammatory cells in the cyst cavity provided the greater numbers of smaller molecules which raised the osmotic pressure of the cyst fluid. According to Harris and Toller (1975)- epithelial proliferation continues as long as there is an inflammatory stimulus, and suggested that this contributed to enlargement of the cyst.
  • 85. According to Harris and Goldhaber (1973)- Growth of the cyst must also be accompanied by degradation of adjacent connective tissues and bone resorption. The synthesis of prostaglandins, their bone resorbing capacity and their possible role in the enlargement of jaw cysts. (Harris et al 1973) Collagenases also contribute to breakdown of the connective tissues and collagenolytic activity→ Expansion MMPs and gelatinase→ possible role in cyst expansion
  • 86. CLINICAL FEATURES: - Age incidence: peak in 3rd, 4th and 5th decade Sex incidence: Slightly more males. Frequency: Commonest cystic lesion of jaws. Primarily symptom less. Discovered accidentally during routine dental X ray exam. Diagnostic criteria – associated teeth are non vital Rare in deciduous teeth.
  • 87. Clinical presentation Symptomless At first the enlargement is bony hard but as the cyst increases in size, the covering bone becomes very thin despite subperiosteal bone deposition and the swelling then exhibits ‘egg shell crackling’. Occasionally, a sinus may lead from the cyst cavity to the oral mucosa.
  • 88. RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES: Classically presents as round / ovoid radiolucency with sclerotic borders and associated with pulpally affected tooth. Rarely induce resorption of affected teeth
  • 89. The lesion is a well defined radiolucency associated with the apex of a non-vital root filled tooth. The lesion is at the site of a previously extracted tooth
  • 90. HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES Almost all radicular cysts are lined wholly or in part by stratified squamous epithelium. These linings may be discontinuous in part and range in thickness from 1 to 50 cell layers. The majority are 6–20 cell layers thick. In early cysts- the epithelial lining may be proliferative and show arcading with an intense associated inflammatory process . As cyst enlarges- the lining becomes quiescent and fairly regular with a certain degree of differentiation to resemble a simple stratified squamous epithelium
  • 91. cyst is lined by proliferating epithelium Quiescent epithelium lining a mature, long-standing radicular cyst
  • 92. Keratin formation is only seen → 2% of radicular cysts Orthokeratinisation is most common, with evidence of a granular cell layer, but parakeratinisation may also be seen (Browne and Smith, 1991). Inflammatory cell infiltrate in the proliferating epithelial linings consists → predominantly of polymorphonuclear leucocytes whereas the adjacent fibrous capsule is infiltrated mainly by chronic inflammatory cells (Shear, 1963). Proliferating epithelial linings show →degree of spongiosis. As the cyst enlarges, the wall may become less inflamed and fibrous
  • 93. Metaplastic changes, in the form of mucous cells or ciliated cells, are frequently found in the epithelial linings of radicular cysts (Shear, 1960) Mucous cells in the surface layer of the stratified squamous epithelial lining of a radicular cyst Ciliated epithelium in a radicular cyst
  • 94. • In approximately 10% of radicular cysts, hyaline bodies, first described by Dewey in 1918 and often referred to as Rushton’s hyaline bodies, are found in the epithelial linings. • These hyaline bodies are tiny linear or arc- shaped bodies, generally associated with the lining epithelium, that appear amorphous in structure, eosinophilic in reaction and brittle in nature, since they evidence fracture in some cases. • Origin- haematogenous origin
  • 95. • Deposits of cholesterol crystals are found in many radicular cysts (Shear 1963). • Main source of cholesterol → disintegrating red blood cells in a form that readily crystallises in the tissues • Slow but considerable accumulation of cholesterol could occur through degeneration and disintegration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages taking part in the inflammatory process, with consequent release of cholesterol from their walls. • The granulation tissue containing the cholesterol protrudes into the cyst cavity and appears macroscopically and microscopically as a ‘mural nodule’.
  • 96. Multinucleate foreign body giant cells on the surface of cholesterol clefts in the wall of a radicular cyst
  • 97. • Mast cells have been demonstrated in the epithelium and the connective tissue wall, particularly in the subepithelial zone. • Haemorrhage is invariably present and haemosiderin deposits are seen in many specimens. • Calcifications of various kinds are frequently present.
  • 98. TREATMENT: Extraction of the involved tooth + Curettage of the periapical tissue. Root canal treatment + Apicocectomy.
  • 99. OSTEOMYELITIS The word “osteomyelitis” originates from the ancient Greek words osteon (bone) and muelinos (marrow) Inflammatory condition of the bone, which begins as an infection of the medullary cavity, rapidly involves the haversian systems, and extends to involve the periosteum of the affected area.
  • 100. • “It define as the inflammation of bone and its marrow contents”. (Shafer) • “It is an acute or chronic inflammatory process in the medullary spaces or cortical surfaces of the bone that extends away from the initial site of involvement”. (Neville)
  • 101. CLASSIFICATION I. Suppurative osteomyelitis 1. Acute suppurative osteomyelitis 2. Chronic suppurative osteomyelitis • – Primary chronic suppurative osteomyelitis • – Secondary chronic suppurative osteomyelitis 3. Infantile osteomyelitis II. Nonsuppurative osteomyelitis 1. Chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis – Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis – Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis 2. Garrè's sclerosing osteomyelitis 3. Actinomycotic osteomyelitis 4. Radiation osteomyelitis and necrosis By Topazian RG
  • 102. PREDISPOSING FACTORS  Fractures due to trauma  Road traffic accidents  Gun shot wounds  Radiation damage  Paget`s disease  Osteoporosis Systemic disease :  Malnutrition,  Acute Leukemia,  Uncontrolled diabetes,  sickle cell anemia,  Chronic alcoholism
  • 103. PATHOGENESIS Microorganisms may infect bone through one or more of three basic methods Hematogenous spread Direct inoculation of microorganisms into bone Contiguous focus of infection
  • 104. Osteomyelitis of the jaws is mainly caused by spread of adjacent odontogenic infection followed by traumatic fracture
  • 105. Occurrance Sex—more common in men, than women. Osteomyelitis in maxilla : Rare occurrance due to- - Extensive blood supply - Thin cortical plates - Abundant medullary spaces Osteomyelitis in mandible: An important factor in establishment of osteomyelitis in mandible is compromise of blood supply
  • 106. MICROBIOLOGY Facultative anaerobic Anaerobic Gram-positive cocci •Staphylococcus aureus •Coagulase-negative staphylococci •Streptococcus spp Peptostreptococcus spp. Gram-positive rods Actinomyces spp. Corynebacterium spp. Lactobacillus spp. Actinomyces israelii Eubacterium lentum Gram-negative cocci Neisseria spp. Veillonella spp Gram-negative rods Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Fusobacterium spp. Porphyromonas spp. Prevotella spp.
  • 107. ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS • Serious sequela of periapical infection that often results in diffuse spread of infection throughout the medullary spaces , with subsequent necrosis of variable amount of bone. • Poly microbial- Staphylococcus aureus, S. albus, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Bacteriodes.
  • 108. ETIOLOGY • Most common cause : Dental infection • Infection due to fracture of jaw, gun shot, or • Hematogenous spread
  • 109. Acute inflammation of marrow tissues Spread of exudate along the marrow spaces Thrombosis of vessels due to compression Necrosis of bone Necrotic tissues, dead and dying cell, pus from bacteria → fill the marrow space Involves cortical bone → Lifting of periosteum causing further necrosis PATHOLOGY Finally ,Osteoclastic activity >>> SEQUESTRUM
  • 110. CLINICAL FEATURES Maxilla : localized Mandible : Diffuse and widespread In infants→ NEONATAL MAXILLITIS ORIGIN- Hematogenous spread or local oral infection Seriously ill and may not survive
  • 111. In adults, • Sever pain • Trismus • Parasthesia of lips in case of mandibular involvement • Elevation of temperature • Regional lymphadenopathy • Loosening of teeth and exudation of pus from gingiva • No swelling and redness till periostitis develops
  • 112. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURE Progress rapidly → little evidence Trabeculae becomes fuzzy and indistinct Ill defined margins Ill-defined area of radiolucency of the right body of the mandible
  • 113. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES • Necrotic bone- loss of osteocytes from their lacunae, peripheral resorption and bacterial colonization. • Medullary space→ filled with inflammatory exudates • The inflammatory cells are chiefly PMNs but may show occasional lymphocytes and plasma cells • Osteoblasts bordering the bony trabeculae are destroyed • Trabeculae may lose their viability and begin to undergo slow resorption
  • 114. Nonvital bone exhibits loss of the osteocytes from the lacunae. Peripheral resorption and surrounding inflammatory response alsocan be seen
  • 115. TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS 3D >> 1. Debridement , 2. Drainage and 3. Drugs [Anti-microbial] Sequestrum >> If small, exfoliates through mucosa >> If large, surgical removal Untreated cases may proceed to development of periostitis , soft tissue abscess or cellulitis
  • 116. COMPLICATIONS  Rare but include:  Pathological fracture Extensive bone destruction.  Chronic osteomyelitis Inadequate treatment.  Cellulitis Spread of virulent bacteria.  Septicemia Immuno-compromised patient.
  • 118. CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS Inadequately treated acute osteomyelitis Rarely- complication of irradiation Acute exacerbations of chronic stage may occur Fistulous tract may form which open to surface
  • 119. CLINICAL FEATURES  Swelling  Pain  Sinus formation  Purulent discharge  Sequestrum formation  Tooth loss  Pathologic fracture
  • 120. RADIOLOGICAL FEATURE  Patchy, ragged & ill defined radiolucency.  Often contains radiopaque sequestra.
  • 121. HISTOLOGY  Inflammed connective tissue filling inter-trabecular areas of bone.  Scattered sequestra.  Pockets of abscess. Chronically inflamed and reactive fibrousconnective tissue filling the intertrabecular spaces.
  • 122.  Difficult to manage medically.  Surgical intervention is mandatory, depends on spread of process.  Antibiotics are same as in acute condition but are given through IV in high doses. SMALL LESIONS Curretage, removal of necrotic bone and decortication are sufficient. EXTENSIVE OSTEOMYELITIS Decortication combined with transplantation of cancellous bone chips. PERSISTANT OSTEOMYELITIS Resection of diseased bone followed by immediate reconstruction with an autologous graft is required. Weakened jawbones must be immobilized. TREATMENT
  • 123. CHRONIC FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS ( CONDENSING OSTEITIS) Unusual reaction of bone to infection A reaction to mild bacterial infection entering the bone through a carious tooth in persons who has high degree of tissue reaction and tissue reactivity. In some instances- tissue reacts to the infection by proliferation rather than destruction. The sclerotic reaction results from good patient immunity and a low degree of virulence of the offending bacteria
  • 124. ETIOLOGY Infection of periapical tissues of a high immunity host by organisms of low virulence which leads to a localized bony reaction to a low grade inflammatory stimulus Non- vital tooth
  • 125. CLINICAL FEATURES Commonly affects young adults and children Mandibular molar is affected commonly Large carious lesions Symptoms : mild pain due to infected pulp
  • 126. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES • Pathognomic ,well circumscribed radiopaque mass of sclerotic bone surrounding and extending below the apex of one or both roots • PDL space widening.
  • 127. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES • Dense bony trabeculae with little interstitial marrow tissue • Many reversal and resting lines giving pagetoid appearance • If interstitial soft tissue is present , it is generally fibrotic and infiltrated with small amount of lymphocytes • lacunae appears empty
  • 129. CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS  CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS is the clinical entity characterized by a nonsuppurative, inflammatory process associated with recurrent swelling, trismus and pain Common in edentulous mandible Proliferative reaction of bone to a low grade infection. Portal of entry is diffuse periodontal disease
  • 130. CLINICAL FEATURE Most common in older individual with especially in edentulous mandibular jaws or edentulous areas and does not exhibit any gender predominance. On acute exacerbation results in vague pain ,unpleasant taste and mild suppuration ,many times with the spontaneous formation of a fistula opening onto the mucosal surface to establish drainage.
  • 131. RADIOLOGICAL FEATURE Diffuse patchy, sclerosis of bone (cotton wool appearance). Sometimes bilateral involvement Occationally involvement of both maxilla and mandible of same patient. Border between the sclerosed bone and normal bone is indistinct.
  • 132. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES Dense , irregular trabeculae of bone bordered by active layer of Osteoblasts ; focal Osteoclastic area may be present Trabecular bone with the presence of reparative and reactive new bone formation. There was a marked abundant osteoid and osteoblastic rim. Mosaic pattern appearance- indicative of repeated periods of resorption followed by repair Interstitial soft tissue is fibrotic Proliferating fibroblasts and occasional small capillaries as well as small focal collection of lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • 133. Irregular trabeculae of bone bordered by active layer of Osteoblasts. Proliferating fibroblasts and occasional small capillaries as well as small focal collection of lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • 134. TREATMENT • Lesion is too extensive to be removed surgically • Sclerotic bone is hypovascular and resistant to antibiotics • Bell has recommended extraction of tooth as a last option utilizing a surgical approach with removal of liberal amounts of bone to facilitate extraction and increase bleeding. • Antibiotic administration during acute exacerbation may help
  • 135. SAPHO syndrome It was first described by Chamot et al. in 1987. Rare and of unknown etiology. The synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis In 1994, Kahn et al. (1994) reported three diagnostic criteria for SAPHO syndrome: 1. Multifocal osteomyelitis with or without skin manifestations. 2. Sterile acute or chronic joint inflammation associated with pustules or psoriasis on the palms and soles, acne, or hidradenitis. 3. Sterile osteitis in the presence of one of the skin manifestations
  • 136. CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS WITH PROLIFERATIVE PERIOSTITIS (Garre’s chronic nonsuppurative sclerosing osteitis ,periostitis ossificans) • Garre’s osteomyelitis was first described by Carl Gaffe in 1893 as "a focal gross thickening of periosteum with peripheral reactive bone formation resulting from infection”. • Non -suppurating type of osteomyelitis, with a reactive periosteal thickening due to a low-grade irritation or dental infection.
  • 137. CLINICAL FEATURE Young person before the age of 25 years In jaws- more common in mandible of children and young adults (most cases occur in bicuspid and molar region) Hard swelling over the jaw, producing facial asymmetry with little or no pain. This occur as a result of overlying soft tissue infection or cellulitis subsequently involving periosteum. The overlying skin was normal, but could occasionally be inflammed
  • 139. RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURE IOPA → reveals an carious tooth opposite the hard bony mass Occlusal radiograph →focal overgrowth of bone on the outer surface of the cortex ,which may be described as duplication of the cortical layer of bone .
  • 140. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES Subperiosteal mass is composed of much reactive new bone and osteoid tissue , with Osteoblasts bordering many of trabeculae Trabeculae is perpendicular to cortex and parallel to each other Connective tissue is fibrous and shows sprinkling of lymphocytes and plasma cells
  • 141. TREATMENT • Extraction or endodontic treatment of the teeth • No surgical intervention except biopsy to confirm diagnosis • After extraction the jaws undergo remodeling and facial symmetry is restored • Neoperiostitis or new periosteum formation may occur in certain conditions.
  • 142. SCLEROTIC CEMENTAL MASSES Multiple symmetric lesions producing pain, drainage or localized expansion Common in black females Unknown etiology Large painless radiopaque mass usually involving several quadrants of the jaws. This condition has previously been described as chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, sclerosing osteitis, or gigantiform cementoma, it appears more appropriate to consider these lesions as part of the spectrum of the benign fibro-osseous lesions of periodontal ligament origin
  • 143. HISTOLOGIC FEATURES Cemental masses have tissues interrupted by the cementum unlike diffuse type which mostly have sclerotic bone In some instances ,the cementum is in the form of large solid masses with smooth, lobulated margins often with a globular accretion pattern
  • 144. CELLULITIS/ PHLEGMON Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation of soft tissues which is not circumscribed or confined to one area, but which, in contrary to the abscess, tends to spread through tissue spaces and along fascial spaces. If an abscess is not able to establish drainage through the surface of the skin or into the oral cavity it may spread diffusely through fascial planes of the soft tissue.
  • 145. ETIOLOGY It occurs as a result of infection by microorganisms that produce significant amount of streptokinase, hyaluronidase and fibrinolysins which acts to breakdown or dissolve hyaluronic acid , the universal intracellular cement substance, and fibrin. MICROORGANISMS- Streptococci, Prevotella & Porphyromonas Dental infection Sequela of periapical abscess or osteomyelitis Pericoronitis Tooth extraction or injection with a infected needle
  • 146. PATHOLOGY Streptococci → potent producers of hyaluronidase In their growth phase consume local oxygen Metabolize nutrients to produce → acidic environment Conductive to the subsequent growth of anaerobic microbes Prevotella, Porphyromonas destroy collagen
  • 147. CLINICAL FEATURES  Systemic features →increased body temperature , general fatigue, chills, sweatings, headache, loss of appetite.  Swelling is because of inflammatory edema. If superficial tissue space involved- skin is inflammed, has an orange peel appearance and is even purplish If spread of infection in deeper planes- overlying skin is normal Regional lymphadenitis present
  • 148. In maxilla- Perforates the outer cortical layer of bone above the buccinator attachment → swelling in the upper half of the face. Extension towards eye→ cavernous sinus thrombosis In mandible- Perforates the outer cortical plate below the buccinator attachment → swelling in the lower half of the face. Spread to cervical tissue cause respiratory discomfort Facial abscess and Fistulous tract may occur
  • 150. HISTOLOGICAL FEATURE • A microscopic section through an area of cellulitis shows a diffuse exudation of polymorphoneuclear leukocyte and lymphocyte. • Considerable serous fluid and fibrins causing separation of connective tissue and muscle fibres.
  • 151. COMPLICATION • Cavernous sinus thrombosis • Ludwigs Angina • Facial abscess
  • 152. TREATMENT • Antibiotics • Antianaerobics • Removal of the cause of the infection • To avoid massaging the affected area to avoid spread
  • 153. CONCLUSION  Establishment of proper diagnosis is of utmost importance to carry out the effective clinical procedure for the benefit of patient .  Review after the treatment is also to be given importance  It is essential that we understand the progressive nature of the periapical disease process as well as how and why the various stages occur so they can be diagnosed and managed appropriately.
  • 154. Referance • R Rajendran, B Sivapathasundaram. Shafers textbook of oral pathology 6th ed • Neville ,Damm, Allen, Bouquot. oral and maxillofacial pathology 2nd ed • Shear M, Cysts of the Oral and maxillofacial Regions, 4th Edition. • Stephane Schwartz, Garre’s osteomyelitis: a case report, The American Academy of Pedodontics/Vol. 3, No. 3 • Marc M. Baltensperger, Osteomyelitis of the Jaws.