This document discusses different types of retaining walls used in landscape architecture. It describes gravity retaining walls, pile retaining walls, and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity retaining walls rely on their own weight to stand up, pile retaining walls use deep piles driven into the ground, and cantilever retaining walls are made of reinforced concrete with a thin stem and base slab. The document also discusses anchored retaining walls, which use deep cables or wires driven into the ground for stability on high walls. It notes several factors that are important for stability, such as properly resisting lateral pressure, preventing water accumulation, and using expansion joints.

1. RETAINING WALL
IN LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
Ar.M.Tariq
AR-2014

4. Retain-ing-wall
◦ a wall that holds back earth or water.
◦ A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil,
when there is a desired change in ground elevation

5. Materials used
◦ There are many types of materials that can be used to create retaining walls like concrete blocks,
poured concrete, treated timbers, rocks or boulders. Some are easy to use, others have a shorter
life span, but all can retain soil.

7. Function
◦ providing functional support for keeping soil in place.
◦ helpful in preventing flooding
◦ reduces maintenance and prevents erosion
◦ prevent damage to property or surrounding structures

8. parts

10. types: Gravity retaining wall
◦ A type of retaining wall which depends on its own weight alone to stand up is called a gravity
retaining wall. This retaining wall is massive.
◦ When designing this type of retaining wall, sliding, bearing and overturning forces should be
considered and tested. This is most obvious in dams,

11. Pile retaining wall
◦ In this type of retaining wall, piles are driven so deep into the earth that the top force which
usually tries to push the wall over, is held back.

13. Cantilever retaining walls
◦ These walls are constructed of reinforced concrete. This wall consists of a thin stem and
base slab. The base of this retaining wall is divided into two parts namely the heel and the toe.
◦ This wall uses much less concrete than retaining walls but it needs careful construction and
design. It’s usually economic till 25ft in height. And these walls can either be precast in a
factory or formed on the site.

14. Difference b/w gravity & cantilever
◦ Gravity retaining wall drives its strength from the weight of the material it is made of. Therefore,
it usually has a larger cross section and it is economical for heights less than around 4.5 m.
◦ Cantilever retaining wall derives it's stability through the reinforcement.

15. Which one is this

16. Anchored retaining walls
◦ For high retaining walls, deep cable rods or wires are driven deep sideways into the earth,
then the ends are filled with concrete to provide an “anchor”. These are also known
as tiebacks.
◦ Anchored retaining walls are usually employed in lots of highways construction departments
where they use them to keep rocks from falling on the roads by accidents.

17. Failure

18. Conditions of Stability of Retaining Walls
◦ The wall should be structurally capable of resisting the pressure applied to it.
◦ The wall should be so properly proportioned that it will not get overturned by the lateral
pressure.
◦ It is important to prevent accumulation of water behind a retaining wall. The backing material
should be suitably drained by providing weep holes.
◦ Long masonry retaining walls should be provided with expansion joints located at 6 to 9m
apart.

19. Loads on Retaining Walls
◦ Self weight of retaining wall
◦ Vertical earth pressure
◦ Horizontal Water pressure

20. Design

21. ◦ Toe wall: a low retaining wall especially
◦ return wall. A short wall usually perpendicular to, and at the end of, a freestanding wall to
increase its structural stability
◦ Buttress wall: a structure of stone or brick built against a wall to strengthen or support it.
◦ Curtain wall (architecture), the outer skin of a modern building
◦ A Trombe wall is a sun-facing masonry wall covered with glass spaced a few inches away.
Sunlight passes through the glass and is absorbed and stored by the wall.
◦ Cavity walls consist of two "skins" separated by a hollow space (cavity).
◦ A party wall (occasionally parti-wall or parting wall, also known as common wall) is a dividing
partition between two adjoining buildings that is shared by the occupants of each residence
business.

22. ◦ A firewall is a fire-resistant barrier used to prevent the spread of fire for a prescribed period of
time.
◦ sleeper-wall. Wall, usually perforated to allow free passage of air.
◦ Ha-ha walls consist of a sunken stone wall-its top level with the garden, with a deep ditch on
the far side: an effective barrier to livestock.
◦ A Bremer wall, or T-wall, is a twelve-foot-high portable, steel-reinforced concrete blast wall of
the type used for blast protection throughout Iraq and Afghanistan.
◦ So, a knee wall is a short vertical wall roughly two or three feet high that "blocks in" that
useless triangular space.
◦ Namako wall or Namako-kabe is a Japanese wall design widely used for vernacular houses