The document provides guidance on writing a research paper, including its purpose and structure. It discusses the key parts of a research paper such as the introduction, methodology, and conclusion. The introduction should state the topic and its importance. The methodology section explains how the research was conducted, including data collection and analysis methods used. The conclusion restates the main points and leaves the reader with a final impression. The document also provides examples and prompts for writing each section of a research paper.

1. Parts of a research paper
Ar.M.Tariq

2. What is a research paper?
• A research paper is an essay in which you explain what you have
learned after exploring your topic in depth.
• A research paper is an expanded essay that presents your own
interpretation or evaluation or argument.

3. Purpose of a research paper
• The goal of a research paper is to bring together different views,
evidence, and facts about a topic from books, articles, and interviews,
then interpret the information into your own writing.
• The purpose of research is to enhance society by advancing
knowledge through the development of scientific theories, concepts
and ideas.

4. How to write a research paper
• Step 1: Choosing a Topic
Once you have a broad subject area, narrow it down to choose a topic
that interests you.
you may also need to ask a specific research question—a broad, open-
ended question that will guide your research
Use four P approach

5. Inverted triangle method

6. • Step 2: Planning and Scheduling
Before you start researching your topic, take time to plan your
researching and writing schedule.

7. • Step 3: Conducting Research
When going about your research, you will likely use a variety of
sources—anything from books and periodicals to video presentations
and in-person interviews.
Your sources will include both primary sources and secondary sources.

8. • Step 4: Organizing Research and the Writer’s Ideas
When your research is complete, you will organize your findings and
decide which sources to cite in your paper.

9. Most important part
• Step 5: Drafting Your Paper

10. How to title your paper:
• Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.
• Avoid using abbreviations.
• Use words that create a positive impression and stimulate reader
interest.
• Use current nomenclature from the field of study.

11. 1. Abstract
• An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph of 300 words or
less, the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence
that includes:
• 1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you
investigated;
• 2) the basic design of the study;
• 3) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.

12. • An abstract is like a movie trailer. People will only consider reading
the rest of the manuscript if they find your abstract interesting.

15. Activity: Give a topic to this study

16. • Note: Your abstract should read like an overview of your paper, not a
proposal for what you intended to study or accomplish. Avoid
beginning your sentences with phrases like, “This essay will
examine...” or “In this research paper I will attempt to prove...”

18. 2. Introduction part ( two pages)
• The first job of the introduction is to tell the reader what your topic is
and why it’s interesting or important. Also introduce building type, its
history and types.
This is generally accomplished with a strong opening hook.
• For example, the following could be an effective hook for an
argumentative paper about the environmental impact of cattle
farming:
• Argumentative paper hook
• Are cows responsible for climate change?

19. • A recent study (RIVM, 2019) shows that cattle farmers account for
two thirds of agricultural nitrogen emissions in the Netherlands.
These emissions result from nitrogen in manure, which can degrade
into ammonia and enter the atmosphere. The study’s calculations
show that agriculture is the main source of nitrogen pollution,
accounting for 46% of the country’s total emissions. By comparison,
road traffic and households are responsible for 6.1% each, the
industrial sector for 1%.

21. Assignment:
• Write:
• Topic
• Abstract
• introduction for your mini thesis project

22. Methodology
• you will have to discuss the methods you used to do your research.
• The methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it,
allowing readers to evaluate the research.

23. • The type of research you did
• How you collected your data
• How you analyzed your data

24. • Any tools or materials you used in the research
• Your rationale for choosing these methods
• The methodology section should generally be written in the past
tense.

25. Explain your methodological approach
• For example, did you aim to systematically describe the
characteristics of something, or to establish a cause-and-effect
relationship?
• Did you need quantitative data (expressed in numbers) or qualitative
data (expressed in words)?
• Did you need to collect primary data yourself, or did you use
secondary data that was collected by someone else?
• Did you gather experimental data by controlling and manipulating
variables, or descriptive data by gathering observations without
intervening?

26. Quantitative & qualitative methods
• The way in which you choose to measure something is
your methodology
• Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the
statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected
through polls, questionnaires, and surveys.
• Qualitative data describes qualities or characteristics

27. • Introduce your instruments. Indicate the instruments you are going
to use in collecting your data and explain how you are going to use
them. These tools and instruments can be your surveys,
questionnaires for interviews, observation, etc.

29. Online education & learning experience? Give
your conclusion:

30. What is a Conclusion in your research paper?
• The conclusion of a research paper is where you wrap up your ideas
and leave the reader with a strong final impression.

31. How to write your conclusion?
• a good rule of thumb is to restate your first statement.
• Your conclusion should also refer back to your introduction,
summarize three main points of your findings and wrap it all up with
a final observation

32. • if you conclude with an interesting insight, readers will be happy to
have spent time on your writing & will quote you

33. How to start:
• The purpose of this research was to
• Identify
• Find
• Investigate
• effective strategies for library design which will work in pandemics as
well. Based on the analysis conveyed, it can be concluded that there
are three main configurations & spatial layouts which can be use to
make people isolate while giving them ease in reading.

34. Example:
• verdict is there is no connection between the school sports team and
the level of academic performance of the school athletes. I have
explored several studies to prove that. None of the researches
showed that the IQ test results of the high school athletes are lower
than the scores of the rest of the students.

35. How to write references: the last part
Volume (usually the number of years since publication of the series began) 26 saal purana
Issue is the month in which it is publishes. Eg. 08 is august

37. I wrote a paper in 2016 on topic “ energy
consumption in green buildings”
• It published in journal “ sustainable buildings” in 2017. this journal is
10 years old from Netherland.
• Write reference for my journal.