This document discusses the design and construction of cantilevered retaining walls, which are used to retain earth or loose material. It outlines various types of retaining walls, their modes of failure, and case studies illustrating failures due to external pressures such as earthquakes. Further, it provides design considerations, factors of safety for sliding and overturning, and recommendations for backfill materials and compaction techniques.

1. TEAM MEMBERS :-
1. KUMAR AMAN 7.HRIDKAMAL BISWAS
2. SONU KUMAR 8.ANKITA DEKA
3. KAMAL SINGH 9.RAJEEV KUMAR
4. RAVINDRA VERMA 10.DHEERAJ MEENA
5. VIKAS KUMAR
6. NIHAL SINGH

2. Design And Construction Of
Cantilevered Retaining Walls

3. RETAINING WALLS
• The structures which are constructed to retain
the earth or other loose material which are
unable to stand vertically by itself are called as
“retaining walls”.
• They can also be used to support grounds at
different levels on both sides of wall.
• The material retained by wall is called as
“backfill”.

4. TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS
On the basis of shape & mode of resisting
pressure due to backfill.
1. Gravity retaining wall
2. Semi-Gravity retaining wall
3. Cantilever retaining wall
4. Counterfort retaining wall
5. Buttress wall

5. 1. GRAVITY RETAINING WALL
•The walls which resists the earth pressure due to backfill by its own weight.
•They are constructed with stone masonry or plain concrete.

6. 2. SEMI-GRAVITY RETAINING WALL
• The size of section of a gravity retaining wall may be
reduced if a small amount of reinforcement is provided
near the back face. Such walls are known as Semi-
gravity retaining wall.

7. 3.CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
• Cantilever retaining walls are made of reinforced cement concrete.
• The wall consist of a thin stem and a base slab cast monolithically.

8. 4. COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL
• Counterfort retaining walls have thin vertical slabs, known as Counterfort,
spaced across the vertical stem at regular intervals.
• Counterforts tie vertical stem with the base slab.
•The purpose of providing Counterfort is to reduce shear force &bending
moment in the vertical stem & the base slab.

9. 5. BUTTRESS WALL
• It is similar to the Counterfort retaining wall in which Counterfort, called as
buttresses are provided on the opposite side of the backfill & act as compression
struts.

10. MODES OF FAILURE
There are 5
types of
modes of
failure
• Sliding Failure
• Overturning Failure
• Bearing capacity Failure
• Shallow shear Failure
• Deep shear Failure

11. Case 1
• In San Diego, California , failure in retaining
wall was observed.
• The wall was constructed as a basement wall
for a large building .In 1984, the building was
demolished and the site was turned into a
parking lot.
• The basement wall received lateral support
from the foundation , a bowstring roof truss,
and perpendicular building walls.

12. • When the building was demolished , the
retaining wall became a cantilevered wall with
no lateral support except from footing.
Active Earth Pressure
`
Cracks
Lateral Support

13. • Hence this case is remarkable case of failure
of retaining wall due to reduction of lateral
pressure.
• The movement of wall versus time is not at
constant rate ,but rather intermittent.
• Data indicates that as the wall moves
forward,cracks open up and lateral movement
ceases for a while.

14. As Wall moves
forward
Soil thrust is
reduced
Takes time for
soil to re-contact
with back face of
the wall

16. Case 2
• This case study involves damage of retaining
caused by Northridge earthquake(january 17
,1994) in california.
• The magnitude of earthquake was recorded to
be 6.7 in richter scale.

17. Factors affecting the magnitude of
earthquake forces on the wall-
• Size of wall.
• Distance of retaining wall from the earth
quake epicenter.
• Duration of earthquake.
• Mass of soil retained by wall.
• Property of soil.

18. • In this case the EQSEARCH a computer
programme was used to estimate the peak
ground acceleration at that location.
• So , we can estimate the additional force
exerted by earthquake.

19. CROSS SECTION THROUGH HOUSE

20. • A retaining wall was constructed near the top
of the slop and the house was built in front of
the wall.
• The house provides lateral support to some
portion of retaining wall and those portions
didn’t sustain any damage during earthquake.
• The portion of retaining wall that didn’t
recieve lateral support from the house
experienced tilting and cracking during
Northridge earthquake .

21. • In this case additional earthquake force is
exerted on the wall.
• Also,The affect of Northridge earthquake was
to densify the backfill and increase the lateral
pressure.
• So, it is a case of failure of retaining wall in
which additional forces gerenated by
earthquake was not considered in design.

22. DESIGN OF CANTILEVERED RETAINING
WALLS

23. FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR SLIDING
• The factor of safety for sliding of the retaining
wall is defined as the resisting forces divided
by the driving force.
• F = (Sliding friction force + Allowable passive
resultant force)/ active earth pressure
resultant force
=(μW+Pp)/Pa

24. Where,
μ = friction coefficient between the concrete
foundation and bearing soil
W=resultant vertical force
Pp=passive resultant force
Pa=active earth resultant force

25. Factor Of safety for Overturning
• The factor of safety for overturning of the
retaining wall is calculated by taking moments
about the toe of the footing .
• F = Stabilizing Moment/Overturning Moment
=Wx’/(1/3)PaH
Where x’=distance from the resultant vertical
force the toe of the footing
Pa=active earth resultant force

26. TYPE OF BACKFILL MATERIAL
1.) Clean granular sand or gravel
Because of the undesirable effect of clay or silt
(swelling pressure on the wall , hydrostatic
forces on the wall)
2.)Sometimes Soil available at site

27. Compaction of Backfill Material
• The best compaction equipment are small
vibrator plate , such as VPG 160B and
BP19/75.
• The vibrator plates effectively densify the
granular backfill but do not induce high lateral
loads because of their light weight.

28. Thank
You