building construction

1. wall/masonary
 wall
Wall is a structure defining an exact area and
providing safety & shelter. There are various types
of walls used in the construction of buildings given
below

2. wall/masonary
Types of Walls
Load Bearing (solid load bearing wall)
•Load bearing wall is a structural element. It carries the weight of a house from
the roof and upper floors, all the way to the foundation. It supports structural
members like beams(sturdy pieces of wood or metal), slab and walls on above
floors above. A wall directly above the beam is called load bearing wall. It is
designed to carry the vertical load. In another way, if a wall doesn’t have any
walls, posts or other supports directly above it, it is more likely to be a load-
bearing wall. direction as the ridge

3. wall/masonary
types of load bearing wall(solid load bearing
wall)
•Retaining Wall
•Masonry Wall
•Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls
•Engineering Brick Wall
•Stone Wall

4. wall/masonary
•Non-Load Bearing Wall
• A wall which doesn’t help the structure to stand up and holds
up only itself is known as a non-load bearing wall. It doesn’t
support floor roof loads above. It is a framed structure. Most
of the time, They are interior walls whose purpose is to
divide the structure into rooms.

5. wall/masonary
•Non-Load Bearing Wall
•Hollow Concrete Block
•Facade Bricks
•Hollow Bricks
•Brick Walls

6. wall/masonary
Types of Walls
•Cavity Walls
•Shear Walls
•Partition Walls
•Panel Walls
•Veneered Walls
•Faced Walls

7. wall/masonary
Types of Walls
•Cavity Walls
•The cavity wall consists of two separate wythes. The wythes are
made of masonry. Those two walls are known as internal leaf and
external leaf. This wall is also known as a hollow wall.

8. wall/masonary
Types of Walls
Shear Walls
•It is a framed wall. It is designed to resist lateral forces.
This lateral force comes from exterior walls, floor, and
roofs to ground foundation. The usage of the shear wall
is important, especially in large and high-rise buildings. It
is typically constructed from materials like concrete or
masonry.

9. wall/masonary
Types of Walls
Partition Walls
•It is used in separating spaces from buildings. It can be solid,
constructed from brick or stone. It is a framed construction. The
partition wall is secured to the floor, ceiling, and walls. It is enough
strong to carry its own load.

10. wall/masonary
Types of Walls
Panel Walls
•It is a non-bearing wall between columns or pillars that are
supported. The panel is installed with both nails and adhesive. The
paneling design choices include rustic, boards, frame. Paneling can
be from hardwoods or inexpensive pine. One should paint the space
before installing panel walls.

11. wall/masonary
Types of Walls
Veneered Walls
•With a veneered wall, we are holding up the material. It can be
made of brick or stone. The most famous veneered wall is made of
brick. The wall is thick.

12. wall/masonary
Types of Walls
Faced Walls
•It is a wall that masonry facing and backing are so
bonded as to exert common action under load. It
creates a streamlined look. The faced wall is easy
to install.

13. wall/masonary
Wall masonary
•Masonry walls are the most durable part of any building or structure.
Masonry is the word utilized for development with mortar as a
coupling material with singular units of blocks, stones, marbles,
rocks, solid squares, tiles, and so forth. Mortar is a blend of
restricting material with sand. Restricting materials can be concrete,
lime, soil, or any other constructing materials

14. wall/masonary
Type of wall masonary
1.Load-bearing masonry wall
2.Reinforced masonry wall
3.Hollow/Cavity masonry wall
4.Composite masonry wall
5.Post-tensioned masonry wall

15. wall/masonary
Type of wall masonary
1. Load-bearing Masonry Wall
A load-bearing wall is a wall that bears a load reposing
upon it, which depends on weight construction and the
work of foundation structure. Usually, this type of wall is
used for large buildings. e.g. housing or tall buildings
construction work. It is mainly made with brick, concrete
blocks, or stone.

16. wall/masonary
Type of wall masonary
2. Reinforced Masonry Wall
A reinforced masonry wall is made with any type of brick,
concrete, or other types of masonry materials that
strengthened the use of other building's materials to
increase resistance to deterioration due to weight-
bearing or other forms of stress.

17. wall/masonary
Type of wall masonary
3. Hollow/Cavity Masonry Wall
Hollow masonry walls are made with cement blocks. This type of
masonry wall is used to stop dampness from getting inside the
building. It creates a hollow area between the outside and inside of
masonry walls. Cavity walls will also assist with climate control.

18. wall/masonary
Type of wall masonary
4. Composite Masonry Walls
Composite Masonry walls are made with the combination of two or
more building materials; stones and bricks or hollow bricks and
bricks. The purpose of this type of wall construction is –reduce the
overall cost of construction and make the structure durable by
providing materials of better quality and good workmanship in the
faces.

19. wall/masonary
Type of wall masonary
Type of Composite Masonry Walls
•Brick Backed Ashlar
•Brick facing with Rubble or Concrete Backing
•Stone facing with Brick, Rubble, or concrete Backing

20. wall/masonary
Type of wall masonary
5. Post-tensioned Masonry Wall
•Post-tensioning provides an additional axial load to masonry
structures and thus increases resistance to lateral force. This type of
wall has over their conventionally reinforced equivalents, such as
increased in-plane strength and the absence of residual post-
earthquake wall displacements.

21. wall/masonary
Function and features of lintel
Lintel defination
•To support the load from the structure above
from the building, the lintel is a beam that is
placed across the openings like windows, doors,
etc.
•To the width of a wall, the width of the lintel
beam is equal, and the lintel beam is end to the
end of the walls.

22. wall/masonary
Function and features of lintel
1.The function of the lintel is, to support the load from the
structure above from the building, the lintel is a beam that
is placed across the openings like windows, doors, etc.
2.The function of the lintel beam is, it is constructed to
transfer the imposed load that’s coming from the
superstructure to the side walls

23. wall/masonary
Function and features of lintel
3.The function of a lintel is sometimes it is used
as a decorative purpose for the structure.
4.The function of the lintel is, it provides a safe
guard of the doors and windows.
5.The lintel is provide the stability to the
structure. It is another important function of the
lintel.

24. wall/masonary
Construction method of lintel
1.Timber Lintel
Timber lintels were mostly used, in the olden
days of construction.
But nowadays they are replaced by many
modern techniques, but in the hilly areas, the
timber lintel is mostly used.

25. CHAPTER.4
wall/masonary

26. wall/masonary
Construction method of lintel
2. Brick Lintel
The brick lintel is generally used when lesser loads are
acting on the structure and the opening is less than 1m.
depending upon the span the depth of the brick lintel is
varies from 10 cm to 20 cm.

27. CHAPTER.4
wall/masonary

28. wall/masonary
Construction method of lintel
3. Reinforced Brick Lintel
The reinforced brick lintel is generally used where the span is
greater than 1m and heavy loads are acting on the structure.
multiple of 10 cm or 10 cm to 15 cm, the depth of reinforced
brick lintel should be equal

29. wall/masonary

30. wall/masonary
Construction method of lintel
4. Stone Lintel
The reinforced brick lintel is generally used where the span
is greater than 1m and heavy loads are acting on the
structure.
multiple of 10 cm or 10 cm to 15 cm, the depth of
reinforced brick lintel should be equal

31. wall/masonary

32. wall/masonary
Construction method of lintel
5. Reinforced Cement Concrete Lintel
The reinforced cement concrete lintel is widely used to span
the openings for windows, doors, etc.
In a structure because of its rigidity, strength, economy,
fire resistance, and ease in construction.

33. CHAPTER.4
wall/masonary
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34. wall/masonary
Construction method of lintel
6. Steel Lintel
The steel lintel is used where the openings are large and
the superimposed loads are heavy.
The steel lintel is consisting of rolled steel joists or channel
sections.

35. wall/masonary

36. wall/masonary
Function and features of sill
Sill defination
The sill level are similar to the lintel level but it is
constructed below the window and its length is the same as
the length of the window only. the height at which this sill
is constructed is called the sill level.

37. wall/masonary
Jamb defination
The term ‘jamb’ typically refers to the vertical up-
right components that form the sides or of door or
window frames. Window frames are typically formed
by two side jambs, a horizontal cill across the bottom
and a horizontal member across the top sometimes
referred to as the head jamb or headjamb

38. wall/masonary
Jamb construction technique
1.Jamb construction on door
A jamb is the flat surface that runs vertically up
either side of the door frame. The door jamb is
vital to the running of the door. This is where the
hinges are placed to hang the door, as well as the
striker plate on the opposite door jamb which
helps you to open, close and lock your door.

39. wall/masonary
Jamb construction technique
1.Jamb construction window
Jambs are the main vertical parts
forming the sides of a window frame.
Sill. A sill is the main horizontal part
forming the bottom of the frame of a
window.