The respiratory system is made up of organs involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe, lungs, and the processes of inhalation and exhalation. The upper respiratory tract comprises the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and larynx while the lower respiratory tract is made up of the lungs, bronchi and bronchioles, and alveoli. Respiration can be aerobic, using oxygen to produce energy, or anaerobic, producing energy without oxygen. Common respiratory diseases include asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
Lesson 14 digestive, circulatory, lymphatic and respiratory systemNikko Lorenz Lawsin
This presentation contain the components of digestive system, circulatory system, lymphatic system and respiratory system. It discusses thoroughly the physiological processes perform by these systems
The urinary system, components, the urine formation process, The gross structure of the kidney, Microscope structure of the kidney, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
Lesson 14 digestive, circulatory, lymphatic and respiratory systemNikko Lorenz Lawsin
This presentation contain the components of digestive system, circulatory system, lymphatic system and respiratory system. It discusses thoroughly the physiological processes perform by these systems
The urinary system, components, the urine formation process, The gross structure of the kidney, Microscope structure of the kidney, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System
These presentation slides are all about Invertebrates and the topics are explained in conceptual manner. If anybody follow to these presentation slides i sure that he/ she will feel blessed
Unit-III, chapter-2- Lymphatic System,
Functions of Lymphatic System,
Major Parts of Lymphatic System,
Composition of Lymph,
Lymph and Lymphatic Capillaries,
Structure of lymph node,
Mechanisms of Lymph Flow,
Functions of Lymph Node,
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT),
As per PCI syllabus,
B. Pharm. First Year,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I.
Process which involves taking in oxygen into the cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food and then eliminating the waste products like carbon dioxide and water from the bodyBREATHINGMechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxideIt is a physical processIt involves lungs of the organism
It is a catabolic process as the food is broken down into simpler form. In short, respiration is a biochemical activity taking place with in the protoplasm of the cell and results in the liberation of energy
( The anaerobic respiration in human muscle tissue produces lactic acid as an end product during vigorous physical exercise)
Human respiratory system powerpoint presentationRitu Sharma
All living organisms guzzle food to produce energy for the consistent working of the body. This is precisely what we do through the method of respiration. Respiration is the natural process through which all the cells of living organisms acquire the energy to accomplish certain life processes that are crucial for existence. Glucose from the food that the animals ingest, gets fragmented down into simpler elements and energy is released. As respiration takes place in the cells of organisms, it is called cellular respiration
These presentation slides are all about Invertebrates and the topics are explained in conceptual manner. If anybody follow to these presentation slides i sure that he/ she will feel blessed
Unit-III, chapter-2- Lymphatic System,
Functions of Lymphatic System,
Major Parts of Lymphatic System,
Composition of Lymph,
Lymph and Lymphatic Capillaries,
Structure of lymph node,
Mechanisms of Lymph Flow,
Functions of Lymph Node,
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT),
As per PCI syllabus,
B. Pharm. First Year,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I.
Process which involves taking in oxygen into the cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food and then eliminating the waste products like carbon dioxide and water from the bodyBREATHINGMechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxideIt is a physical processIt involves lungs of the organism
It is a catabolic process as the food is broken down into simpler form. In short, respiration is a biochemical activity taking place with in the protoplasm of the cell and results in the liberation of energy
( The anaerobic respiration in human muscle tissue produces lactic acid as an end product during vigorous physical exercise)
Human respiratory system powerpoint presentationRitu Sharma
All living organisms guzzle food to produce energy for the consistent working of the body. This is precisely what we do through the method of respiration. Respiration is the natural process through which all the cells of living organisms acquire the energy to accomplish certain life processes that are crucial for existence. Glucose from the food that the animals ingest, gets fragmented down into simpler elements and energy is released. As respiration takes place in the cells of organisms, it is called cellular respiration
Respiration Process which involves taking in oxygen into the cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food and then eliminating the waste products like carbon dioxide and water from the body It is a catabolic process as the food is broken down into simpler form. In short, respiration is a biochemical activity taking place with in the protoplasm of the cell and results in the liberation of energy
2. Breathing and Respiration BREATHING 1. Mechanism by which organisms obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide 2. It is a physical process 3. It involves lungs of the organism RESPIRATION 1. It includes breathing and oxidation of food in the cells of the organism to release energy 2. It is a biochemical process 3. It involves the mitochondria in the cells where food is oxidized to release energy
Respiration.
Types of respiration.
Various modes of respiration in animals.
Human respiratory system.
Upper respiratory tract.
Nose.
Pharynx.
Larynx.
Lower respiratory tract.
Trachea.
Bronchi and bronchioles.
Lungs.
Mechanism of respiration.
Exchange of gases.
Functions of respiratory system.
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 6 Respiratory System.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 6:
The structure and functions of respiratory organs
The physiology of respiration
Characteristics of normal respiration and deviation
Respiratory system
The respiratory system is the one of vital organs that involve in respiration
Play important role in the intake and exchange of O2 and CO2 .
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:
Exchanging air between the body and the outside environment known as external respiration.
Bringing O2 to the cells and removing CO2 from them referred to as internal respiration.
Parts of respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract: (outside thorax)
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Nose:
Also called external nares.
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum.
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed.
Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies.
Pharynx:
Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Commonly called the throat.
Start from the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
There are 3 types:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx:
Voice box is a short, cylindrical airway - ends in the trachea.
Prevents swallowed materials entering into the lower respiratory tract.
It Passes air into the lower respiratory tract.
Produces sounds.
Supported by cartilage help to held in place by ligaments and muscles.
Voice is produced by vibration of the vocal folds or vocal cords. The vocal folds are a pair of pliable shelves of tissue that stretch across the top of the trachea (windpipe). They are enclosed within the thyroid cartilage. The vocal folds, together with the muscles and cartilages that support them, are known as the larynx.
Biologically, the larynx evolved as a valve to protect the airway and lungs. Thus, it is positioned where the airway and the esophagus separate. The vocal folds open to allow breathing and close during swallowing to prevent food from entering into the lungs and during voicing.
Trachea:
A flexible tube also called windpipe.
Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
Cartilage rings help the trachea to remains open at all times.
Bronchus:
The two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs.
Left and right main bronchus in each lung.
Each bronchus divided into bronchioles
Lung:
Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
Its superior part called the apex
Both lungs are supported anteriorly by thoracic wall, laterally, and posteriorly by the rib cage.
Mediastinum
Left lung: divided into 2 lobes by, smaller than the right lung & cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right lung: divided into 3 lobes by, located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
Pleura:
The outer surface of each lung covered by a layer called pleura.
The outer - parietal pleura & the internal - visceral pleura.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. RESPIRATION
Respiration is the act of breathing.
INHALING –The act of breathing in oxygen.
EXHALING –The act of breathing out carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system is made up of the organs included in the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.These are the parts:
Nose
Mouth
Throat (pharynx)
Voice box (larynx)
Windpipe
Large airways ( bronchi)
Lungs
3. The upper respiratory tract is made up of the:
Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
The lower respiratory tract is made up of the:
Lungs
Bronchi and bronchioles
Air sacs (alveoli)
4. Types of Respiration
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Takes place in the presence
of O2 to produce energy.
Glucose (CH2O6) + 6O2 +
6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical
energy (ATP).
Glucose breaks down into
CO2 and H2O.
All higher organisms
including mammals have
this type of respiration.
Takes place in the absence of
O2 to produce energy.
Glucose lactic acid +
energy (ATP)
Glucose breaks down into
lactic acid and energy.
Lower organisms such as
bacteria, yeast use this type
and process is seen in the
muscles of human beings
during any physical activity.
This respiration is carried out by a system of organs known as Respiratory System
5.
6. Parts of Respiratory Track
1. Nose: It is the part of entry for atmospheric air.
External – Nostrils
Internal – Nasal Chambers
Functions- > Olfaction (smelling)
> Respiration (breathing)
• And each nasal cavity is divided into Olfactory
Respiratory Region
• Filtration of foreign particles from inspired air and humidifying
the air .
• The two openings in the nose called – Nostrils
Nostrils-They lead to 2 nasal cavities, that are separated by the
septum, a wall of cartilage.
• Inside the face is an intricate system of canals and pockets of air
called Sinus Cavities.
Sinus Cavities- Span all the way to the back of the skull, right above
the oral cavity within the cheek bones and between the eyes
and brows.
7. • The nose smells with the olfactory deft which
is the roof of the nasal cavity – It is right next
to smelling part of the brain which consist of
the Olfactory Bulb.
Olfactory Bulb- It has many nerve endings that
carry smell sensations to the brain.
• A sticky fluid called Mucous.
Mucous- Act as a radiator that warms up and
moistens the air passes into the body.
8.
9.
10. 2. Pharynx- It is a common passage at the back
of mouth for air and food.
• Air enters the front tube calledTrachea.
Trachea- Opening of the wind pipe guarded by a
Muscular Flap called Epiglottis.
Epiglottis- Allow air to pass into the larynx and
lungs.
11. 3. Larynx- Located at the start of the trachea is a hollow
cartilaginous structure calledVoice Box.
The trachea divides in theThoracic cavity into 2 Bronchi
Left , Right
|
Enters into lungs called BronchialTree (Smallest Branches
called Bronchioles).
Functions
Deglutition means swallowing
Protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
Respiration means breathing.
Phonation means voice production commonly called voice
box.
12. 4. Alveoli: Provide surface for gaseous exchange.
They are lined by a fluid layer known as
Surfactant which maintains the shape and
surface tension of the air sac by maintaining
surface tension there is more surface area
through which O2 and CO2 molecules can pass.
• During inhalation, Alveoli expand as the negative
pressure in the chest is created by contraction of
the diaphragm during exhalation the alveoli
recoil (spring back) as the diaphragm relaxes.
• Elastic structure and smooth muscle fiber each
alveolus is covered with a thick net of capillaries.
13. 5. Lungs – It is located in the chest, behind the rib cage on
either side of the heart.
• The main function of the lungs is to perform the
exchange of O2 and CO2 with air from the atmosphere.
• 2 Large spongy organs, that fill nearly the entire
thoracic cavity (chest).
• Lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and
capillaries.
• Enveloped in layers of tissue called Pleura.
• Expand and contract to fill up with gas.
• The lungs take in oxygen.The cells of your body cells
need oxygen to live and carry out their normal
functions.
• The lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste
product of the cells.
• The lungs are a pair of cone- shaped organs made up of
spongy, pinkish- gray tissue.
14. • They take up most of the space in the chest (thorax).
• The lungs are surrounded by a membrane (pleura).
• The right lung has 3 sections, called lobes.The left lobe has
2 lobes, when you breathe.
• Air enters your body through your nose or mouth.
• Air then travels down the throat through the larynx and
trachea.
• Air goes into the lungs through tubes called main – stem
bronchi.
• One main stem bronchus leads to the right lung and one to
the left lung:
• In the lungs, the main stem bronchi divide into smaller
bronchi.
• The smaller bronchi divide into even smaller tubes
(bronchioles).
• Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs (alveoli) where the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.
15. • Mediastinum – it is a part of the chest that lies between the
sternum and the spinal column, and between the lungs.This area
contains the heart, large blood vessels, wind pipe (trachea) ,
thymes gland, esophagus, and connective tissues.
Functions
Supplies the body with O2 and disposes of CO2.
Filters inspired Air.
Produces sound.
Clears the body from excess water and heat
Control blood PH.
Primary Function
To obtain O2 for use by body cells and eliminate CO2 that cells
produce.
Breathing – PulmonaryVentilation – consist of 2 cyclic phases.
Inhalation- Also called inspiration (draws gases into the lungs).
Exhalation- Also called expiration forces gases out of the body).
16. Bones
Hyoid Bones –
The hyoid bone has two important functions-
It holds up the tongue, which sits above it,
and it holds up the larynx, which hangs below
it.
It also transmits the force of muscles that
help to open the jaw.
17.
18. Cartilages
The cricoids cartilage-
It is a ring of cartilage that surrounds the trachea, or
windpipe.
It is located near the middle and center of the neck.
This cartilage consists of strong connective tissue
constituting the dorsal (back) part of larynx, or voice box.
This cartilage is found in ribs, nose, trachea, larynx.
Function of this Cartilage
support the body
Provides a framework.
Provides attachment sites for muscles.
Protect underlying tissue.
Helps provide flexibility.
Form structural models for growing bones.
19. Hyaline cartilage-
It is a type of connective tissue. It is one of the
three types of cartilage; the other two types
are elastic cartilage and fibro cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage it is the most abundant
type of cartilage in the body.
Hyaline cartilage is high in collagen, a protein
that is found not only in connective tissue but
also in skin and bones, and helps hold the
body together.
Hyaline cartilage provides support and
flexibility to different parts of the body.
20. Epiglottis cartilage-
The epiglottis is flap of cartilage located in the throat
behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.
The epiglottis is usually upright at rest allowing air to pass
into the larynx and lungs.
When a person swallows the epiglottis folds backward to
cover the entrance of the larynx so food and liquid do not
enter the windpipe and lungs.
After swallowing the epiglottis returns to its original
upright position.
The epiglottis is located in the larynx and attached to the
thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone.
Its movement are regulated by the passive pressure from
the tongue as it pushes the food down the pharynx.
The trachea is lined with a moist mucous- membrane layer
composed of cells containing small hair like projections
called CILIA.