The document provides an extensive overview of the circulatory system in both plants and animals, highlighting the components and functions of blood, including red and white blood cells, platelets, and their respective roles in transport and immune defense. It discusses types of blood circulation, properties of blood, and the importance of the lymphatic system in fluid transport and immune responses. Additionally, it covers blood clotting mechanisms, blood transfusions, and the significance of blood group systems in medical contexts.

1. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
JEGATHEESWARI KARTHIK

2. Make connections
How are these two things connected?
In plants
1. Water transport
2. Food Transport
3. Exchange of gases
In Animals
1. Digested food
2. Oxygen and Carbon
dioxide
3. Extra water, salts, and
nitrogenous wastes ( Urea)
4. Hormones
What connects
these concepts?
Transport in
Plants
Transport in
animals

3. NEED FOR TRANSPORT INSIDE THE BODY
The digestive system
The respiratory
system
The Excretory system The Endocrine system

4. COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
BLOOD
RBC
WBC
PLATELETS
HEART
BLOOD
VESSELS
ARTERIES
VEINS
CAPILLARIES

5. COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

6. COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

7. BODY FLUIDS
BODY FLUID LOCATION
BLOOD Present in heart and blood vessels [such as
arteries, veins and capillaries]
TISSUE FLUID Present in the interspace between cells in organs
LYMPH Present within lymph vessels and lymphatic organs
such as spleen and tonsils

8. TISSUE FLUIDS
Occupying space between the cells in the organs

9. LYMPH LYMPH
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs
that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted
materials.
The primary function of the lymphatic system is to
transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white
blood cells, throughout the body

10. LYMPH
The lymphatic system primarily consists of lymphatic
vessels, which are similar to the veins and capillaries of
the circulatory system.
The vessels are connected to lymph nodes, where the
lymph is filtered. The tonsils, adenoids, spleen and
thymus are all part of the lymphatic system.

11. CONNECTION BETWEEN BLOOD AND LYMPH

13. TYPES OF BLOOD
CIRCULATION
Closed blood circulatory system
The blood in our body circulates in a closed
manner through blood vessels.
Open blood circulatory system
In certain animals the blood flows through
open spaces in the body. Eg. Insects

15. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
1. Never stationary
2. Colour - Thick fluid, bright red when
taken from an artery or dark red when
taken from a vein.
3. Volume - An average adult human has 5-
6 litres of blood by volume.

16. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
4. Taste - Saltish
Slightly alkaline with the ph 7.3 to 7.45

17. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
1. Transport
2. Protection

18. TRANSPORT OF BLOOD
1. Transport of digested food
2. Transport of Oxygen
3. Transport of carbon dioxide
4. Transport of excretory material
5. Distribution of Hormones
6. Distribution of heat

19. TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN
 Red blood cells contain Haemoglobin
 Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to
form unstable compound oxy
haemoglobin
 After reaching tissues it will break up
and delivered

23. TRANSPORT OF CARBON
DIOXIDE
 From the tissues, it has to be transported
to the lungs.
 1. partly in association with
haemoglobin
 2. partly as solution in blood plasma.

25. TRANSPORT OF
EXCRETORY MATERIAL
 From the tissues, the
excretory material is
transported to liver, kidney,
or skin

26. PREVENTION BY BLOOD
 Blood forms clot which helps
1. Further loss of blood
2. The entry of disease causing
germs
 Engulf bacteria
 Produces antitoxins and
antibodies

27. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
 Blood consists of
1. Plasma
2. Cellular elements

28. BLOOD PLASMA
 Fluid part of blood
 55-60% of blood
 Light –Yellow colour
 Alkaline
 Water – 90-92%
 Proteins - 7-8%(Albumin,
Globulin)
 Inorganic salts - 1% (Sodium Chloride,
Sodium Bicarbonate)

29. BLOOD PLASMA
 Other substances - Traces
 It includes Glucose, Amino acids ,
Fibrinogen, Hormones , Urea etc.
 If fibrinogen is removed from blood plasma
then it is called by the name SERUM

30. CELLULAR ELEMENTS
1. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
2. White blood cells (Leukocytes)
3. Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)

31. ERYTHROCYTES
 Erythros means RED
 Biconcave disc like structure
 Flat at the centre and thick and rounded at
the periphery.
 Very small – 7 micron
 Provide large surface area which helps them
in absorbing oxygen very efficiently.

32. ERYTHROCYTES
 Small size of red blood cells helps them to
travel through very fine capillaries.
 Adult Human male has 5 million RBC
 Adult Human female has 4.5 million RBC
 It have a colourless spongy body or stroma
which contains Haemoglobin.
 It is called as Respiratory pigment.

33. HAEMOGLOBIN
 It consists of two parts.
1. Haemin (Iron-containing part)
2. Globin (Protein part)
 It will combine readily with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin, an unstable compound
 Also carry small quantity of carbon dioxide
in the form of carbaminohaemoglobin.

34. CARBON MONOXIDE
POISONING
 Haemoglobin has the strong affinity for
carbon monoxide.
 It forms a stable compound called
carboxyhaemoglobin.(HbCO)
 This cuts down the capacity of the blood to
transport oxygen
 Sometime death.

35. REASON FOR CARBON
MONOXIDE POISONING

37. RBC PRODUCTION
 In adults, Produced in the marrow of long bones
particularly in the
1. Ribs
2. Breast bone
3. Ilium of hip girdle
 In embryo produced in the liver and spleen.
 In children, the RBC’s are produced in bone marrow of
all bones till 5 yrs

38. RBC
 Average life span is 120 days.
 Mature RBC has no nuclei (Eunucleated)
 Old and weak RBC’s are destroyed in the
spleen, liver and bone marrow.
 Their iron part is retained in liver and the rest
will be excreted as a bilirubin.
 One percent of total erythrocytes are destroyed
everyday.

39. MATURE RBC
 Devoid of certain organelles
1. No nucleus
2. No mitochondria
3. No endoplasmic reticulum
 More efficient in carrying out picking up
and delivering oxygen

40. FACTORS MAKING THEM
TO WORK MORE
EFFICIENT
 Loss of nucleus
Makes them biconcave
It increases surface area volume ratio for
absorbing more oxygen
More RBCs can be accommodated in the
same space

42. FACTORS MAKING THEM
TO WORK MORE
EFFICIENT
 Loss of mitochondria
Mitochondria - Function?
All the oxygen, is transported and delivered to the
tissues unconsumed.
Loss of mitochondria helps full transport of
glucose in blood plasma

43. FACTORS MAKING THEM
TO WORK MORE
EFFICIENT
 Loss of endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum - Function?
Increases the flexibility
Help the movement of RBC through narrow
capillaries.

44. MORE ABOUT THE
NUMBER OF RBC
 New born infants have large number of RBC
 6-7 million per cubic mm
 RBC count is lowered by 5% during sleep
 RBC count is higher during physical activity, pregnancy and
emotional upsets.
 People living in height of 4200 m and above, increase
Their RBC count by 30Percent.

45. JUST THINK
Why new born infants have larger number of RBC?
Infants have fetal hemoglobin, which is different from the
hemoglobin found in adults.
Fetal hemoglobin has more affinity for oxygen than the
hemoglobin found in adults. So, due to more affinity,
oxygen binding will also be strong. So the amount of
oxygen released by RBC at the tissue level is deceased.
So in order to compensate for the decreased oxygen
availability, the number of RBCs is increased.

46. JUST THINK
Why RBC count is lowered during sleep?
RBCs are produced by the process of
erythropoesis. The kidney monitors the
level of oxygen in the blood. If oxygen
levels are low, then the kidney secretes a
hormone called erythropoetin. This
erythropoetin stimulates the production
of erythrocytes in the bone marrow.
During sleep, the demand of oxygen is
low in the body. Hence, the rate of

47. JUST THINK
Why RBC count is increased during physical
activity, pregnancy and emotional upsets?
During physical activity, the demand of
oxygen is high in the body. Hence, the
rate of formation of RBCs is also high
during the physical activity.

48. JUST THINK
Why RBC count is increased for people living
at greater heights?
At highest altitude pressure is low and
oxygen concentration are low hence to curb
oxygen deficit the body has to synthesize
more red blood cells.

49. ABNORMAL CONDITION
 Polycythaemia
Abnormally increased number of
RBC’s
 Erythropenia
Abnormally decreased number of
RBC’s

50. WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC)
OR LEUCOCYTES
 Leuko means white
 4000-8000 per mm3 of blood
 WBCs are amoeboid.
 Produce pseudopodia with which they can
squeeze through the walls of capillaries into
the tissues.
 Diapedesis – Dia means across
 Pedesis means oozing out

51. DIAPEDESIS
 is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory
system and towards the site of tissue damage or
infection.

53. WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC)
OR LEUCOCYTES
 WBCs are produced in the bone marrow,
lymph nodes and sometimes even in the liver
and spleen.
 The average life of WBCs is about 2 weeks
 WBCs are classified into two categories
based on their shape and characteristics:
 1. Granular
 2. Agranular

54. GRANULAR
 Leukocytes characterized by the presence of
differently staining granules in their cytoplasm when
viewed under light microscopy. These include
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

56. GRANULOCYTES- STAIN WITH NEUTRAL DYES
 Neutrophils - They have a multilobed nucleus.
 Neutrophils make up 65% of the body's white blood cells
and are the most numerous.
 Because they are phagocytic they are mainly found at the
sites of wounds.
 They engulf any bacteria that try to get into the body
through the site of the wound
 Produced in Bone marrow

57. GRANULOCYTES- STAIN WITH DARK RED WITH
EOSIN
 Eosinophils make up anywhere from 2-4% of the
body's white blood cells and are mainly responsible
for attacking parasites that enter the blood stream.
 They usually have bilobed nucleus.
 Secrete antitoxins
 Associated with allergy
 Produced in bone marrow

58. GRANULOCYTES- STAIN WITH BASIC DYES LIKE
METHYLENE BLUE
 Basophils - They make up 0.5% of the body's white
blood cells and are responsible for the production
and secretion of antibodies.
 Release chemicals (Histamine) for inflammation
which dilate blood vessels.
 Produced in Bone marrow

59. AGRANULOCYTES
 leukocytes characterized by the apparent
absence of granules in their cytoplasm.
These include
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes

61. LYMPHOCYTES( BONE MARROW AND LYMPH
GLANDS)
 These make up 20-25% of the body's white blood cells and are responsible
for helping the body to develop immunity towards infections.
 Lymphocytes also produces antibodies which are designed specifically to
target the excretions of harmful bacteria.
 They will also help the Neutrophils do their job by clustering the bacterium
together so that they can be engulfed by the phagocytes easily.
 Smallest of all WBC’s. They have single large nucleus


62. MONOCYTES ( BONE MARROW)
 They make up 3-8% of the body's white
blood cells and they take on the bacteria
that the Neutrophils are unable to handle.
 Monocytes are also phagocytic.
 Largest of WBC
 Large nucleus and kidney-shaped
 They transform into macrophages at the
site of infection.

65. WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC)
OR LEUCOCYTES
FUNCTIONS – BODY DEFENCE
 Phagocytosis
 Inflammation
 Formation of antibodies

66. PHAGOCYTOSIS
 WBCs, particularly neutrophils,
engulf foreign substances, especially
bacteria.
 This defensive mechanism against
germs is called phagocytosis.

67. INFLAMMATION
 Inflammation occurs due to the reaction of tissues to injury
and to localized invasion of germs.
 Leucocytes especially monocytes migrate through the walls
of the blood vessels by diapedesis and fight the germs.

68. FORMATION OF
ANTIBODIES
 WBCs, especially
 lymphocytes, produce antibodies
which kill or neutralize germs.

69. WHITE BLOOD CELL (WBC)
OR LEUCOCYTES
 Leukaemia is a cancer in which the number
of WBCs increases manifold at the cost of
RBCs.
 Leucopenia is the abnormal decrease in the
number of WBCs.

70. BLOOD PLATELETS -
THROMBOCYTES
 Blood platelets are minute, oval or round, non-
nucleated structures floating in the blood.
 Average adult has 2,00,000 to 4,00,000 per
cu.mm
 Platelets are derived from megakaryocytes in the
red bone marrow.

74. BLOOD PLATELETS -
THROMBOCYTES
 Their life span is 3 to 5 days and destroyed in
spleen
 Blood platelets play an important role in blood
clotting.
 It releases Thrombokinase which will initiate blood
clotting

75. CLOTTING OF BLOOD
(COAGULATION)
1. Injured cells and platelets disintegrate at the site of the
wound and release thrombokinase or thromboplastin.
2. Thrombokinase with the help of calcium ions converts
prothrombin of the plasma into thrombin.
Vit.K is essential for the production of prothrombin.

76. CLOTTING OF BLOOD
(COAGULATION)
3. Thrombin in the presence of calcium ions reacts with the
soluble fibrinogen and converts it into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin
forms threads and a meshwork at the site of the wound.
4. Blood cells are trapped in the network of the fibrin. The
blood shrinks and squeezes out the rest of the plasma in the
form of a clear liquid. The solid mass which is left behind is
called a clot or thrombus

79. BLOOD CLOTTING IN A TEST
TUBE

80. WRONG NOTION
 Clotting is dependent on the exposure of blood to
air.
 Clotting can be caused by the movement of blood
over a rough surface as on cholesterol deposit on
the inside of a blood vessel.

82. BLOOD CLOTTING IN A TEST
TUBE

83. HAEMOPHILIA AND HAEMORRHAGE
 Haemophilia is a genetic disorder in which blood does not
clot properly due to lack of blood-clotting proteins.
 Haemorrhage is the condition where the number of
platelets falls to an abnormally low count.
 In this condition, coagulation occurs very slowly.
 Sometimes viral infections also can cause this condition
 In 1996 , Viral dengue fever has taken hundreds of life in
Delhi.

85. QUIZ TIME
 What is the function of Platelets?
 Mention the function of Thrombokinase? For it’s function
it need -------?
 Which is responsible for the activation of Prothrombin?
 What is hemophilia?
 What is haemorrhage?

86. BLOOD TRANSFUSION
 Sometimes, it is necessary to inject blood into the body
of patients undergoing surgery. This is called blood
transfusion.
 The German biochemist Karl Landsteiner was the first
to suggest that the blood of different individuals vary.

87. ANTIGENS AND
ANTIBODIES
 RBC’s of human beings have special proteins on
their surface. These proteins are called antigens.
 In humans two types of antigens
1. Antigen A
2. Antigen B

88. ANTIGENS AND
ANTIBODIES
 The plasma of the blood contains complimentary proteins,
called antibodies, with respect to the antigen that is present
on the surface of RBC.
 Depending on the presence or absence of the type of
antigens, there are four blood group.

90. BLOOD TRANSFUSION
 There are several systems of blood grouping.
 The ABO system and the Rh system are the most
important..

91. ABO SYSTEM
 According to the ABO blood group system, there are
four blood groups A, B, AB and O.
 O type blood can be given to persons of all types of
blood, i.e. O, A, B and AB. Hence, a person with O type
of blood is called a universal donor.
 A person with AB type of blood can receive blood from
all types, i.e. AB, A, B and O. Hence, such a person is
called a universal recipient.

92. COMPATIBILITY AND INCOMPATIBILITY IN THE ABO SYSTEM

93. RH SYSTEM
 The blood of most people contains a substance called Rh
factor.
 Rh stands for Rhesus, our common primate ancestor in
which this factor was first discovered.

94. RH FACTOR
 Rh + ve
 Rh – Ve
 Rh positive group has D antigens on the
surface of RBC

96. RH POSITIVE DONOR AND
RH NEGATIVE RECIPIENT
 When the blood of an Rh positive (Rh+) individual is transfused into a
person lacking the Rh factor, the blood of the recipient develops
antibodies against the Rh factor which may even lead to death.
 Antibodies for Rh factor is produced within 15 days.
 Second transfusion causes a reaction

97. RH FACTOR IN
PREGNANCY
 Rh negative women
 Rh positive baby
 First child will be normal
 Second child may lead to death or
abortions.

99. RH FACTOR IN PREGNANCY
MOTHER RH NEGATIVE AND FOETUS RH POSITIVE
 During a pregnancy, Rh antibodies made in a
woman's body can cross the placenta and attack
the Rh factor on fetal blood cells. This can cause a
serious type of anemia in the fetus in which red blood
cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace
them. Red blood cells carry oxygen to all parts of the
body.