The document summarizes the key parts and structures of flowering plants. It describes the four main whorls that make up most flowers: the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It defines essential reproductive structures like stamens, carpels, and ovaries, and non-essential protective structures like sepals and petals. It also covers types of flowers, pollination, sexuality in plants including monoecious and dioecious species, and inflorescence structures.

1. FLOWERING
PLANT
The flower

2. Parts of a fler
• Parts of a flower
• Stalk
• Thalamus
• Four whorls
1. Calyx
2. Corolla
3. Androecium
4. Gynoecium

3. Parts of a flower
● Stalk – The flower is attached to the
shoot by means of stalk or pedicel.
● Thalamus- The tip of the stalk is
enlarged and slightly flattened from
where the petals and the other parts arise.

4. Whorls of the flower
● Calyx
● Outermost whorl
● Made up of group of sepals(Green)
● In the bud stage, they enclose the inner
parts of the flower and provide
protection.

5. Whorls of the flower
● Corolla
● Second whorl inner to sepals.
● Made up of group of petals
● Petals or white or coloured.
● It make the flower attractive
● They are large, fragrant and brightly
coloured parts of the flower

6. Whorls of the flower
● Androecium – Male part
● Third whorl inner to the petals.
● Made up of group of stamens.
● Stamen is a thread-like structure.
● It is made up of Anther and Filament.
● Each anther contains four pollen sacs.
● Pollen sacs contain pollen grains and these
produce male gamete.

7. Whorls of the flower
● Androecium – Male part
● Third whorl inner to the petals.
● Made up of group of stamens.
● Stamen is a thread-like structure.
● It is made up of Anther and Filament.
● Each anther contains four pollen sacs.
● Pollen sacs contain pollen grains and these
produce male gamete.

8. Whorls of the flower
● Gynoecium – Female part
● Last whorl inner to the stamens.
● Made up of carpel. ( Pistil).
● It is made up of ovary, Style and Stigma.
● Ovules are the round structures present inside
the ovary.
● Each ovule contains egg or the female gamete

9. Complete and incomplete flowers
Complete flower
◦ Complete or perfect flower is one which
contains all the four floral structures
Incomplete flower
◦ Incomplete or imperfect flower is one which do
not contain all the four floral structures .
◦ Wheats and Oats do not have sepals and petals.

10. Essential and Non-Essential Parts of a flower
Essential parts
◦ Reproductive parts
◦ Directly concerned with reproduction.
◦ Stamens and the Carpels
Non-essential parts
◦ Non-reproductive parts or accessory parts
◦ Helping parts which either protect the
reproductive parts or make the flower attractive
for pollination.
◦ Sepals and petals

11. Important definitions
● Perianth
● Petaloid
● Sepaloid
● Bracts
● Nectaries

12. Perianth
● The outer part of a flower,
consisting of the calyx (sepals)
and corolla (petals).
● In some cases the petals and
sepals are undifferentiated
together called perianth

13. Perianth
● The perianth is composed of the flower’s
petals and sepals, both of which are
modified leaves. Sepals are often green but
can also be nearly identical to the petals
themselves.

14. Petaloid and Sepaloid
● When the perianth is non-green it is
described as petaloid.
● When the perianth is green like sepals, then
it is described as sepaloid.

16. Bracts
● When a flower arises in the axil of a
leaf- like structure, the structure is
called Bract
● Bracts may be green or sometimes
coloured.

17. Bracts

18. Nectaries
● Nectar is produced in flowers
● Group of nectar secreting cells are called
nectaries.
● Found in base of the pistil or on the bases
of the petals.

19. ● Nasturtium

20. Unisexual and bisexual
flowers
● Stamens are the male reproductive parts of the
flower.
● Carpels are the female reproductive parts of the
flower.
● Flowers bearing both male and female parts are
called bisexual flowers.
● The flowers that contains only male or female
parts are called unisexual flowers.

21. Important definitions
● Hermophrodite – Bisexual flowers
● Staminate flower- Unisexual flower that
contains only the stamens.
● Pistillate flower - Unisexual flower that
contains only the carpels or pistil
● Neuter flower- a flower in which both male
and female reproductive organs are lacking

22. Neuter flower

23. Calyx
● Number of sepals vary.
● The sepals may be polysepalous (free)or
gamosepalous (fused).
● Usually green sometime it is coloured. Eg.
Gul mohur
● Protect bud.
● When it is green, it will do photosynthesis.

24. Identify the type of flower

25. Epicalyx
● In some flowers there may be second
series of sepals called Episepals are
present.
● Collectively they are called Epicalyx

26. Corolla
● Petals are arranged in a single whorl
● There may be double whorl – poppy
● Spiral whorl – water lily.
● Polypetalous[united] or gamopetalous[tube]
● Attract insects for pollination
● Protect stamens and pistils especially when
the petals form a tube.

27. Polypetalous and
gamopetalous

28. Androecium
● Number of stamens vary
● Made up of stamens
● Stamen contains anther and filament
● Anther- two lobed
● Each lobe has four pollen sacs
● Pollen grains are present inside pollen sacs.

29. Pollen sacs and pollen grains

30. Androecium
● When fully matured, pollen grains ruptured
to liberate pollen grains.
● Pollen grains are powdery and of different
shapes and sizes.
● Stamens may be polyandrous or joined in
different ways in single, double or several
groups.

31. Polyandrous - petunia

32. Joined stamens
● Monadelphous: stamen are united in one group by their
filaments. Eg. China rose
● Diadelphous: The filaments are united in two bundles.
Eg. Pea
● Polyadelphous: The filaments are united in several
groups. Eg. Bombax

34. Gynoecium
● Also known as pistil
● Made up of Carpels
● Each carpels consists of
1. Stigma
2. Style
3. Ovary

35. Stigma
● Terminal knob-like part
● Divided into two or more lobes
● Feathery appearance
● Covered with hair or glandular papillae
● Landing place for pollen
● The stigma can be a variety of shapes and
is often sticky to ensure that the pollen
does not blow away

37. Style
● It is a tubular slender stalk.
● Connects stigma and ovary.

38. Ovary
● Is a swollen basal portion composed of many
carpels
● The inner cavity of the ovary may have single
locus or several locules
● Each locus contain a number of rounded bodies
called ovules
● The cushion or swollen region in the ovary
attaching the ovules to the walls of ovary are
called placenta

39. loci and locules
locules

40. Placenta
● Tissue that attaches the ovules to the walls of the
ovary
● Placentation is the manner in which the ovules
are arranged or attached to the walls of ovary.

42. Sexuality in plants
● Most plants bear bisexual flowers (bisexual)
● Unisexual flowers are of two types
● Monoecious
● Dioecious plants

43. Monoecious
● Mono means one
● Oecium means house
● Male and female flowers grow on the
same plant
● Eg. Maize, cucumber , pumpkin
● Monoecious species, with unisexual
flowers on the same plant, may produce
male and female flowers
at different times.

44. Dioecious
● Di means two
● Oecium means house
● Male and female flowers grow on the
different plant
● Male flower is called staminate
● Female flower is called pistillate
● Eg. Palm, papaya

45. Inflorescence
● Is the mode of arrangement of flowers on the
axis of the plant.