5. Plant tissues
Are basically two types.
1. Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent tissues
1. Meritos ; divided
They are dividing cells
Cells multiply to form new cells.
1. They are non-dividing cells
They are specialised to do some
functions
7. Characteristics
Cells are small
Cubical in shape
Thin cell wall
Large nuclei
Vacuoles almost absent.
Cells are tightly packed
Cells divide actively to produce new
cells and are transformed to mature
permanent tissues.
9. Permanent tissues
Are made up of cells that lost their ability to divide.
Take permanent shape and perform permanent
functions.
They may be living or dead.
Divided into 3 types.
1. Protective tissue
2. Supporting tissue
3. Conducting tissue
10. Protective tissue
● Cells with thick walls
● Found on surface of roots, stems
and leaves.
● Epidermis of leaf
secretes waxy water proof material
● Cork cells
contains water proof materials
11. Supporting tissue
● The three important ones are
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
These three are called simple tissues
because it is made up of only one type
of cell.
12. Parenchyma
● Large thin walled cells
● oval, circular or polygonal in shape
● Single large vacuole is present
● Found in soft parts of plants
(Cortex, Pith)
● May store food
● Provide temporary support to the
plants.
15. Collenchyma
● Collen - Glue
● Elongated cells
● Cell wall in thickened in corners
● Found in leaf stalks and below the
epidermis of stems.
● Helps to support the parts of a plant
16.
17. Sclerenchyma
● Scleros means hard
● Long and narrow cells
● Very thick cell walls due to the
deposition of lignin.
● Found in stems and veins of the
leaves.
● Provides strength to plant parts.
18. Sclerenchyma types
● Fibres
Ropes, Mats and certain textiles are
made from plant fibres(linen)
● Stones
The hard Walnut shells and the pulp of
pears
19. Conducting tissues
● Also called vascular tissue
● Helpful for transport of water and
food.
● Two types of conducting tissues
● Xylem and Phloem
20. Transport of water and minerals
Carried out by conducting system.
The vascular tissue Xylem is responsible for this transport.
There are several forces contribute to this transport. They are
Root pressure,
Transpirational pull and
Capillary action
21. Xylem tissue
It consists of four types of cells.
1. Xylem tracheids
2. Xylem vessels
3. Xylem parenchyma or wood parenchyma
4. Xylem sclerenchyma or wood fibres.
22. Xylem tracheids
Dead cells
Elongated cells with large cavities.
Cells are placed end to end forming long tube.
Have highly lignified walls.
Provide mechanical strength by developing various types of
thickenings in their walls and support the plants in addition
to conduction of water.
23. Xylem vessels or Tracheae
Tube like structures open at both ends.
Dead and elongated cells
Cell walls are hard, thick and lignified.
Provide mechanical strength and support to the plants in
addition to conduction of water.
24. Xylem parenchyma or wood
parenchyma
Living cells
Store food (sugars and starch)along with conducting water
and minerals.
27. Factors
contributing to
water
absorption
Capillary
force
Water
molecules
are pulled up
due to their
tendency of
cohesion
and
adhesion
Transpirational
pull
As a result of
transpiration
suction force is
created in the
xylem vessel.
This causes
water to be
pulled up.
Root pressure
It is the
pressure
developed in
the roots
because of
continuous
flow of water
by osmosis.
30. Determining the age of a tree
● The rings seen in the trunk of an old tree which has
cut transversely are the Xylem rings. The age of
the tree can be determined by counting the number
of rings.
31.
32. Transport of food
Translocation
● Is the transport of food produced in leaves to all parts of the plant.
● Done by Phloem tissue
● It consists of
● Sieve tubes
● Companion cells
● Phloem parenchyma
● Phloem fibres or Phloem sclerenchyma
33. Sieve tubes
● Elongated cells placed end to end forming long tube
● End walls are perforated with sieve plate.
● Living cells
● Through this food passes from cell to cell.
● Sieve tubes play an important role in transporting food.
41. Questions
● Give examples of simple tissues
● Tell the functions of the following
a. apical meristem
b. lateral meristem
42. Animal Tissues
● There are four types of tissues found in animals:
1. Epithelial tissue,
2. Connective tissue,
3. Muscle tissue, and
4. Nervous tissue.
43.
44. Epithelial cells
● Thin, protective and continuous sheet of cells
● It covers surface of the body - Outermost layers of skin
● It also lines body cavities and internal organs – lining
surfaces of mouth, nose etc
● Shape – Flat, cuboidal or columnar
● Cells of epithelial cells are tightly bound together with out
gaps.
46. Types
1. Squamous epithelium
2. Cuboidal epithelium
3. Columnar epithelium
a. Ciliated Columnar epithelium
b. Glandular epithelium
47. Squamous epithelium
● composed of thin, flat cells
● prominent nuclei
● closely packed
● found in lining the mouth and nasal cavities,
blood vessels and lymph vessels
● Protect from mechanical injury, germs, harmful chemicals
● It won’t allow the cells to dry up.
54. Ciliated columnar epithelium
Glandular epithelium
● Ciliated columnar epithelium is found in lining of the
trachea
● It have thread-like protoplasmic projections called cilia, at
their free ends.
● Cilia will be leashing all the time and move the materials
which enter these regions.
● Glandular epithelium secrete chemical substances.
● Lining of stomach and the intestine.
● Certain places is folded
● Sweat glands, tear glands and liver.
55. Connective tissue
● Connects one tissue with another tissue
● Connects various organs
● Characteristics
1. Matrix
2. Few cellular elements
3. Fibres
57. Connective tissue proper
● Serves for packing and binding the organs.
● Subdivided in to three types
1. Areolar tissue
2. Adipose tissue
3. Fibrous connective tissue
58. Areolar tissue
● Also called packing tissue
● Occur beneath the epidermis of the skin
● Makes skin elastic and helps to withstand pulling pain.
59. Adipose tissue
● Also called as fat tissue.
● Has specialised cells to store fat.
● Forms padding under the skin, around kidneys
Eye balls
● Padding under the skin acts as insulation
To retain body heat.
60.
61. Fibrous connective tissue
● Made up of strong fibres
● Bundled together by areolar tissue.
● Two types
1. Tendons - connects muscles to bone
2. Ligaments - connects bone to bone
64. Cartilage
● Non-porous
● Thick matrix
● No blood vessels or nerves
● Semi-transparent and elastic
● Found in tip of nose, external ears
Trachea and bronchial tubes
Between vertebrae
Ends of long bones
65.
66. Bone
● Hard porous tissue
● Has blood vessels and nerves
● Consists of both living cells and rigid mass of
Organic salts.
● Living cells - osteoblasts
67.
68. Fluid connective tissue
● Blood and lymph are the fluid connective tissue.
● Blood
1. Plasma
2. Cellular part
a. RBC
b. WBC
c. PLATELETS
69.
70. Lymph
● Is the fluid surrounding the body cells
● It is the blood plasma oozed out of the
Blood vessels
● Contains only WBC
● Blood and lymph are mainly for transportation
● Immunity
71.
72. Muscle tissue
● Forms muscles of the body
● Contract and relax,
● Help in the movement of the body
● Three types of muscular tissue
1. Striated muscles
2. Unstriated muscles
3. Heart or cardiac muscles
73. Striated muscles
● Skeletal , striped or voluntary muscles
● Made up of long fibres
● Nucleated and Striated
● Constitute 50% of our body weight.
● Found in arms , legs, face, neck
74.
75. Unstriated muscles
● Smooth , Unstriped , involuntary
● Not under the control of our will
● Made up of spindle shaped tapering cells
● Uninucleated
● Found in wall of intestine
● Iris of the eye ,skin,lining of blood vessels
● Urinary bladder,uterus
76.
77. Cardiac muscle
● Involuntary
● Found only in walls of heart
● Striated , uninucleated, Branched
● Short
● Contract without outside stimulation and do not
get tired soon
●
