Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform specific functions. There are four main types of tissues in plants and animals: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. In plants, the main tissues are meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing cells found at growing points that produce new cells. Permanent tissues are specialized cells that perform functions but cannot divide further.

1. Tissues

2. Group of similar cells
performing a specific
functions
Example; muscle
tissues are made up of
muscular cells
They helps in movement

3. Organization
of life

4. Organization
in plants

5. Plant tissues
Are basically two types.
1. Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent tissues
1. Meritos ; divided
They are dividing cells
Cells multiply to form new cells.
1. They are non-dividing cells
They are specialised to do some
functions

6. Meristematic tissue
or meristem
Found at growing points of a plant
Present between the bark and the
wood of trees.

7. Characteristics
Cells are small
Cubical in shape
Thin cell wall
Large nuclei
Vacuoles almost absent.
Cells are tightly packed
Cells divide actively to produce new
cells and are transformed to mature
permanent tissues.

8. Types of meristematic
tissue
1. Apical or terminal meristem
1. Cambium or lateral meristem

9. Permanent tissues
Are made up of cells that lost their ability to divide.
Take permanent shape and perform permanent
functions.
They may be living or dead.
Divided into 3 types.
1. Protective tissue
2. Supporting tissue
3. Conducting tissue

10. Protective tissue
● Cells with thick walls
● Found on surface of roots, stems
and leaves.
● Epidermis of leaf
secretes waxy water proof material
● Cork cells
contains water proof materials

11. Supporting tissue
● The three important ones are
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
These three are called simple tissues
because it is made up of only one type
of cell.

12. Parenchyma
● Large thin walled cells
● oval, circular or polygonal in shape
● Single large vacuole is present
● Found in soft parts of plants
(Cortex, Pith)
● May store food
● Provide temporary support to the
plants.

13. Chlorenchyma● Parenchyma

15. Collenchyma
● Collen - Glue
● Elongated cells
● Cell wall in thickened in corners
● Found in leaf stalks and below the
epidermis of stems.
● Helps to support the parts of a plant

17. Sclerenchyma
● Scleros means hard
● Long and narrow cells
● Very thick cell walls due to the
deposition of lignin.
● Found in stems and veins of the
leaves.
● Provides strength to plant parts.

18. Sclerenchyma types
● Fibres
Ropes, Mats and certain textiles are
made from plant fibres(linen)
● Stones
The hard Walnut shells and the pulp of
pears

19. Conducting tissues
● Also called vascular tissue
● Helpful for transport of water and
food.
● Two types of conducting tissues
● Xylem and Phloem

20. Transport of water and minerals
Carried out by conducting system.
The vascular tissue Xylem is responsible for this transport.
There are several forces contribute to this transport. They are
Root pressure,
Transpirational pull and
Capillary action

21. Xylem tissue
It consists of four types of cells.
1. Xylem tracheids
2. Xylem vessels
3. Xylem parenchyma or wood parenchyma
4. Xylem sclerenchyma or wood fibres.

22. Xylem tracheids
Dead cells
Elongated cells with large cavities.
Cells are placed end to end forming long tube.
Have highly lignified walls.
Provide mechanical strength by developing various types of
thickenings in their walls and support the plants in addition
to conduction of water.

23. Xylem vessels or Tracheae
Tube like structures open at both ends.
Dead and elongated cells
Cell walls are hard, thick and lignified.
Provide mechanical strength and support to the plants in
addition to conduction of water.

24. Xylem parenchyma or wood
parenchyma
Living cells
Store food (sugars and starch)along with conducting water
and minerals.

25. Xylem sclerenchyma or wood fibres
Dead cells
Provide only mechanical support.

27. Factors
contributing to
water
absorption
Capillary
force
Water
molecules
are pulled up
due to their
tendency of
cohesion
and
adhesion
Transpirational
pull
As a result of
transpiration
suction force is
created in the
xylem vessel.
This causes
water to be
pulled up.
Root pressure
It is the
pressure
developed in
the roots
because of
continuous
flow of water
by osmosis.

28. Capillary force Water droplets stick to the sides of
xylem vessel.

30. Determining the age of a tree
● The rings seen in the trunk of an old tree which has
cut transversely are the Xylem rings. The age of
the tree can be determined by counting the number
of rings.

32. Transport of food
Translocation
● Is the transport of food produced in leaves to all parts of the plant.
● Done by Phloem tissue
● It consists of
● Sieve tubes
● Companion cells
● Phloem parenchyma
● Phloem fibres or Phloem sclerenchyma

33. Sieve tubes
● Elongated cells placed end to end forming long tube
● End walls are perforated with sieve plate.
● Living cells
● Through this food passes from cell to cell.
● Sieve tubes play an important role in transporting food.

34. Companion cells
● Living cells
● Found attached to sieve tubes.
● Helps sieve tubes.

35. Phloem parenchyma
● Store food like starch, fat and other organic
food material along with transport

36. Phloem fibre
● Dead cells
● Elongated cells
● Provide mechanical strength.

40. Identify the type of cell
and tell its characteristics

41. Questions
● Give examples of simple tissues
● Tell the functions of the following
a. apical meristem
b. lateral meristem

42. Animal Tissues
● There are four types of tissues found in animals:
1. Epithelial tissue,
2. Connective tissue,
3. Muscle tissue, and
4. Nervous tissue.

44. Epithelial cells
● Thin, protective and continuous sheet of cells
● It covers surface of the body - Outermost layers of skin
● It also lines body cavities and internal organs – lining
surfaces of mouth, nose etc
● Shape – Flat, cuboidal or columnar
● Cells of epithelial cells are tightly bound together with out
gaps.

45. Functions
● Protection ( Skin )
● Absorption and secretion ( Intestine )
● Sensory perception

46. Types
1. Squamous epithelium
2. Cuboidal epithelium
3. Columnar epithelium
a. Ciliated Columnar epithelium
b. Glandular epithelium

47. Squamous epithelium
● composed of thin, flat cells
● prominent nuclei
● closely packed
● found in lining the mouth and nasal cavities,
blood vessels and lymph vessels
● Protect from mechanical injury, germs, harmful chemicals
● It won’t allow the cells to dry up.

48. Squamous epithelium Simple and stratified

49. Stratified epithelium
● Found in skin and cornea.
● It is composed layers of the same or different kinds of
epithelial cells.

50. Cuboidal epithelium
● Found in some parts of kidney tubules
and in glandular ducts ( salivary glands, pancreatic duct)

51. Cuboidal epithelium

52. Columnar epithelium
● Vertically arranged cylindrical or brick like cells.
● Tall in size
● Found in inner lining of the stomach and
intestine.

53. 1. Columnar epithelium
2. Ciliated epithelium
3. Glandular epithelium

54. Ciliated columnar epithelium
Glandular epithelium
● Ciliated columnar epithelium is found in lining of the
trachea
● It have thread-like protoplasmic projections called cilia, at
their free ends.
● Cilia will be leashing all the time and move the materials
which enter these regions.
● Glandular epithelium secrete chemical substances.
● Lining of stomach and the intestine.
● Certain places is folded
● Sweat glands, tear glands and liver.

55. Connective tissue
● Connects one tissue with another tissue
● Connects various organs
● Characteristics
1. Matrix
2. Few cellular elements
3. Fibres

56. Connective tissue types
1. Connective tissue proper
2. Supportive connective tissue
3. Fluid connective tissue

57. Connective tissue proper
● Serves for packing and binding the organs.
● Subdivided in to three types
1. Areolar tissue
2. Adipose tissue
3. Fibrous connective tissue

58. Areolar tissue
● Also called packing tissue
● Occur beneath the epidermis of the skin
● Makes skin elastic and helps to withstand pulling pain.

59. Adipose tissue
● Also called as fat tissue.
● Has specialised cells to store fat.
● Forms padding under the skin, around kidneys
Eye balls
● Padding under the skin acts as insulation
To retain body heat.

61. Fibrous connective tissue
● Made up of strong fibres
● Bundled together by areolar tissue.
● Two types
1. Tendons - connects muscles to bone
2. Ligaments - connects bone to bone

63. Supportive connective tissue
● Gives support
● There are two types
1. Cartilage
2. Bone

64. Cartilage
● Non-porous
● Thick matrix
● No blood vessels or nerves
● Semi-transparent and elastic
● Found in tip of nose, external ears
Trachea and bronchial tubes
Between vertebrae
Ends of long bones

66. Bone
● Hard porous tissue
● Has blood vessels and nerves
● Consists of both living cells and rigid mass of
Organic salts.
● Living cells - osteoblasts

68. Fluid connective tissue
● Blood and lymph are the fluid connective tissue.
● Blood
1. Plasma
2. Cellular part
a. RBC
b. WBC
c. PLATELETS

70. Lymph
● Is the fluid surrounding the body cells
● It is the blood plasma oozed out of the
Blood vessels
● Contains only WBC
● Blood and lymph are mainly for transportation
● Immunity

72. Muscle tissue
● Forms muscles of the body
● Contract and relax,
● Help in the movement of the body
● Three types of muscular tissue
1. Striated muscles
2. Unstriated muscles
3. Heart or cardiac muscles

73. Striated muscles
● Skeletal , striped or voluntary muscles
● Made up of long fibres
● Nucleated and Striated
● Constitute 50% of our body weight.
● Found in arms , legs, face, neck

75. Unstriated muscles
● Smooth , Unstriped , involuntary
● Not under the control of our will
● Made up of spindle shaped tapering cells
● Uninucleated
● Found in wall of intestine
● Iris of the eye ,skin,lining of blood vessels
● Urinary bladder,uterus

77. Cardiac muscle
● Involuntary
● Found only in walls of heart
● Striated , uninucleated, Branched
● Short
● Contract without outside stimulation and do not
get tired soon
●