Cellular respiration involves four main stages - glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glucose is broken down through these stages to extract energy in the form of ATP. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP. The later stages occur in the mitochondria and generate most of the ATP through the electron transport chain. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. Fermentation can produce ATP without oxygen but is less efficient. Metabolic pathways are interconnected through shared substrates.
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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2. Glucose breakdown releases
energy
Cellular respiration is a redox reaction that requires C6H12O6
and O2
• Oxidation
– Removal of H+
• Reduction
– Addition of H+
• Glucose is oxidized to CO2
• Oxygen is reduced to H2O
• Oxidation of glucose to CO2 releases energy, which is
then used for ATP production
3. • NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) are coenzmes
that aid in glucose oxidation
• (NAD+) + (2e-) + (H+) NADH
• (FAD) + (2e-) + (2H+) FADH2
• The high energy electrons in NADH and FADH2
are taken to the electron transport chain within a
mitochondrion
• O2 picks up electrons at the end of the chain,
then takes on H+ to become H2O
• NAD+ and FAD return to pick up more electrons
4. Cellular respiration involves the
cytoplasm and mitochondria
4 stages of cellular respiration
• Glycolysis
– In cytoplasm
– No oxygen required
(anaerobic)
• Preparatory reaction
– In mitochondria matrix
– Requires oxygen (aerobic)
• Krebs cycle
– In mitochondria matrix
– Requires oxygen (aerobic)
• Electron transport chain (ETC)
– In mitochondria cristae
– Requires oxygen (aerobic)
In aerobic phases, oxygen is the
final acceptor of electrons
A: intermembrane space
B: matrix
C: cristae
5. Oxidation of glucose
• Glycolysis
– Glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvate
– NADH produced
– Net 2 ATP produced
• Preparatory reaction
– Pyruvate oxidized (loses H+) releasing CO2
– NADH produced
– End product – 2, 2 carbon acetyle groups
• Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
– Oxidation of glucose products
– NADH and FADH2 result
– CO2 released
– 2 ATP produced per glucose molecule
6. Production of most ATP
• Electron transport chain
– NADH and FADH2 bring high energy electrons
– As electrons go down chain, energy is
released and captured
– O2 accepts electrons at the end of the chain,
which then combines with H+ to form H2O
7. The chemical energy of glucose
becomes the chemical energy of ATP
Glycolysis: Glucose breakdown begins
• Occurs in cytoplasm
• No oxygen required
Energy investment steps
• 2 ATP breaks glucose into 2 G3P
molecules
8. Energy harvesting steps
• G3P oxidized (H+ removed)
• H+ combines with NAD+ to create NADH
– 2 high energy electrons on NADH
• P attaches to the oxidized G3P
• P is added to ADP to create ATP
• ATP synthesis occurs again
• 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP are final products
9.
10. The preparatory reaction occurs
before the Krebs cycle
• The preparatory reactions
– In mitochondria matrix
– Pyruvate is oxidized (H+ removed) creating an acetyl group
– H+ taken up by NAD+ to form NADH
– Acetyl group combines with CoA and goes to the Krebs cycle
– NADH goes to electron transport chain
– CO2 leaves the body
11. The Krebs cycle generates much
NADH
• In matrix
• Acetyle group removed from CoA
• Acetyl group joins a 4-carbon group to create citrate
• Citrate oxidized (H+ removed)
– NADH created
– CO2 created
• 2 ATP formed
• FAD oxidized to form FADH2
• 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP are final products
• FADH2 and NADH goes to electron transport chains
12.
13. The electron transport chain
captures energy for ATP production
• In mitochondria cristae
• NADH and FADH2 release electrons and H+
– Electrons energy electron transport chain
– NAD+ and FAD result
• Electrons release energy as they go down chain,
which is used to make ATP
• Electrons combine with O2 and H+ to form H2O
• 3 ATP produced per NADH (30 ATP total)
• 2 ATP produced per FADH2 (4 ATP total)
14. The ATP synthase complex
produces ATP
• Hydrogen pumped to intermembrane space from NADH
and FADH2 creating a concentration gradient
• Hydrogen then moves down the gradient into matrix via
H+ channel protein
• ATP synthase enzyme is attached to H+ channel protein
and produces ATP as H+ passes through protein
• ATP leaves mitochondria to go to where it is needed
15. The ATP payoff can be calculated
• In the cytoplasm
– Glycolysis
• 2 ATP
• In the mitochondria
– Preparatory reaction
• No ATP produced
– Krebs cycle
• 2 ATP
– Electron transport chain
• 32 or 34 ATP
• 3 ATP per NADH
• 2 ATP per FADH2
• In many animals NADH formed in glycolysis cannot cross inner
mitochondrial membrane so 1 ATP per NADH is used to move them
across
Glucose breakdown results in 36 or 38 ATP
39% of available energy in glucose is transferred to ATP,
the rest of the energy is lost as heat
17. Fermentation is inefficient
When oxygen is in short supply,
the cell switches to
fermentation
• 2 ATP produced per glucose
molecule
• In animals: pyruvate accepts
electrons and is reduced to
lactate
• In other organisms: alcohol
and CO2 are produces
18. • Benefits versus drawbacks of fermentation
– Can occur without oxygen
– Provide quick bursts of energy (important for
muscle cells)
– Products are toxic to cells
• Yeast produces alcohol, but it kills them (wine)
• Lactate builds up in muscle cells, which changes
the cell pH and causes the “burn”
– The liver can convert lactate back to pyruvate
so cellular respiration can produce the
remaining ATP
19. Metabolic pathways cross at
particular substrates
Organic molecules can be broken down and
synthesized as needed
• Catabolism – breaking down of molecules
– Fats are a glycerol (can enter glycolysis) and 3 fatty
acids (can convert to acetyl CoA and energy the
Krebs cycle)
– Carbon skeleton of amino acids can enter glycolysis,
be converted to acetyle CoA, or enter the Krebs cycle
directly
• Anabolism – building up of molecules
– G3P from glycolysis can be converted to glycerol,
acetyl groups from the preparatory reactions can be
joined to form fatty acids, fat synthesis follows, which
can lead to weight gain
20. Essential Amino Acids
• Plants are able to produce all the amino
acids they need
• Animals can only produce 11 of 20
essential amino acids because they lack
some enzymes for synthesis of the other 9
amino acids. These amino acids are
required in the diet of animals or protein
deficiency will result.