This document summarizes cellular respiration. It describes that cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis and occurs in both plant and animal cells using mitochondria. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and has three stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation. Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration. The overall equation shows that glucose breakdown produces ATP through the process of cellular respiration.

1. 8.3 – Cellular Respiration pp. 228-233

2. Overview of Cellular Respiration Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis. *Because both plants and animals have mitochondria, both types of organisms carry out cellular respiration.*

3. Aerobic Respiration If oxygen is present, the cell undergoes aerobic respiration. The steps are: 1. Glycolysis- (only part that is anaerobic...no O 2 required) 2. The Krebs Cycle- (aerboic = O 2 required) 3. Electron Transport Chain- (aerboic = O 2 required)

4. Glycolysis It is an anaerobic process of splitting glucose forming two molecules of pyruvate It occurs in the cytoplasm (outside the mitochondria) 4 molecules of ATP are produced; net yield of 2 since it takes 2 ATP to begin glycolysis.

5. Krebs Cycle The series of reactions in which pyruvate (from glycolysis) is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle. It occurs inside the mitochondria The yield from the Krebs cycle is six CO 2 molecules and two ATP

6. Electron Transport It is the final step in aerobic respiration It occurs in the mitochondria It produces the most ATP (24 ATP)

7. Overall In eukaryotes , 1 molecule of glucose yields 36 ATP In prokaryotes ,1 molecule of glucose yields 38 ATP. This saves 2 ATP since prokaryotes have no mitochondria. Electron transport occurs in the cell membrane.

8. Anaerobic Respiration If there is no oxygen available, the cell undergoes anaerobic respiration. Also known as fermentation. It occurs in the cytoplasm It produces small amounts of ATP The steps are: 1. Glycolysis 2. Fermentation

9. Aerobic respiration gives much more energy than anaerobic respiration. There are two types of Fermentation: Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

10. Alcohol Fermentation It occurs in yeast & some bacteria Pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

11. Lactic Acid Fermentation It occurs in skeletal muscles Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid when the body cannot supply enough oxygen Why muscles become sore and fatigued It is produced by microorganisms to make cheese, yogurt, and sour cream

12. The end products of photosynthesis are the starting materials of respiration Photosynthesis light 6CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP

13. Compare and Contrast Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Capture energy and store it in sugars Release energy that was stored in sugars Light rxn: thyalokid of Chloroplasts Calvin Cycle: stroma of Chloroplasts Glycolysis: cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & Electron transport: mitochondria Water and Carbon dioxide Oxygen and glucose Oxygen and glucose Water and Carbon dioxide Plant cells BOTH Plant and Animal Cells Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Function Location Reactants Products Equation Type of Cell

14. Calvin Cycle