Photosynthesis and cellular respiration work together to provide energy for life. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The glucose is used by plants and animals through cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose and uses oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP as a form of chemical energy. The ATP produced through respiration powers cellular processes and activities that keep organisms alive.

1. Photosynthesis & Respiration By: James Grant & Aimee Irvin

2. Photosynthesis: The Beginning Photosynthesis cannot happen without the one key component to all life. The sun. The light sent from the sun is absorbed into the chloroplast’s Thylakoids and is converted into chemical energy, or ATP, Adrenaline Triphosphate. This is made by the electron transport chains pumping H2 out through ATP Synthase to produce ATP in the light dependent reaction. The ATP made in the chloroplast then is sent to the Calvin Cycle. But there is also NADPH to be made. But before that….

3. Inside The Chloroplast Inside the chloroplast there are thylakoids that are filled with electron transport chains and hydrogen ions. NADH+ that is back from carrying electrons comes to some of the electron carrier complexes in the thylakoid. The hydrogen is then given to the complex and is pumped out. This happens three more times and is then pumped back through a turbine complex powered by the sunlight absorbed and turned by the incoming hydrogen. This complex is the ATP Synthase. And when the electrons and sunlight work together the synthase pumps outATP!!

4. The Making of NADP Now NADP comes into the equation. There are two systems of Photosynthesis. First to come into play is Photosystem II. (this is all still taking place in the thylakoid fyi) Water is absorbed into the thylakoid and into the complex Photosystem II. The water is split and Oxygen is produced and released from the plant. (Making the oxygen we breath YAY!!) Only .5 of an oxygen mind you. And 2 H+ which is pumped through the ATP synthase. The remaining products (excited electrons) go through the primary receptor to the Cytochrome complex, powered by 2 more H+.

5. Photosystem I The product of the cytochrome is then carried on to the primary receptor once again then to Photosystem I. Which is also powered by the sunlight that’s absorbed into the thylakoid (note P.S. II takes 680 nm of light while P.S. I takes 700 nm of light, both red) then takes the excited electrons to the NADP+ reductase complex. This produces NADPH+ because of the 2 H+’s added. MONEY IN THE BANK. The ATP produced earlier then goes with the NADPH+ on to the Calvin Cycle.

6. The Calvin Cycle The main ingredients being NADPH+ and ATP, the Calvin Cycle uses these two things two produce glucose and food for the plant. There are three parts to the cycle but a lot of math. First is Carbon Fixation. The second is called Reduction. And last is Regeneration of RuBP, or Ribulose Biphosphate. We begin with carbon fixation where the 6C carbon (18 carbons) is formed into 3P (reformed 18 carbons) and then 6 ATP adds one of their phosphate groups. Leaving 6 ADP. Leaving 3C. Next is reduction.

7. Calvin Continued Reduction starts when the 6 NADPH comes in and adds their hydrogen's to the equation leaving 6 NADP. These NADP go off into the cell to restart the process in the transport chains. But the hydrogen's form with the carbons and phosphates to make G3P with 3C remaining. The last step is the regeneration of RuBP. When 6 more ATP are added to each donate a phosphate becoming ADP. It takes 3 turns of the Cycle to make 1 G3P. And 6 total to make C6H12O6 (sugar/starches/etc.) for the plant.

8. What Next? Well now that the plant has energy, it is susceptible to being eaten in the environment for its energy as shown in the food pyramid. One such animal that comes to mind is the turkey. Once the turkey eats it, then the pyramid goes up to the next carnivore. Humans. Who then gobble up the turkey for energy and that leads to our form of getting energy from our food. It is called respiration.

9. RESPIRATION!!!! C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy (heat and ATP) Cellular Respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. In other words… Cellular Respiration is what gives our cells the energy to do everything they need to do to keep us going. YAY ENERGY!!

10. To Begin… You first have to know the two laws of thermodynamics which are; energy cannot be created or destroyed and, some usable energy is lost during transformation. You also need to know that there are three different energy carriers that are used throughout the process of respiration; ATP, NADH, FaDH2.

11. ATP- Adenosine triphosphate ATP consists of an adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups. ATP is used by cells to fuel their cellular process. ATP is constantly made and used and is constantly recycled

12. NADH & FADH2 NADH is another energy carrier that produces 3 ATP NADH is found in the mitochondria. FADH2 is also found in the mitochondria. FADH2 produces 2 ATP

13. Three Steps in Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

14. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm. 2 ATP are added to the glucose (6C) in order to energize it. The glucose then splits to 2 PGAL (3C) An H+ and e- is taken from each PGAL to make 2 NADH

15. Glycolysis Each PGAL is rearranged to make pyruvate (3C) Which makes 4 ATP Although it produces 4 ATP the net production of ATP is only 2 due to the ATP that were used to start glycolysis.

16. Krebs cycle - A.K.A Citric Acid Cycle Indirectly requires O2. Acetyl enters the Krebs Cycle and joins with Oxoloacetic Acid to make citric acid. The citric acid is oxidized Releases CO2, H+, and e- forming ketoglutaric acid. Ketoglutaric acid oxidizes releasing more CO2, H+, and e-

17. Krebs Cycle This cycle continues producing more CO2, NADH2, FADH2, and ATP. NADH2, and FADH2 that were produced lead to the Electron Transport Cycle.

18. Electron Transport Cycle Occurs in the cristae 4 protein based complexes that move H+ from the matrix across the inner membrane (proton pumps). A concentration gradient between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane occurs.

19. Electron Transport Cycle Causes synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis. Energized e- and H+ from the 10 NADH2 and 2 FADH2 (produced during glycolysis & Krebs cycle) are moved to O2 to produce H2O. O2 + 4e- + 4H+ 2H2O

20. In Conclusion… All of this happening in the mitochondria, most cells produce a total of 36 to 38 molecules of ATP per glucose. All of these are used to give cells the energy each and every one of us needs to perform the basic needs for our bodies.