The document discusses taxonomy, the science of classification. It describes the history of classification from ancient Greek philosophers to the modern system developed by Carolus Linnaeus, which uses a binomial nomenclature system and groups organisms into taxa based on structural similarities. The modern levels of classification are described from domain to species, and examples are given of the kingdoms used to classify organisms, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

1. TaxonomyThe science of classification

2. ClassificationThe process of putting things into similar groupsTaxonomyThe science of classifying organisms

3. History of classificationAristotle: 4000 BCBased on 2 groups: animal and plant1500 – 1700:Complicated and complexBased on common namesBased on long scientific definitions

4. Carolus LinnaeusEstablished present system for identifying and namingBased them upon structural similaritiesBinomial nomenclature: 2 name naming systemTaxa (pl.) or taxon: system of groupsA taxon is a category where related organisms are placed together

5. Levels of classificationDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus (first part of scientific name)Species (second part of scientific name)

6. Example of levels

7. Evidence used to classify into groupsEmbryologyDNA evidenceBiochemistryPhysiologyEvolutionBehavior

8. PhylogenyStudy of evolutionary relationshipsPhylogenetic treeCladogramsBiosystematicsStudy of the evolution of one species into two

9. Reproductive compatibility

10. Gene flowDomainsEukaryaProkaryaArchaebacteria

11. Kingdom MoneraProkaryotesAutotrophs or heterotrophsAnaerobic or AerobicAquatic, terrestrial, and in the airMostly asexualMostly non-motile

12. Kingdom ProtistaEukaryoticHeterotrophs or AutotrophsUnicellularMostly aquaticMostly asexualMotile or non-motileProtozoa, slime molds, algae

13. Kingdom FungiEukaryoticHeterotrophicUnicellular and multi-cellularMostly terrestrialAsexual and sexualNon-motileMushrooms, yeasts, molds, rusts, puffballs

14. Kingdom PlantaeEukaryoteMulti-cellularAutotrophicMostly terrestrialAsexual or SexualNon-motileMosses, ferns, conifer, flowering plants