Research Report is an oral presentation or written statement of research results, strategic recommendations, and/or other conclusions to a specific audience
Writing a research proposal is a very important step for research at any level. Good quality research is always based on a perfectly planned outline. The meaning & the procedure of writing a research proposal is described in the given presentation.
Howdy! Take a look at this great presentation and find some useful tips on writing research proposal. For more information visit https://www.writingaresearchproposal.com/
Writing a research proposal is a very important step for research at any level. Good quality research is always based on a perfectly planned outline. The meaning & the procedure of writing a research proposal is described in the given presentation.
Howdy! Take a look at this great presentation and find some useful tips on writing research proposal. For more information visit https://www.writingaresearchproposal.com/
A few month ago I'm participate a workshop "How to prepare thesis writing or project book" in my university. Workshop is conduct by M. NURUL ISLAM. He is the Asst.Professor on DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS,
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
A few month ago I'm participate a workshop "How to prepare thesis writing or project book" in my university. Workshop is conduct by M. NURUL ISLAM. He is the Asst.Professor on DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS,
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
RESEARCH REPORT, Types of Research Report, Layout of Research Report, REPORT PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION PROCESS, Oral Presentation, Report Format, Most research reports include the following elements, Report Writing, Precautions in Preparing the Research Report, Mechanics of writing a research report, Bibliography
how to write bibliography
IT INCLUDES THE PROPER DESCRIPTION AND TYPES OF TECHNICAL REPORTS . I HAVE DISCUSSED ABOUT HISTORY OF TECHNICAL REPORTS AND BASICS OF TECHNICAL REPORTS ARE ALSO MENTIONED . MOREOVER THE OVERVIEW OF ALL TYPES ,STRUCTURE OF A TECHNICAL REPORT AND CHECKLIST FOR A REPORT ARE ALSO INCLUDED
A compilation of points from various text books.
Report writing, oral presentation. Meaning and objectives, significance, attributes of good report, literature review, methodology, mechanics of writing a good report, steps in writing a report. Guidelines
by K. T. Thomas, Assistant Professor, Christ University, Pune Lavasa
A book description is a short summary of a book's story or content that is designed to “hook” a reader and lead to a sale. Typically, the book's description conveys important information about its topic or focus (in nonfiction) or the plot and tone (for a novel or any other piece of fiction).
A sales quota is a quantitative goal assigned to a sales unit relating to a particular period of time.
A sales territory represents a group of customers or markets or geographical areas
“Sales promotion are those marketing activities that provide extra value or incentives to the sales force, the distributors, or the ultimate consumer and can stimulate immediate sales”.
“Sales promotion includes marketing devices for stimulating buyer interest and product trial.”
Transportation is the operational area of logistics that
geographically moves and positions inventory. Transportation system is the physical link connecting a company with the customers, raw material suppliers, plants, ware houses and
distribution channel members. The five basic transportation modes are Rail, Highway, Water, Pipeline.
Sales forecast is about estimating future sales.
Sales forecast is an estimated unit of sales in either rupees or number of units which could be sold for a specific period of time
Better sales forecasts
Enables a company to perform better
Make more informed decisions; and
Serves as a basis for determining the short run and the long term performance of a organization
Provide inputs for expected sales for a particular company or industry
Sales organization is a part of the total organization which is given the responsibility of selling of products manufactured by a company
It is another organization within the larger organization which is given the responsibility of selling function
It involves people working together for attaining the sales objectives of the company
It is concerned with planning, organizing, leading and controlling the activities of the sales force
Sales persons follow a sequence of activities while making a sale and these may be defined as different phases followed by salesperson.
A cycle start with prospect/potential customer identification, to converting him to a customer.
The sequential order of the steps may vary across selling situations
Objectives of sales management are derived from the organizations marketing objectives.
Ultimate sales objective of an organisation is to have a decent growth in sales.
More specifically, sales management objectives can be grouped under:
Quantitative Objectives (Short-term)
Qualitative Objectives (Long-term)
Sales and Sales Management: Meaning and DefinitionAmitabh Mishra
A sale is the pinnacle activity involved in selling products/services in return for money or other compensation. It is an act of completion of a commercial activity.
Sales is everything that you do to close the sale and get a signed agreement or contract.
Product Life Cycle shows the stages that products go through from development to withdrawal from the market.
The company’s differentiation and positioning strategies must change as the product, market, competitors changes over time.
Targeting, Differentiation and PositioningAmitabh Mishra
Once the firm has identified its market segment opportunity , it has to decide how many and which one to target.
•“Market targeting is a process of evaluating the market segments and identify one or more market segments to serve”.
Marketing Environment by Dr. Amitabh MishraAmitabh Mishra
•“Marketing Environment includes the actors and forces that affect management’s ability to build and maintain successful relationships with target customers”.
•These factors may be-
–Controllable: which the company can control
–Non-controllable: which the company can monitor and respond.
“Marketing Mix is set of marketing tools that the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market”
"Marketing mix is a general phrase used to describe the different kinds of choices organizations have to make in the whole process of bringing a product or service to market”.
Companies approach and conduct business in different ways in order to achieve their organizational goals.
•Every company can have different ideas or philosophy. For example-
•A particular company can have its idea or philosophy that if the production is done on a large scale, the cost would be less and the product would be sold automatically.
Marketing is “The management process of anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer requirements profitably” (CIM, 2001).
•According to “The American Marketing Association” -“Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large” (AMA, 2007).
Dr
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2. • “Research Report is an oral presentation or written
statement of research results, strategic recommendations,
and/or other conclusions to a specific audience”.
• “Research Report is a factual message that transmits
research results, vital recommendations, conclusions, and
other important information to the client, who in turn
bases his or her decision making on the content of the
report”.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 2
3. Importance of the Report
For the following reasons, the report is important parts of the research
project:
1. The research report is the product that represents the efforts of the
research team, and it may be the only part of the project that the client
will see.
2. Management decisions are guided by the report and the presentation.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 3
4. • Management's decision to undertake research in the future or
to use the particular research supplier again will be influenced
by the perceived usefulness of the report and the
presentation.
• Research task remains incomplete till the report is presented.
• Purpose of research is not will served unless the findings are
made known to others.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 4
5. Report Format
Report formats are likely to vary with the researcher, research
firm, client and nature of project.
Yet, most formal reports follow the given format-
1. Title page
2. Letter of transmittal
3. Letter of authorization
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 5
6. 4 Table of contents
a) List of tables
b) List of graphs
c) List of appendices
d) List of exhibits
5 Executive summary
a) Objective
b) Major findings
c) Conclusions
d) Recommendations
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 6
7. 6. Problem definition
a. Background to the problem
b. Statement of the problem
7. Research design
a. Research objectives or Information needed
b. Type of research design
c. Data collection from secondary sources
d. Data collection from primary sources
e. Scaling techniques
f. Questionnaire development and pretesting
g. Sampling techniques
h. Fieldwork
7
DR. AMITABH MISHRA
8. 8 Data analysis
a. Methodology
b. Plan of data analysis
9 Results of the Research
10 Limitations of the Research
11 Conclusions and recommendations
12 Appendix or Exhibits
a. Questionnaires and forms
b. Statistical output details.
c. Other required support material
13 Bibliography
8
DR. AMITABH MISHRA
9. 1. TITLE PAGE
• Title of the report must indicate the nature of the
project.
• Title page should state:
– The title of the report/subject
– For whom the report was prepared
– By whom it was prepared
– Date of release or presentation &
– Information like- address, e-mail, telephone etc.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 9
10. DR. AMITABH MISHRA 10
Title
Date of release or
presentation
By whom report is
prepared
For whom the report is
prepared
11. 2. Letter of Transmittal
• A formal report generally contains a letter of transmittal that
delivers the report to the client and summarizes the
researcher’s overall experience with the project.
• It does not mention the findings.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 11
13. 3. Letter of Authorization
– A letter of authorization is written by the client to
the researcher before the project starts.
– It
• Approves the project,
• Details who has responsibility for it, and
• Describes resources available to support it.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 13
14. 4. Table of Contents
• The table of contents lists the topics covered and the
appropriate page numbers.
• The table of contents helps the reader locate the information
in the research report.
– It list the divisions and subdivisions of the report with page references.
• If the reports includes numerous charts, graphs, and tables it
is desirable to include a list of them immediately after the
table of contents
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 16–14
16. 5. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• Executive summary briefly describe the
– Problem,
– The research design,
– Results and
– Recommendations.
• It Briefly explains why the research project was conducted, what
aspects of the problem were considered, what the outcome was,
and what should be done.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 16
17. 6. Problem definition
• This section of report-
– Gives the back ground of problem,
– Highlights the discussions with decision makers and
industry expert and
– Discusses the secondary data analysis.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 17
18. 7. Research design
• Research design section specify the details of how the research was
conducted.
• This section include-
a. Type of research design
b. Information needs
c. Data collection from secondary sources
d. Data collection from primary sources
e. Scaling techniques
f. Questionnaire development and pretesting
g. Sampling techniques
h. Fieldwork
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 18
19. 8. Data analysis
• This section describe the plan of data analysis and
justify the data analysis strategy and techniques used.
• Techniques used for analysis should be described in
simple and non technical term.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 19
20. 9. Results
• This section is normally the largest part of the
report and comprises several part.
• The results should be presented in organized
and coherent manner.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 20
21. 10. Limitations & Caveats
• Every project has some limitations.
• The research projects have limitations caused
by time, budget, and other organizational
constraints.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 21
22. 11. Conclusions and
Recommendations
• Presenting a mere summery of statistical results is not enough.
• The researcher should interpret the results in light of the problem
being addressed/objectives to arrive at major conclusions.
• Based on results and conclusions the researcher can make
recommendations to the decision makers.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 22
23. 12. Appendix or Exhibits
• Appendix provide place for those report items
that do not fit in the main body of the report.
• The appendix may contain-
• Questionnaires and forms.
• Statistical output details.
• Statistical tables.
• A detailed statement of the sample design.
• Other required support material.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 23
24. 13. Bibliography or References
• The bibliography is sometimes called Works Cited or Works Consulted.
• “A bibliography is a list of books, articles, and other sources a researcher
use when researching a topic and writing a report.”
• Bibliography entries include:
– Author
– Title of your source
– Publication information
– Date
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 24
25. • The main purpose of a bibliography is to give credit to other
authors whose work have been consulted in research. Another
purpose of a bibliography is to make it easy for a curious reader to
find the source researcher has used.
• The bibliography appear at the end of report.
• Entries in bibliography should be listed in alphabetical order.
• Bibliography entries must be written in a very specific format, but
that format will depend you the particular style of writing
researcher use.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 25
27. The results of research must be effectively
communicated to management.
1. Adhere to the study objective.
2. Be selective (exclude any thing that is unnecessary)
3. Be objective.
4. Have a purposeful organization. (report should have uniform style
and format)
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 27
28. 5. Write clearly. (use short, simple, unambiguous, to the point sentences, )
6. Consider the audience. (The report has to be understood by them for
whom it is written.)
7. The report should not be too technical and not too much
jargon should be used.
8. Avoid mechanical flaws. (such as-typing mistakes, incorrect grammar)
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 28
30. • Reports can be classified on several basis-
1. On the basis of time interval.
2. On the basis of function.
3. On the basis of relationship between reader and
writer.
4. On the basis of physical form or make-up.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 30
31. Classification on the basis of time interval
a) Daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annual
reports.
b) Special reports (are reports prepared for some special
purposes.)
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 31
32. Classification on the basis of function
a) Informal report (is a factual report on a particular subject & it
neither contain analysis nor conclusion)
b) Examination report ( in addition to giving facts on a particular
subject matter, it analyses these facts)
c) Analytical report (not only present the facts and analyze the data,
it draws the conclusion and if necessary make recommendation)
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 32
33. Classification on the basis of relationship
between the reader and the writer.
a) Administrative report (is written within an organization)
b) Professional report (is submitted by out side expert to an
organization.)
c) Independent report (are generally prepared by non profit research
organization and published for the benefit of public)
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 33
34. Classification on the basis of physical form or
make up
a) Short report or Informal report (are about 5
pages. It include brief statement of the problem, finding,
conclusions and recommendations. It omit detailed
information on research methods )
b) Long report or Formal report
a) Technical/ decision oriented report.
b) Management/Popular report.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 34
35. • Technical report is used where ever full report of study
required whether for record keeping or for public
dissemination. It is the report that other researchers will want
to see because it has full story of what was done & how it was
done.
• Management report are written for nontechnical managers or
clients. in such reports very few technical detail is given for
the readers.
DR. AMITABH MISHRA 35