This document provides an overview of conducting literature reviews. It defines what a literature review is, explains its importance and purpose, and identifies different types of literature and resources. The document outlines the steps of conducting a literature review, including identifying primary and secondary sources. It emphasizes using peer-reviewed, relevant and current sources. Finally, it lists several electronic databases and other resources that can be used to locate literature, such as PubMed, CINAHL and Cochrane.
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is an account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
Literature review is a laborious task, but it is essential if the research process is to be successful.
In writing the literature review:
your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are.
It is not just a descriptive list of the material available or a set of summaries."
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
Introduction and Literature Review. This must see webinar provides tips on writing the introduction and literature review sections of your dissertation. A step by step guide on using zotero (for bibliography and citation) is included, along with tips on searching, reading, organizing, and writing your literature review.
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is an account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
Literature review is a laborious task, but it is essential if the research process is to be successful.
In writing the literature review:
your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are.
It is not just a descriptive list of the material available or a set of summaries."
Definition
A procedure used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data.
This is done due to the fact that it is believed that both types of studies will provided a clearer understanding of what is being studied.
“It consists of merging ,integrating ,linking ,or embedding the two “strands””(Ceswell,2012).
Introduction and Literature Review. This must see webinar provides tips on writing the introduction and literature review sections of your dissertation. A step by step guide on using zotero (for bibliography and citation) is included, along with tips on searching, reading, organizing, and writing your literature review.
Review of literature
This chapter deals with following topics:
Define the concept of literature review
Recognize the importance of literature review
Discuss the purpose of literature review
Explain the types of literature review
Enumerate the sources of literature review
Identify the criteria for selecting resources
Identify and explain the steps for conducting literature review
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process .It accounts for what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
The main purpose of review of literature is to convey to the readers about the work already done and the knowledge and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research.
Importance:
To gain background knowledge
Find out problems in the area of interest
Know what others have found out about the subject and how they have done
To find out various concepts relating to it and the potential relationship between them.
To identify potential areas & hypothesis for research
Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual framework for research problem
To identify potential sources of information for conducting research.
To provide support for the design of research methodology and techniques of analysis.
Determination of any gaps in a body of knowledge
Determination of a need to replicate a prior study.
TYPES:
TRADITIONAL
SYSTEMIC
META ANALYSIS
META SYNTHESIS.
TRADITIONAL METHOD:
It presents Summary of Literature & draws conclusion about the topic in Question
SYSTEMIC:
The main aim is to find out the answer for well focused question of clinical practice.
It should include the methods used for searching, evaluating and synthesizing the literature
Suggested criteria in certain aspects literature review are
Formulation of research question.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for literature.
Selection and access of literature.
To assess the quality of literature.
Analyze, synthesize and disseminate the findings
It provide a comprehensive .back ground of subject under study
It is essential for getting in-depth insight in subject area, refining the research question and hypotheses and identifying the gaps and inconsistencies in existing literature.
META ANALYSIS:
Meta-analysis is to involve finding of several quantitative studies on single subject area and carry out statistical computations on them using standardized statistical techniques and procedures
META SYNTHESIS:
Meta-synthesis is the non statistical techniques used to integrate ,evaluated and interpret the finding of multiple qualitative research studies .
SOURCES:
Primary
secondary
Teritary
PRIMARY:
Research publications written by the person or people who conducted the research/ theorists who developed the theory
SECONDARY:
Research reports prepared by someone other than the original researcher
Authors paraphrase the works of original researcher
NURSING DATABASE:
CINAHL
MEDLINE
PubMed
British Nursing Index
Medline Plus
Nur
Unit 6. Literature Review & Synthesis.pptxshakirRahman10
Literature Review:
Objectives:
Define literature review and related terms
Identify theoretical and empirical literature and their resources
Locate search engines and literature data bases like Cochrane, CINHAL, PubMed etc
Utilize data bases by retrieving required data
Identify framework to synthesize and organize the literature, such as traditional hierarchy/level of evidence.
INTRODUCTION:
It is one of the most important steps in research process. It is an account of what is already known about particular phenomenon.
The main purpose is to convey to the readers about the work already done and knowledge and ideas that have been already established on a particular topic of research.
DEFINITION:
It is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of knowledge on a particular topic of research.
It is an account of what has been already established or published on a particular research topic by accredited scholars and researchers.
IMPORTANCE:
Identification of research problem and refinement of research questions
Generation of useful research questions or projects
Orientation of what is known and not known about an area of inquiry
Determine any gaps in the body of knowledge
Discovery of unanswered questions about subjects, concepts or problems.
Identification of relevant conceptual framework
Identification of development of new or redefined clinical intervention
Development of hypothesis to be tested in research instruments
Helps in planning the methodology of present study.
PURPOSES:
Describe the relationship of each study to other research study under consideration.
Identify new ways to interpret on any gaps in previous research
Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictions previous studies
Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort.
See what has and has not been investigated
Identify potential relationships between concepts and identify researchable hypothesis
Develop alternative research projects
Learn how others have defined and measured key concepts.
SOURCES:
Primary Sources:
Literature review mostly relies on primary source (i.e) research reports, which are description of studies written by researchers who conducted them. Primary source is written by a person who developed the theory or conducted the research or is the description of an investigation written by the person who conducted it.
Secondary Sources:
Secondary source research documents or description of studies prepared by someone other than the original research.
Main sources:
Electronic database
Books
Journals
Conference Papers
Theses
Encyclopedia and Dictionary
Research Reports
Magazines and Newspaper.
Databases:
CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)
MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieved System Online)
PUBMED
Medline Plus
Education Resource Information Center
British Nursing Index
Web of Science
Science Direct
Google Scholar.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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1. UNIT-3 (d):
Ms. Chanda Jabeen
Lecturer
RN, RM, BSN
M.Phil. Epidemiology & Public Health
PhD (Scholar) Epidemiology & Public Health
1
2. OBJECTIVES
At the completion of this lecture learners will be
able to:
• Define literature review and related terms
• Explain Importance, Purpose & types of
Literature Review
• Identify theoretical and empirical literature and
their resources
• Locate search engines and literature data bases
like Cochrane, CINHAL, PubMed etc
• Explain Steps of Literature Review
2
3. INTRODUCTION
• Review of literature is one of the most important
steps in the research process.
• It is an account of what is already known about a
particular phenomenon.
• The main purpose of literature review is to
convey to the readers about the work already done
& the knowledge & ideas that have been already
established on a particular topic of research.
• Literature review is a laborious task, but it is
essential if the research process is to be
successful.
3
4. Meaning Of Literature Review
• A literature review is an evaluative report of
information found in the literature related to your
selected area of study. The review should describe,
summaries, evaluate and clarify this literature. It
should give a theoretical base for the research and
help you (the author) determine the nature of your
research.
4
5. • A literature review is an evaluative report of
information found in the literature related to
selected area of study. The review describes,
summarizes, evaluates & clarifies this literature. It
gives a theoretical base for the research & helps to
determine the nature of research (Queensland
University, 1999).
• A literature review is a body of text that aims to
review the critical points of knowledge on a
particular topic of research (ANM, 2000).
5
6. • A literature review is an account of what has been
already established or published on a particular
research topic by accredited scholars &
researchers. (University of Toronto, 2001)
6
8. Identification of a research problem & development
or refinement of research questions.
Generation of useful research questions or
projects/activities for the discipline.
Orientation to what is known & not known about
an area of inquiry to ascertain what research can
best contribute to knowledge.
Determination of any gaps or inconsistencies in a
body of knowledge.
8
9. Discovery of unanswered questions about
subjects, concepts or problems.
Determination of a need to replicate a prior study
in different study settings or different samples or
size or different study populations.
Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual
framework for research problems.
Identification or development of new or refined
clinical interventions to test through empirical
research.
9
10. Description of the strengths & weaknesses of
design/methods of inquiry & instruments used in
earlier research work.
Helps in planning the methodology of the present
research study.
It also helps in development of research instruments.
Identification of suitable design & data collection
methods for a research study.
Assistance in interpreting study finding & in
developing implications & recommendations.
10
12. The purpose of a literature review is to convey to
the reader previous knowledge & facts established
on a topic, & their strength & weakness.
The literature review allows the reader to be
updated with the state of research in a field & any
contradictions that may exist with challenges
findings of other research studies.
It helps to develop research investigative tools & to
improve research methodologies.
12
13. It also provide the knowledge about the problems
faced by the previous researchers’ while studying
same topic.
Besides enhancing researchers’ knowledge about
the topic, writing a literature review helps to:
Place each in the context of its contribution to the
understanding of subject under review.
Describe the relationship of each study to other
research studies under consideration.
13
14. Identify new ways to interpret & shed light on any
gaps in previous research.
Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent
duplication of effort.
Point a way forward for further research.
See what has & has not been investigated.
Identify potential relationship between concepts &
to identify researchable hypothesis.
Learn how others have defined & measured key
concepts.
Identify data sources that other researchers have
used.
14
16. Literature can be reviewed from two sources:
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary sources
16
17. 1. Primary Sources
• Literature review mostly relies on primary sources,
i.e. research reports, which are description of
studies written by researchers who conducted them.
• A primary sources is written by a person who
developed the theory or conducted the research, or
is the description of an investigation written by the
person who conducted it.
• Most primary sources are found in published
literature.
• For example, a nursing research article.
• A credible literature review reflects the use of
mainly primary sources.
17
18. • Example of a primary source: An original
qualitative on patient experiences in the ICU:
Hupcey, J. E. (2000). Feeling safe the
psychosocial needs of ICU patients. Journal of
Nursing Scholarship, 32:361-367.
18
19. 2. Secondary Sources
• Secondary source research documents are
description of studies prepared by someone other
than the original researcher.
• They are written by people other than the
individuals who developed the theory or
conducted the research.
• The secondary sources may be used when
primary sources are not available or if researchers
want external opinions on an issue or problem or
even the results of their own research.
19
20. • Example of a Secondary Source: A literature review on
patient experiences in the ICU: Stein-Parbury, J. &
Mckinley, S. (2000) patient experiences of being in an
intensive care unit: a select literature review. American
Journal of critical care, 9:20-27.
20
21. Quality of Sources
Peer-reviewed
• Peer-reviewed means that the author of the research
report, clinical description, or theoretical explanation
has submitted a manuscript to a journal editor, who
identified scholars familiar with the topic to review the
manuscript.
• (to read, check, and give your opinion about something
that has been written by
another scientist or expert working in the
same subject area as you)
• These scholars provide input to the editor about whether
the manuscript in its current form is accurate, meets
standards for quality, and is appropriate for the journal.
• A peer-reviewed paper has undergone significant
scrutiny and is considered trustworthy.
21
22. • Quality literature reviews include relevant and
current sources.
• Relevant studies are those with a direct bearing
on the problem of concern.
• Current sources are those published within 5
years before publication of the manuscript.
• Some problems have been studied for decades,
and the literature review often includes seminal
and landmark studies that were conducted years
ago.
22
23. • Seminal studies are the first studies on a
particular topic that signaled the beginning of a
new way of thinking on the topic and sometimes
are referred to as classical studies.
• Landmark studies are significant research
projects that have generated knowledge that
influences a discipline and sometimes society as
a whole. Such studies frequently are replicated or
serve as the basis for the generation of additional
studies
23
24. • Replication studies are reproductions or
repetitions of a study that researchers conduct to
determine whether the findings of the original
study could be found consistently in different
settings and with different subjects. Replication
studies are important to build the evidence for
practice.
24
26. 1. Electronic Sources:
Computer-assisted literature search has
revolutionized the review of literature.
These searches, however, for a variety of reasons
may not provide the desired references.
Electronic literature search through web may be very
useful, but sometimes it can be time consuming &
unpredictable because there are many website &
web pages that can lead to information overload &
confusion.
however, currently it is one of the most important
sources of literature searches.
26
27. General literature search can be conducted through
search engines like Yahoo (www.yahoosearch.com),
Google (www.google.com), MSN search, Lycos,
WebCrawler, Alta Vista, or Excite.
The most relevant nursing databases are as follows:
CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied
Health Literature): Accessible at
http://www.cinahl.com, it citations of nursing
literature published after 1988. Even full-text articles
are available on CINAHL plus, a paid web page.
27
29. PubMed: PubMed can be used to search research
abstracts, available at http://pubmed.com
MedlinePlus: It is the National Library of
Medicine’s web sites for consumer health
information. It is available at
http://www.medlineplus.gov.
ERIC: The ERIC database is the largest
source of education information. A free
search may be carried out at
http://www.eric.ed.gov.
29
30. MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis &
Retrieved System Online): It is another electronic
source of literature review commonly used by nurses.
The National Library of Medicine provides free
access to MEDLINE through PubMed, available at
www.pubmed.com or
http://ncbi.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi. generally,
abstracts of research articles are provided free of
cost; some of the full-text copies are also freely
available & some others are available for a free.
Cochrane Database of System Reviews: Health care-
related literature can be searched from this source,
available at http://www.cochrane.org.
30
31. count,…
Registry of Nursing Research: Sigma Theta Tau
International Honor Society of Nursing makes this
database available through its Virginia Henderson
International Nursing Library. Access to this
database has been redesigned & made easier for
users to obtain evidence & scientific findings from
more than 2,200 research article & conference
abstracts. The research abstracts are searched via
key words, author, & title of the research study.
Free access to this database may be found at
http://www.nursinglibrary.org
31
32. psycINFO: The psycINFO database belongs to
American Psychological Association, & covers
literature from psychological or related
disciplines. It may be searched at
http://www.psychinfo.com.
Dissertation abstracts online: Abstracts of
masters’ & doctoral theses are available on this
electronic database
32
33. Online Journals: Following are the website addresses for
journals & magazines that are available online:
http://www.nursefriendly.com/nursing/linksections/nursingj
ornal.html
http://www.nsna.org
http://www.healthweb.org
http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php
http://www.healthweb.org.browse.cfm?catergy=1727
http://www.juns.nursing.arizona.edu
http://www.medbioworld.com
http://www.nursingworld.org.ojin
http://www.eaa-knowledge.com.ojni/#
33
34. Other online databases: Many other online database can be
searched for free by nurses from the following websites:
http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov (HIV/AIDS information)
http://www.hazmap.nlm.nih.gov (information on hazardous
agents)
http://www.child.nih.gov (combined health information
database)
http://www.toxinet.nlm.nih.gov (toxicology database
network)
34
35. Cancer Lit (Cancer literature)
EMBASE (exerpta Medica Database)
ETOH (Alcohol & alcohol problems science
database)
Health STAR (Health services technology
administration & research)
Radix (Nursing managed care databse)
CD-ROM (Compact disc-read only memory)
with research databse
35
36. 2. Printed Sources
• Printed sources are also used for literature review.
• Printed research summary may be located from
published abstracts such as Nursing Research
Abstract, Psychological Abstracts, Dissertation
Abstract International, Masters Abstract
International, etc.
• References of the other printed sources may be
located through indexes such as cumulative Index
to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, Nursing
Studies Index, & Index Medicus.
.
36
37. • Following are the main printed sources that can be
used to review the relevant literature:
Journals: There are several National &
International journals which can be used to review
the research-related literature
37
38. Name of National Nursing Journals
• Nursing & Midwifery
Research Journal
• Indian journal of
Nursing Research &
Midwifery
• The nursing Journal
of India
• Nightingale Nursing
Times
• Indian Journal of
Nursing Studies
38
39. Names of international journals
• Nursing Research
• Research in Nursing &
Health
• Nursing Sciences
Quarterly
• Western Journal of
Nursing Research
• Applied Nursing Research
• Biological Research for
Nursing
• Advances in Nursing
Sciences
• Worldviews on Evidence-
Based Nursing
• Journal of Qualitative
Research
• American Journal of
Nursing
• International Journal of
Nursing Studies
• Clinical Nursing
Research
39
43. A. Preparing to review the literature
1. Clarify the purpose of the literature review.
2. Select electronic databases and search terms.
B. Conducting the search
3. Search the selected databases.
4. Use a table to document the results of your search.
5. Refine your search.
6. Review the abstracts to identify relevant studies.
7. Obtain full-text copies of relevant articles.
8. Ensure that information needed to cite the source is
recorded.
43
44. C. Processing the literature
9. Read the articles.
10. Appraise, analyze, and synthesize the
literature.
D. Writing the review of the literature
11. Develop an outline to organize information
from the review.
12. Write each section of the review.
13. Create the reference list.
14. Check the review and the reference list.
44
45. Types of Literature Review
• Narrative literature review critiques the
literature and summarizes the body of a
literature. Narrative review also draws
conclusions about the topic and identifies gaps
or inconsistencies in a body of knowledge. You
need to have a sufficiently focused research
question to conduct a narrative literature review.
45
46. • Systematic literature review requires more
rigorous and well-defined approach compared to
most other types of literature review.
• Systematic literature review is comprehensive
and details the timeframe within which the
literature was selected.
• Systematic literature review can be divided into
two categories: meta-analysis and meta-synthesis.
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47. • When conduct meta-analysis take findings from
several studies on the same subject and analyze
these using standardized statistical procedures.
In meta-analysis patterns and relationships are
detected and conclusions are drawn. Meta-
analysis is associated with deductive research
approach.
• Meta-synthesis, on the other hand, is based on
non-statistical techniques. This technique
integrates, evaluates and interprets findings of
multiple qualitative research studies. Meta-
synthesis literature review is conducted usually
when following inductive research approach.
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48. • Argumentative Writing, In argumentative
writing, a writer takes a stand or forms an
opinion and writes to convince the reader to
believe this point of view.
• Integrative literature review reviews,
critiques, and synthesizes secondary data about
research topic in an integrated way such that
new frameworks and perspectives on the topic
are generated.
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49. • Theoretical literature review focuses on a pool
of theory that has accumulated in regard to an
issue, concept, theory, phenomena. Theoretical
literature reviews play an instrumental role in
establishing what theories already exist, the
relationships between them, to what degree the
existing theories have been investigated, and to
develop new hypotheses to be tested.
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51. Be specific & be succinct:
Briefly state specific findings listed in
an article, specific methodologies used in a study,
or other important points. Literature reviews are
not the place for long quotes or in-depth analysis
of each point.
Be selective:
Researcher should narrow down a lot of
information into a small space for literature
review. Just the most important points (i.e. those
most relevant to the review’s focus) must be
mentioned in each work of review.
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52. Focus of current topics:
Researcher needs to analyse points
such as if it is a current article, & if not, how old
it is: has its claims, evidence, or arguments been
superseded by more recent work; if it is not
current, then if it is important for historical
background ; etc.
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53. Count…Ensure evidence for claims:
Researcher should focus on what support is
given for claims made in literature. What evidence
& what type (experimental, statistical, anecdotal,
etc.) of evidences are offered? Is the evidence
relevant & sufficient? What arguments are given?
What assumptions are made, & are they warranted?
Focus on sources of evidences:
Researchers should ensure the reliability of the
sources of the evidence or other information – if
they are from author’s own experiments, surveys,
historical records, government documents, etc. He
should check how reliable those sources are.
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54. Count…Reference citation:
Any references cited in the literature review
must be included in the bibliography. The common
practice is that the reviewer does not list references
in the bibliography that are not directly cited in the
literature review or elsewhere in the paper /thesis.
Avoid abbreviations:
Avoid technical terms, jargons &
abbreviations.
Simple & accurate sentence structure:
A researcher should use simple
sentences & must avoid errors of grammar &
punctuation
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55. Referring original source:
The reviewer should focus on citing
the material that originates with each reference.
This may require a careful reading of the
reference. If the reference author refers to another
source whose ideas are relevant or interesting, it
is better to track & use that original reference.
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56. Example…
Sexual harassment has many consequences. Adams, Kottke, & Padgitt (1983)
found that some women students said that they avoided taking a class or
working with certain professors because of the risk of harassment. They also
found that men & women students reacted differently. Their research was
conducted through a survey of 1,000 men & women graduate &
undergraduate students. Benson & Thomson’s study in social Problem (1982)
lists many problems created by sexual harassment. In their excellent book,
the Lecherous Professor, Dziech & Weiner (1990) give a long list of
difficulties that victims have suffered.
The victims of sexual harassment suffer a range of consequences, from
lowered self-esteem & loss of self-confidence to withdrawal from social
interaction, changed career goals, & depression (Adams, Kottke, & Padgitt,
1983; Benson & Thomson, 1982; Dziech & Weiner, 1990). For example,
Adams, Kottke, & Padgitt (1983) noted that 13% of women students said that
they avoided taking a class or working with certain professors because of the
risk of harassment.
Example of a bad review
Example of a better review
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57. References
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing
research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for
Nursing Practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007). Understanding
nursing research. (4th ed.).Philadelphia: W.B.
Saunders.
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